scholarly journals A plant reovirus hijacks endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation machinery to promote efficient viral transmission by its planthopper vector under high temperature conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. e1009347
Author(s):  
Xiangzhen Yu ◽  
Dongsheng Jia ◽  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Guangjun Li ◽  
Manni Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Degradation ◽  
Er Membrane

In the field, many insect-borne crop viral diseases are more suitable for maintenance and spread in hot-temperature areas, but the mechanism remains poorly understood. The epidemic of a planthopper (Sogatella furcifera)-transmitted rice reovirus (southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus, SRBSDV) is geographically restricted to southern China and northern Vietnam with year-round hot temperatures. Here, we reported that two factors of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) machinery, the heat shock protein DnaJB11 and ER membrane protein BAP31, were activated by viral infection to mediate the adaptation of S. furcifera to high temperatures. Infection and transmission efficiencies of SRBSDV by S. furcifera increased with the elevated temperatures. We observed that high temperature (35°C) was beneficial for the assembly of virus-containing tubular structures formed by nonstructural protein P7-1 of SRBSDV, which facilitates efficient viral transmission by S. furcifera. Both DnaJB11 and BAP31 competed to directly bind to the tubule protein P7-1 of SRBSDV; however, DnaJB11 promoted whereas BAP31 inhibited P7-1 tubule assembly at the ER membrane. Furthermore, the binding affinity of DnaJB11 with P7-1 was stronger than that of BAP31 with P7-1. We also revealed that BAP31 negatively regulated DnaJB11 expression through their direct interaction. High temperatures could significantly upregulate DnaJB11 expression but inhibit BAP31 expression, thereby strongly facilitating the assembly of abundant P7-1 tubules. Taken together, we showed that a new temperature-dependent protein quality control pathway in the ERAD machinery has evolved for strong activation of DnaJB11 for benefiting P7-1 tubules assembly to support efficient transmission of SRBSDV in high temperatures. We thus deduced that ERAD machinery has been hitchhiked by insect-borne crop viruses to enhance their transmission in tropical climates.

High temperature mechanical properties of steel bars available in Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Masood Rafi ◽  
Abdul Basit Dahar ◽  
Tariq Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Yield Plateau ◽  
Steel Bars

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the results of experimental testing of steel rebars at elevated temperatures. Three types of bars available in the local market in Pakistan were used. These data are not available in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach Three types of bars were used, which included cold-twisted ribbed (CTR), hot-rolled deformed (HRD) and thermo-mechanically treated (TMT) bars. The diameter of the bar of each type was 16 mm. The bars were heated in an electrical furnace at temperatures which were varied from 100°C to 900°C in increment of 100°C. Bars of each type were also tested at ambient temperature as control specimens. The change of strength, strain and modulus of elasticity of the bars at high temperatures were determined. Findings The mechanical properties of the bars were nearly unaffected by the temperatures up to 200°C. CTR bars did not show yield plateau and strain hardening both at ambient and high temperatures. The high temperature yield strength and elastic modulus for all the three types of bars were similar at all temperatures. The yield plateau of both the HRD and TMT bars disappeared at temperatures greater than 300°C. The ultimate strength at high temperature of the HRD and TMT bars was also similar. The behaviours of the HRD and TMT bars changed to brittle beyond 400°C as compared to their behaviours at ambient temperature. The CTR bars exhibited ductile characteristics at failure at all the exposure temperatures relative to their behaviour at ambient temperature. Research limitations/implications The parameters of the paper included the rebar type and heating temperature and the effects of temperature on strength and stiffness properties of the steel bars. Practical implications Building fire incidents have increased in Pakistan. As reinforced concrete (RC) buildings exist in the country in significant numbers, the data related to elevated temperature properties of steel is required. These data are not available in Pakistan presently. The presented paper aims at providing this information for the design engineers to enable them to assess and increase fire resistance of RC structural members. Originality/value The presented paper is unique in its nature in that there is no published contribution to date, to the best of authors’ knowledge, which has been carried out to assess the temperature-dependent mechanical properties of steel reinforcing bars available in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Interaction mapping of endoplasmic reticulum ubiquitin ligases identifies modulators of innate immune signalling

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma J Fenech ◽  
Federica Lari ◽  
Philip D Charles ◽  
Roman Fischer ◽  
Marie Laétitia-Thézénas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Ubiquitin Ligases ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Calcium Flux ◽  
Sting Pathway ◽  
Er Membrane

Ubiquitin ligases (E3s) embedded in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane regulate essential cellular activities including protein quality control, calcium flux, and sterol homeostasis. At least 25 different, transmembrane domain (TMD)-containing E3s are predicted to be ER-localised, but for most their organisation and cellular roles remain poorly defined. Using a comparative proteomic workflow, we mapped over 450 protein-protein interactions for 21 stably expressed, full-length E3s. Bioinformatic analysis linked ER-E3s and their interactors to multiple homeostatic, regulatory, and metabolic pathways. Among these were four membrane-embedded interactors of RNF26, a polytopic E3 whose abundance is auto-regulated by ubiquitin-proteasome dependent degradation. RNF26 co-assembles with TMEM43, ENDOD1, TMEM33 and TMED1 to form a complex capable of modulating innate immune signalling through the cGAS-STING pathway. This RNF26 complex represents a new modulatory axis of STING and innate immune signalling at the ER membrane. Collectively, these data reveal the broad scope of regulation and differential functionalities mediated by ER-E3s for both membrane-tethered and cytoplasmic processes.

scholarly journals The Heat Shock Protein 40-Type Chaperone MASH Supports the Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation E3 Ubiquitin Ligase MAKIBISHI1 in Medicago truncatula

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Laure Erffelinck ◽  
Bianca Ribeiro ◽  
Lore Gryffroy ◽  
Avanish Rai ◽  
Jacob Pollier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Protein ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
E3 Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Degradation ◽  
Control Apparatus

Jasmonates (JA) are oxylipin-derived phytohormones that trigger the production of specialized metabolites that often serve in defense against biotic stresses. In Medicago truncatula, a JA-induced endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD)-type machinery manages the production of bioactive triterpenes and thereby secures correct plant metabolism, growth, and development. This machinery involves the conserved RING membrane-anchor (RMA)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase MAKIBISHI1 (MKB1). Here, we discovered two additional members of this protein control apparatus via a yeast-based protein–protein interaction screen and characterized their function. First, a cognate E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme was identified that interacts with MKB1 to deliver activated ubiquitin and to mediate its ubiquitination activity. Second, we identified a heat shock protein 40 (HSP40) that interacts with MKB1 to support its activity and was therefore designated MKB1-supporting HSP40 (MASH). MASH expression was found to be co-regulated with that of MKB1. The presence of MASH is critical for MKB1 and ERAD functioning because the dramatic morphological, transcriptional, and metabolic phenotype of MKB1 knock-down M. truncatula hairy roots was phenocopied by silencing of MASH. Interaction was also observed between the Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) homologs of MASH and MKB1, suggesting that MASH represents an essential and plant-specific component of this vital and conserved eukaryotic protein quality control machinery.

scholarly journals Improving the Thermal Stability of Hydrophobic Associative Polymer Aqueous Solution Using a “Triple-Protection” Strategy

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Yang ◽  
Jincheng Mao ◽  
Jinzhou Zhao ◽  
Yang Shao ◽  
Yang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Polymer Network ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fluid Viscosity ◽  
Fracturing Fluid ◽  
Temperature Resistance ◽  
Protection Strategy

Because of their high viscoelasticity, Hydrophobic Associative Water-Soluble Polymers (HAWSPs) have been widely used in many industrial fields, especially in oilfield flooding and fracturing. However, one major problem which limits the wide applications of HAWSPs is their weak resistance to high temperatures. Once the temperature increases over 100 °C, the viscosity of the fracturing fluid decreases rapidly, because high temperatures reduce fluid viscosity by oxidizing the polyacrylamide chains and weakening the association of hydrophobic groups. To improve the high temperature resistance of one HAWSP, a triple-protection strategy was developed. First, rigid N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone moiety was introduced into the polymer chains. Second, an environmentally-friendly deoxidizer, carbohydrazide, was selected to prevent polymer oxidization by scavenging dissolved oxygen. Results showed that both the rigid groups and the deoxidizer improved the temperature resistance of the polymer and helped it maintain high viscosity under high temperature and shear rate. Using these two protection strategies, the resistant temperature of the polymer could reach 160 °C. However, the polymer network still got severely damaged at further elevated temperatures. Therefore, as the third protection strategy, the pre-added high temperature responsive crosslinking agent was applied to form new networks at elevated temperatures. The results have shown that the optimized polymer solution as a kind of fracturing fluid showed good temperature resistance up to 200 °C.

Directionally Solidified Ceramic Eutectics for High-Temperature Applications

2013 ◽  
pp. 303-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iurii Bogomol ◽  
Petro Loboda
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Eutectic Point ◽  
Eutectic Microstructure ◽  
Directionally Solidified ◽  
Microstructure Parameters ◽  
Directionally Solidified Eutectics ◽  
Temperature Applications

The processing techniques, microstructures, and mechanical properties of directionally solidified eutectic ceramics are reviewed. It is considered the main methods for preparing of eutectic ceramics and the relationships between thermal gradient, growth rate, and microstructure parameters. Some principles of coupled eutectic growth, main types of eutectic microstructure and the relationship between the eutectic microstructure and the mechanical properties of directionally solidified eutectics at ambient and high temperatures are briefly described. The mechanical behavior and main toughening mechanisms of these materials in a wide temperature range are discussed. It is shown that the strength at high temperatures mainly depends on the plasticity of the phase components. By analyzing the dislocation structure, the occurrence of strain hardening in single crystalline phases during high-temperature deformation is revealed. The creep resistance of eutectic composites is superior to that of the sintered samples due to the absence of glassy phases at the interfaces, and the strain has to be accommodated by plastic deformation within the domains rather than by interfacial sliding. The microstructural and chemical stability of the directionally solidified eutectic ceramics at high temperatures are discussed. The aligned eutectic microstructures show limited phase coarsening up to the eutectic point and excellent chemical resistance. Directionally solidified eutectics, especially oxides, revealed an excellent oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures. It is shown sufficient potential of these materials for high-temperature applications.

Application of modified starch in high-temperature-resistant colloidal gas aphron (CGA) drilling fluids

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxi Zhu ◽  
Xiuhua Zheng
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
Gas Reservoirs ◽  
Building Capability

Abstract Colloidal gas aphrons (CGA) are finding increasing application in depleted oil and gas reservoirs because of their distinctive characteristics. To overcome the limitations of its application in high-temperature drilling, a modified starch foams stabilizer WST with a temperature resistance of 160 °C was synthesized via radical polymerization. The chemical structure of WST was characterized by Fourier infrared spectroscopy and results showed that all three monomers acrylamide, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid, and N-vinylpyrrolidone have been grafted onto starch efficiently. Based on the microscopic observations, highly stable aphrons have been successfully generated in the WST-based CGA drilling fluids within 160 °C, and most aphrons lie in the range of 10–150 μm. WST can provide higher viscosity at high temperatures compared to xanthan gum, which helps to extend foam life and stability by enhancing the film strength and slowing down the gravity drainage. Results show that WST-CGA aged at elevated temperatures (120–160 °C) is a high-performance drilling fluid with excellent shear-thinning behavior, cutting carrying capacity, and filtration control ability. The significant improvement of filtration control and well-building capability at high temperatures is an important advantage of WST-CGA, which can be attributed to the enhancement of mud cake quality by WST.

Regulation of ER-associated degradation via p97/VCP-interacting motif

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 818-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petek Ballar ◽  
Shengyun Fang
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Terminal Region ◽  
Misfolded Proteins ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Aaa Atpase ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Degradation ◽  
Er Membrane

p97/VCP (valosin-containing protein) is a cytosolic AAA (ATPase associated with various cellular activities) essential for retrotranslocation of misfolded proteins during ERAD [ER (endoplasmic reticulum)-associated degradation]. gp78, an ERAD ubiquitin ligase, is one of the p97/VCP recruitment proteins localized to the ER membrane. A newly identified VIM (p97/VCP-interacting motif) in gp78 has brought about novel insights into mechanisms of ERAD, such as the presence of a p97/VCP-dependent but Ufd1-independent retrotranslocation during gp78-mediated ERAD. Additionally, SVIP (small p97/VCP-interacting protein), which contains a VIM in its N-terminal region, negatively regulates ERAD by uncoupling p97/VCP and Derlin1 from gp78. Thus SVIP may protect cells from damage by extravagant ERAD.

A Modified Spinning Drop Method for High-Temperature Applications

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (01) ◽  
pp. 155-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyman L. Handy ◽  
Mokhtar El-Gassier ◽  
Iraj Ershaghi
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
High Temperature Application ◽  
Capillary Tubes ◽  
Drop Method ◽  
Tension Properties ◽  
Temperature Application

Abstract The spinning drop apparatus has been modified to measure interfacial tensions (IFT) at elevated pressures and temperatures. Interfacial tension properties of various surfactant solutions against a mineral oil and a California crude oil have been measured at elevated temperatures with this equipment. The surfactants included TRS 10–80, Igepal DM-730 and Petro step 465. The IFT of Igepal DM-730 against the crude oil shows a minimum at a temperature of 95°C and at a surfactant concentration of 5 g/l in a 10 g/l NaCl solution. With the same crude oil, Petro step 465 shows no temperature effect and the minimum IFT is obtained at a surfactant concentration of 2 g/l and a NaCl concentration of 10 g/l. The TRS 10–80 shows a somewhat similar behavior with respect to temperature, but the minimum IFT's and the corresponding salt and surfactanat concentrations to obtain them are different. Introduction The application of surfactant systems at elevated temperature has been the subject of several studies. Handy et al. described various aspects of usingsurfactants as additives in steam flooding. 1 In this application, the interfacial tension properties of surfactant-crude oil systems must beevaluated at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, data on the temperature dependence of the IFT of surfactants versus crude oil will be pertinent to careful design of chemical floods for reservoir temperatures above 100°C. Two methods for measuring IFT properties of surfactant-oil systems have been described in the literature, the pendent drop and the spinning drop methods. The pendent drop method, developed by Andreas, Hauser, and Tucker2, has been modified for high pressure application by Harvey3 and for high temperature and pressure by Jennings4. Systems studied by these modified instruments have beenin IFT ranges significantly above the ultra-low IFT's required for improvingoil displacement with surfactants. The spinning drop method discussed byVannegut5, Silberberg6, Rosenthal7, Princen etal.8 was recently developed by Caylas et al.9 The proposed design included the capability for variable speed tensiometry. Gashand Parrish10 introduced a fixed speed spinning drop tensiometer and reported satisfactory results at a speed of 3600 RPM. No work has yet beenreported on the extension of the design of the spinning drop method for use at high temperatures. In this study, problems associated with high temperature application of the spinning drop method were considered. The equipment was modified to extend the operation of a fixed speed system to temperatures up to 250°C. The modified quipment was used to study the IFT behavior of three surfactants versus a crude oil and one surfactant versus a mineral oil. Apparatus A constant speed (3600 RPM) spinning drop apparatus was modified for high temperature application by addition of a temperature air bath and the development of a technique for sealing the fluids within the capillary tubes to withstand high temperatures and pressures. As shown in Fig. 1, the capillarytubes operate within the air bath (A) made of a 3/4" thick Marinite mix (anasbestos-free insulator) with a capability of maintaining the temperature as high as 600°C (~1100°F). Vanes (B) placed inside the air bath were intended to maintain uniform temperature throughout the system. Temperature was measured beside the capillary tubes (E) using J type thermocouples (F) and read on a digital recorder (G). The fluid content within the capillaries must be contained at high temperatures and pressures. The open end of the capillary tubes were sealed with a high temperature epoxy, Fig. 2. The epoxy hardens quickly and is capable of withstanding pressures up to 5.9 MPa. The epoxy seal can easily be drilled out to permit the re-use of the tubes.

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