scholarly journals The Perfect Storm: Obesity, Adipocyte Dysfunction, and Metabolic Consequences

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 945-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah de Ferranti ◽  
Dariush Mozaffarian
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Energy Imbalance ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Adipocyte Hypertrophy

Abstract Background: As the prevalence of adiposity soars in both developed and developing nations, appreciation of the close links between obesity and disease increases. The strong relationships between excess adipose tissue and poor health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer, mandate elucidation of the complex cellular, hormonal, and molecular pathophysiology whereby adiposity initiates and maintains adverse health effects. Content: In this report we review adipocyte metabolism and function in the context of energy imbalance and postprandial nutrient excess, including adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia, adipocyte dysfunction, and other systemic consequences. We also discuss implications for laboratory evaluation and clinical care, including the role of lifestyle modifications. Chronic energy imbalance produces adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These processes lead to increased intracellular and systemic release of adipokines, free fatty acids, and inflammatory mediators that cause adipocyte dysfunction and induce adverse effects in the liver, pancreatic β-cells, and skeletal muscle as well as the heart and vascular beds. Several specialized laboratory tests can quantify these processes and predict clinical risk, but translation to the clinical setting is premature. Current and future pharmacologic interventions may target these pathways; modest changes in diet, physical activity, weight, and smoking are likely to have the greatest impact. Summary: Adipocyte endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress, and associated changes in circulating adipokines, free fatty acids, and inflammatory mediators, are central to adverse health effects of adiposity. Future investigation should focus on these pathways and on reversing the adverse lifestyle behaviors that are the fundamental causes of adiposity.

scholarly journals The Effect of Trans Fatty Acids on Human Health: Regulation and Consumption Patterns

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2452
Author(s):  
Davit Pipoyan ◽  
Stella Stepanyan ◽  
Seda Stepanyan ◽  
Meline Beglaryan ◽  
Lara Costantini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Trans Fatty Acids ◽  
Reference Lists ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Harmful Effects

Health effects of trans fatty acids (TFAs) on human organisms can vary according to their type, structure, composition, and origin. Even though the adverse health effects of industrial TFAs (iTFAs) have been widely discussed, the health effects of natural TFAs (nTFAs) are still questionable. Hence, it is important to review the literature and provide an overall picture on the health effects of different TFAs coming from industrial and ruminant sources, underlining those types that have adverse health effects as well as suggesting methods for reducing their harmful effects. Multiple databases (PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, etc.) were searched with the key words “trans fatty acid sources”, “ruminant”, “industrial”, “conjugated trans linoleic acid”, “human”, “coronary heart disease”, “cancer”, etc. Reference lists of the studies were scanned discussing the health effects of iTFAs and nTFAs. The review of the literature showed that iTFAs are found to be more harmful than ruminant-produced nTFAs. Although several beneficial effects (such as reduced risk of diabetes) for nTFAs have been observed, they should be used with caution. Since during labeling it is usually not mentioned whether the TFAs contained in food are of industrial or natural origin, the general suggestion is to reduce their consumption.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal dynamics of triglyceride storage in unilocular adipocytes

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (25) ◽  
pp. 4096-4105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Chu ◽  
Harini Sampath ◽  
David Y. Cahana ◽  
Christoph A. Kahl ◽  
Romel Somwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Spatiotemporal Dynamics ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
Adipocyte Hypertrophy ◽  
Cellular Organelles

The spatiotemporal dynamics of triglyceride (TG) storage in unilocular adipocytes are not well understood. Here we applied ex vivo technology to study trafficking and metabolism of fluorescent fatty acids in adipose tissue explants. Live imaging revealed multiple cytoplasmic nodules surrounding the large central lipid droplet (cLD) of unilocular adipocytes. Each cytoplasmic nodule harbors a series of closely associated cellular organelles, including micro–lipid droplets (mLDs), mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum. Exogenously added free fatty acids are rapidly adsorbed by mLDs and concurrently get esterified to TG. This process is greatly accelerated by insulin. mLDs transfer their content to the cLD, serving as intermediates that mediate packaging of newly synthesized TG in the large interior of a unilocular adipocyte. This study reveals novel cell biological features that may contribute to the mechanism of adipocyte hypertrophy.

scholarly journals Fatty acids and the metabolic syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen M. Roche
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Aetiological Factor ◽  
Dietary Therapy ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
The Impact

The metabolic syndrome is a very common condition, characterised by insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, abdominal obesity and hypertension, that is associated with a high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and CVD. Obesity is a key aetiological factor in the development of the metabolic syndrome. In light of the increasing prevalence of obesity, there is a high requirement to reduce the impact of the adverse health effects associated with the metabolic syndrome. The aetiological role of nutrient-derived metabolic stressors, in particular fatty acids, in the development of obesity and the metabolic syndrome is explored. Also, the evidence that pro-inflammatory stressors may predispose to obesity-induced insulin resistance is reviewed. The present paper explores the concept that reducing the impact of metabolic and inflammatory stressors may reduce the adverse health effects of obesity and slow the progression towards the metabolic syndrome and T2DM. Evidence from human dietary intervention studies that have investigated the potential therapeutic effects of dietary fatty acid modification is explored. The present review highlights the requirement to take account of genetic background, within the context of nutrient regulation of gene expression and individual responsiveness to dietary therapy. This approach will further the understanding of the interaction between fatty acids in the pathogenesis and progression of the metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Evidence-Based Challenges to the Continued Recommendation and Use of Peroxidatively-Susceptible Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Culinary Oils for High-Temperature Frying Practises: Experimental Revelations Focused on Toxic Aldehydic Lipid Oxidation Products

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Grootveld
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Dietary Consumption ◽  
Lipid Oxidation Products

In this manuscript, a series of research reports focused on dietary lipid oxidation products (LOPs), their toxicities and adverse health effects are critically reviewed in order to present a challenge to the mindset supporting, or strongly supporting, the notion that polyunsaturated fatty acid-laden frying oils are “safe” to use for high-temperature frying practises. The generation, physiological fates, and toxicities of less commonly known or documented LOPs, such as epoxy-fatty acids, are also considered. Primarily, an introduction to the sequential autocatalytic peroxidative degradation of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) occurring during frying episodes is described, as are the potential adverse health effects posed by the dietary consumption of aldehydic and other LOP toxins formed. In continuance, statistics on the dietary consumption of fried foods by humans are reviewed, with a special consideration of French fries. Subsequently, estimates of human dietary aldehyde intake are critically explored, which unfortunately are limited to acrolein and other lower homologues such as acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. However, a full update on estimates of quantities derived from fried food sources is provided here. Further items reviewed include the biochemical reactivities, metabolism and volatilities of aldehydic LOPs (the latter of which is of critical importance regarding the adverse health effects mediated by the inhalation of cooking/frying oil fumes); their toxicological actions, including sections focussed on governmental health authority tolerable daily intakes, delivery methods and routes employed for assessing such effects in animal model systems, along with problems encountered with the Cramer classification of such toxins. The mutagenicities, genotoxicities, and carcinogenic potential of aldehydes are then reviewed in some detail, and following this the physiological concentrations of aldehydes and their likely dietary sources are considered. Finally, conclusions from this study are drawn, with special reference to requirements for (1) the establishment of tolerable daily intake (TDI) values for a much wider range of aldehydic LOPs, and (2) the performance of future nutritional and epidemiological trials to explore associations between their dietary intake and the incidence and severity of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs).

The Role of Lipids in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents

2017 ◽  
Vol 126 (01) ◽  
pp. 14-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahnaz Taghizadeh ◽  
Mohammad Alizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Acid Modification ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe increasing prevalence of childhood obesity is a driving force behind the increase in adolescent’s metabolic syndrome (MetS). Although there is no clear consensus about the pediatric definition for MetS, this syndrome is becoming very common among adolescents. It is characterized by insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity and hypertension, and is associated with a high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and CVD in adulthood. Due to the increasing prevalence of obesity, there is strong incentive to reduce the impact of the adverse health effects associated with MetS. We explored the etiological role of nutrient-derived metabolic stressors, especially fatty acids, in the development of obesity and MetS. We also reviewed the evidence that pro-inflammatory stressors may predispose to obesity-induced insulin resistance. This article presents the opinion that reducing the impact of metabolic and inflammatory stressors may reduce the adverse health effects of obesity, and slow the progression towards MetS and CVD in adolescents. Evidence so far is limited from pediatric dietary epidemiological and interventional studies investigating the potential preventive and therapeutic effects of dietary fatty acid modification. This review will further investigate our understanding of the interaction between fatty acids in the pathogenesis and progression of MetS in adolescents.

scholarly journals Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial examining the effect of blood and plasma donation on serum perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) levels in firefighters

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. e044833
Author(s):  
Gabriel Silver ◽  
Yordanka Krastev ◽  
Miriam K Forbes ◽  
Brenton Hamdorf ◽  
Barry Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Plasma Donation ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Randomised Controlled

IntroductionPerfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse group of compounds that have been used in hundreds of industrial applications and consumer products including aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) for many years. Multiple national and international health and environmental agencies have accepted that PFAS exposures are associated with numerous adverse health effects. Australian firefighters have been shown to have elevated levels of PFAS in their blood, specifically perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), due to the historical use of AFFF. While PFAS concentrations decline over time once the source of exposure has been removed, their potential adverse health effects are such that it would be prudent to develop an intervention to lower levels at a faster rate than occurs via natural elimination rates.Methods and analysisThis is a randomised controlled trial of current and former Australian firefighters in the Metropolitan Fire Brigade/Fire Rescue Victoria, and contractors, with previous occupational exposure to PFAS and baseline elevated PFOS levels. The study is investigating whether whole blood donation every 12 weeks or plasma donation every 6 weeks will significantly reduce PFAS levels, compared with a control group. We have used covariate-adaptive randomisation to balance participants’ sex and blood PFAS levels between the three groups and would consider a 25% reduction in serum PFOS and PFHxS levels to be potentially clinically significant after 12 months of whole blood or plasma donation. A secondary analysis of health biomarkers is being made of changes between screening and week 52 in all three groups.Ethics and disseminationThis trial has been approved by Macquarie University Human Research Ethics Committee (reference number: 3855), final protocol V.2 dated 12 June 2019. Study results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and presentations at conferences.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619000204145).

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