scholarly journals Mind the gap: education inequality at the regional level in Portugal, 1986-2005

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Gabriel Fidalgo ◽  
Marta Simões ◽  
Adelaide Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Education Inequality ◽  
Average Education ◽  
The Developed Countries

Portugal stands as one of the most unequal countries in terms of income among the developed countries. Over the period 1980-2005, income inequality kept high, fostered mainly by a monotonic increase in earnings inequality. Given the close link between education and earnings, it is of major importance to study the distribution of education. This paper examines the distribution of education at the regional level in Portugal between 1986 and 2005. Our results indicate that education inequality decreased for the whole country as the average education level of the workforce rose, over the sample years. This finding does not apply at the regional level however, with several districts initially poor in terms of education exhibiting an increase in education inequality. The evidence also supports the existence of a Kuznets curve of education: as the average level of education rises, education inequality first increases, and, after reaching a peak at 5.13 years of schooling, starts declining.

scholarly journals Income Inequality and Economic Growth: An Analysis Using a Panel Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 242
Author(s):  
Mohamed Bouincha ◽  
Mohamed Karim
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Model ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Main Indicator ◽  
Development Indicator ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Relationship

A long time ago, economic growth was the main indicator of countries’ economic health. However, since the 1970s, the analysis of the relationship between economic growth and other economic phenomena such as inequality has begun to grow (Sundrum, 1974). Much of the literature on the link between economic growth and income inequality is based on Kuznets revolutionary theory. The purpose of our article is to suspect the causality relationship between growth and inequality. To do this, we used data from 189 countries for the period between 1990 and 2015. We estimated a global model and three other of each category of countries in terms of development. In the global model, economic growth is insignificant even if its sign is positive. The same result appears in the developing country model and the moderately developed countries one. However, in the developed countries model, economic growth is negatively and statistically related to inequality. The Kuznets curve is approved in our study only when using human development indicator in the place of growth. Growth explain inequality’s movement in our study only in the model of developed countries and its coefficient is negative.

scholarly journals Globalization and Income Inequality: Comparative Analysis of the European Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 08003
Author(s):  
Irina Atanasova ◽  
Tsvetomir Tsvetkov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Problematic Issue ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Research background: The globalization of the European countries within the EU and the Eurozone is primarily economic and is expressed by the free trade and the movement of capital and labour, which determines the incomes and the GDP. Globalization and its impact on inequality is becoming an essential and problematic issue, especially in the context of on-going economic integration processes between the countries in Europe, which seek to converge their economic, social and political systems in the Euro area. The process of inequality has become even more relevant in the context of globalization. Purpose of the article: The paper aims to examine the impact of globalization on the inequality in the developed and the emerging economies in Europe. Methods: On the basis of an econometric assessment, a comparative analysis of the effect of globalization on the inequality in the developed European countries and the emerging countries is carried out. Findings & Value added: The paper analyses the essential aspects and the effects of the income inequality dynamics, both horizontally and vertically. It also addresses the question of whether the effect of globalization on the economic growth and the inequality is the same for the developing and the developed countries, respectively. Based on the research, seven important conclusions are reached.

scholarly journals Investigating the Energy-Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for the Asia-Pacific Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaka Aruga
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Income ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The Developed Countries

As mitigating the effects of energy consumption on the environment is a crucial issue for the Asia-Pacific region, this study investigates the energy-environmental Kuznets curve (EEKC) hypothesis among the 19 Asia-Pacific countries. The study also tests the EEKC hypothesis for the low-, middle-, and high-income groups of the region. The panel regression and cointegration models are used for this purpose. Our test results of both models suggest that the EEKC hypothesis holds for the whole Asia-Pacific region. However, the test performed on the three different income groups revealed that the hypothesis only holds for the high-income group. The hypothesis was not apparent for the low- and middle-income groups. This indicates that the transition in the energy consumption along the EEKC is only occurring in the developed countries of the Asia-Pacific region and the developed countries need to support the developing countries to achieve economic growth along the EEKC.

Sectoral Heterogeneity, Income Inequality and Productivity Dynamics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assaf Sarid ◽  
Yishay D. Maoz
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Technical Change ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Curve Pattern ◽  
Dynamic Pattern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Productivity Dynamics

An intricate dynamic pattern has been commonly observed in many developed countries during the past decades. This pattern contains a simultaneous rise in the following economic variables: (i) total factor productivity, (ii) educated labor supply, (iii) wage-gap between high- and low-skilled workers, and (iv) income inequality. Typical explanations for the different elements of this pattern assume a skill-biased technical change (SBTC) or capital-skill complementarity. In this study we offer a complementing explanation for these phenomena, which is based on sectoral heterogeneity and endogenous factor mobility, rather than on an SBTC. We show that sectoral heterogeneity can amplify the effects of a technical change, whether skill-biased or general, in a manner that generates the four elements of the above described dynamic pattern. Furthermore, inequality can perform also a Kuznets-curve pattern, as was observed in several countries, in contrast to the inequality dynamics in typical SBTC models.

scholarly journals Poverty, income inequality, and energy consumption based on EKC hypothesis: Evidence from developed and developing countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Ekrem Akbas ◽  
Fuat Lebe
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Unit Root Test ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Ekc Hypothesis ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The primary objective of this study is to examine the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, energy consumption, income inequality, and poverty within the framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in 14 developed and ten developing countries over the period 2000–2018. We employed the Fourier unit root test and Dynamic Seemingly Unrelated Regression (DSUR) estimator to analyze the relationship between these variables. The results show that in developing countries, income inequality, poverty, and energy consumption positively affect CO2 emission. In contrast, in developed countries, there is no significant relationship between these variables. Moreover, we found out that the EKC hypothesis, which suggests an inverted U-shaped relationship between per capita income and CO2 emissions, is valid in developed countries and invalid in developing countries. We determined that the turning points obtained from regression analysis are outside of the sample period in five developing countries (Argentina, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Panama, and Uruguay). These results show that income inequality and poverty can indirectly affect environmental quality by energy consumption in developing countries.

scholarly journals Agriculture and Non-Agriculture Growth, Inflation and Income Inequality in Developed and Developing Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sima Siami-Namini
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Nonlinear Relationship ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Cyclical Component ◽  
Hp Filter

The aim of this article is to examine how agriculture and non-agriculture growth and inflation affect income inequality. The multivariate panel data approach is used to examine the application of Kuznets hypothesis between income inequality and agriculture and non-agriculture growth and test the existence of nonlinear relationship between income inequality and inflation rate in a large sample of data collected for developed and developing countries. The Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter is used to separate the cyclical component from the trend component of inflation rate and agriculture and non-agriculture growth. The results demonstrate a significant negative nonlinear relationship between income inequality and the HP filtered inflation rate squared in developed countries. The findings confirm the application of a ‘U-shaped’ of Kuznets curve between income inequality and agriculture growth and between income inequality and non-agriculture growth in developed countries. In addition, the results show Kuznets inverted ‘U-shaped’ curve between agriculture growth and income inequality, and Kuznets ‘U-shaped’ curve between non-agriculture growth and income inequality in developing countries.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KAUSALITAS ANTARA KEMISKINAN, KETIMPANGAN PENDAPATAN DAN TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN DI PROVINSI SUMATERA BARAT

Jurnal Ecogen ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 604
Author(s):  
Damrul Ahmad ◽  
Mike Triani
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
The Government ◽  
Inductive Analysis

This study aims to determine and analyze the causal relationship between poverty, income inequality and education level in West Sumatra. This type of research is descriptive and associative research, where the data used is secondary data in the form of panel data from 2010 to 2017 with documentation data collection and literature study techniques obtained from related institutions and institutions. Data analysis used is the data used is descriptive analysis and inductive analysis. In inductive analysis there are several tests, namely: (1) Unit Root Test (2)Cointegration Test (3) Optimal Lag Determination (4) Granger Causality Test (5) PVAR Test.  The results of this study indicate that (1) income inequality Poverty and income inequality have a causality relationship where the probability of poverty to income inequality = 0.0307 and the probability of income inequality against poverty = 0.0166 (2) There is a one-way relationship between poverty and education level where poverty affects the level of education with a probability = 0.0024 while the level of education does not affect poverty with probability = 0.2402 (3) income inequality and education level do not have a one-way or two-way relationship where income inequality does not affect the level of education with probability = 0, 2445 and the level of education also does not affect income inequality with a probability = 0.5248 in the study period. Based on the results of this study, the authors suggest that the government combine policies on income equity and poverty such as the application of progressive taxes and subsidies to basic needs, equitable distribution of education in districts / cities in regencies / cities in West Sumatra. in addition, it is also expected that an increase in the nine economic sectors so that all three issues such as poverty, income inequality and education levels can be overcome.                                                             Keyword: Poverty, Income Inequality, Education Level, PVAR

scholarly journals A STUDY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE FOR TRANSPORT GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Nikola Petrović ◽  
Nebojša Bojović ◽  
Marijana Petrović ◽  
Vesna Jovanović
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

In view of the European Union as one of the main polluters in the word and the fact that GDP per capita in the European Union is equivalent to the 282 percent of the world`s average, it is interesting to study the relationship between transport GHG emissions and the economic activity within the European Union. In the paper, the authors check the environment Kuznets curve hypothesis for members of the EU over the period 2000-2014. The analysis results show that an inverse-U relationship exists between transport GHG emissions and GDP per capita. At the same time, the results indicate that the change of economic structure has influenced the transport GHG emissions in the developed countries, that is, in the countries that record a higher level of GDP per capita.

scholarly journals Trend of income inequality in Asia and effects of education

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-59
Author(s):  
Kang Park
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Education Inequality ◽  
Marginal Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Educational Variables ◽  
Unbalanced Panel Data

This study considers how education and globalization affect income inequality in Asia, with the unbalanced panel data. The evidence supports the validity of Kuznets inverted-U hypothesis for the connection between the income level and income inequality. However, when more variables are integrated into the model, the consistency of inverse U-shaped curve becomes weaker. The empirical results suggest that educational variables are highly influential in affecting income distribution. Our analysis indicates that a higher level of education achieved by the population aged 15 and over has improved income distribution in Asia, while educational inequality, measured by the educational Gini, has a negative effect on income distribution. Higher levels of globalization are correlated with higher levels of income inequality, while freedom, either political or economic, has marginal effects on the level of inequity in income distribution. Key words: Education inequality, globalisation, income inequality

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