scholarly journals Assessment of diurnal variation in Ocimum sanctum Linn. by gas chromatographic fingerprint analysis coupled with chemometric methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikunj Patel ◽  
Niranjan Kanaki ◽  
Vinit Movaliya
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Ocimum Sanctum ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Chemometric Methods ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Ocimum Species ◽  
Significant Difference

Vast intra-specific variations, especially diurnal, geographical and seasonal, have been reported in the chemical composition of essential oils of Ocimum species. The study was conducted to assess diurnal variation in the chemical composition of the leaves of Ocimum sanctum. The leaf samples collected at different times of the day were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The chromatographic fingerprints of different leaf samples were analyzed by chemometric methods like principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. No significant difference was found in the chemical compositions of the leaf samples collected at different times of the day. The results lead to a conclusion that O. sanctum does not exhibit diurnal variation in its chemical composition, unlike O. gratissimum.

scholarly journals Aromatic Profiles of Essential Oils from Five Commonly Used Thai Basils

Foods ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibet Tangpao ◽  
Hsiao-Hang Chung ◽  
Sarana Sommano
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Methyl Eugenol ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ocimum Sanctum ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Ocimum Species ◽  
Holy Basil

The research objectives of this study are to analyse the volatile compositions of different basil types available in Thai markets and to descriptively determine their aromatic qualities. Essential oils were hydro-distillated from fresh leaves of two Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) varieties namely, white and red and other basil species, including Tree basil (O. gratissimum), Thai basil (O. basilicum var. thyrsiflorum), and Lemon basil (O. citriodorum). Oil physiochemical characteristics and volatile chromatograms from Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the chemical compositions. Estragole, eugenol, and methyl eugenol were among the major volatiles found in the essential oils of these basil types. Classification by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) advised that these Ocimum spp. samples are grouped based on either the distinctive anise, citrus aroma (estragole, geranial and neral), or spice-like aroma (methyl eugenol, β-caryophyllene, and α-cubebene). The essential oils were also used for descriptive sensorial determination by five semi-trained panellists, using the following developed terms: anise, citrus, herb, spice, sweet, and woody. The panellists were able to differentiate essential oils of white Holy basil from red Holy basil based on the intensity of the anisic attribute, while the anise and citrus scents were detected as dominant in the Lemon basil, Tree basil, and Thai basil essential oils. The overall benefit from this research was the elucidation of aromatic qualities from Thai common Ocimum species in order to assess their potential as the raw materials for new food products.

scholarly journals Effects of Gender and Geographical Origin on the Chemical Composition and Antiradical Activity of Baccharis myriocephala and Baccharis trimera

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1433
Author(s):  
Suzana Struiving ◽  
Ana Carolina Mendes Hacke ◽  
Edésio Luiz Simionatto ◽  
Dilamara Riva Scharf ◽  
Cláudia Vargas Klimaczewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Antiradical Activity ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Baccharis Trimera

This study aimed to characterize and compare essential oils and ethyl acetate fractions obtained in basic and acidic conditions from both male and female Baccharis species (Baccharis myriocephala and Baccharis trimera) from two different Brazilian regions. Samples were characterized according to their chemical compositions and antiradical activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Principal component analysis (PCA) provided a clear separation regarding the chemical composition of essential oils from the samples obtained from different regions by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with flame-ionization detection (GC-MS-FID). PCA also revealed that gender and region of plant collections did not influence the chemical composition and antiradical activity of ethyl acetate fractions, which was corroborated with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) data. High performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) identified significant quantities of flavonoids and phenolic acids in the fractions obtained in basic and acidic fractions, respectively. The obtained results clearly demonstrated that the geographical region of plant collection influenced the chemical composition of essential oils from the studied Baccharis species. Moreover, the obtained fractions were constituted by several antiradical compounds, which reinforced the usage of these species in folk medicine.

scholarly journals Aromatic Profiles of Essential Oil from 5 Commonly Used Thai Basils

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibet Tangpao ◽  
Hsiao-Hang Chung ◽  
Sarana Rose Sommano
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Methyl Eugenol ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ocimum Sanctum ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
Ocimum Species ◽  
Holy Basil

The research objectives of this study are to analyse the volatile compositions of different basil types available in Thai markets and to descriptively determine their aromatic qualities.  Essential oils were hydro-distillated from fresh leaves of 2 Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) varieties namely, white and red and other basil species, including Tree basil (O. gratissimum), Sweet basil (O. basilicum var. thyrsiflorum) and Lemon basil (O. citriodorum).  Oil physicochemical characteristics and volatile chromatograms from Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the chemical compositions.  Methyl eugenol, estragole and eugenol were among the major chemicals found in the essential oils of these basil types.  Classification by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) advised that these Ocimum spp. samples are grouped based on either the distinctive anise, citrus aroma (estragole, geranial and neral) or spice-like aroma (β-methyl eugenol, caryophyllene and α-cubebene).  The essential oil was also used for descriptive sensorial determination by five trained panelists, using the following developed terms: anisic, citrus, herb, spice, sweet and woody.  The panelists were able to differentiate essential oil of white Holy basil from red Holy basil based on the intensity of the anisic attribute, while the anise and citrus scents were detected as dominant in the Lemon basil, Tree basil and Sweet basil essential oils.  The overall benefit from this research was the elucidation of aromatic qualities from Thai common Ocimum species in order to assess their potential as the raw materials for future food research and development.

Assessment of poultry eggs freshness using FTIR spectroscopy combined with HCA and PCA methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Ewelina Michalczyk ◽  
Rafał Kurczab
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Chemometric Analysis ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Ftir Spectra ◽  
Chemometric Methods

The main aim of this study was to investigate the use of Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR FTIR) and selected chemometric methods to classify eggs in terms of the laying hen farming method, as well as to identify changes in the individual egg compositions during storage. In total, 50 eggs were used for the study; 10 eggs per classes: 0, 1, 2, 3 and rural. Eggs were stored by 29 days period, which was divided on the 10 measuring days in which one egg from each class was tested by recording two FTIR spectra for the shell, albumen and egg yolk. The chemometric analysis, including Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), was performed based on the recorded FTIR spectra. Changes in chemical composition during the experiment in individual egg elements were analyzed. Furthermore, by analyzing the graphs (HCA and PCA) obtained by the chemometric analysis, it was noted that the largest changes in the chemical composition of eggs occurred in the shell and yolk, while in the albumen it was less insignificant. The chemometric analysis of the recorded spectra also showed that combination of chemometric methods and FTIR spectroscopy can potentially be used to develop a non-destructive method for classifying eggs in terms of the hen culture method and to monitor of their freshness.

scholarly journals Seasonal variability of the essential oil of Hesperozygis ringens (Benth.) Epling.

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Pinheiro ◽  
C. M. Machado ◽  
L. P. Amaral ◽  
D. T. Silva ◽  
C. A. A. Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Three Samples

Abstract This study was developed to evaluate the effect of seasonality on the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) of Hesperozygis ringens (Benth.) Epling, a native species from the Brazilian Pampa. Leaves were collected from four specimens of a single population in each of the four seasons for a year and were extracted in triplicate by hydro-distillation for 2 hours. The yield of EO (% w/w) was calculated on fresh weight basis (FWB), and the 16 oil samples were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used as statistical tools to evaluate differences in chemical composition. The highest yields were obtained in autumn, spring and summer (2.32-4.38%), while the lowest yields were detected in winter, ranging from 1.15 to 1.91%. Oxygenated monoterpenoids were the predominant class of chemical constituents in the EO obtained in all seasons, showing the highest contents in autumn and summer, and pulegone was identified as a major compound, whose contents varied between 54.13 and 81.17%. The EO samples were divided into three chemical groups by HCA and PCA and were assigned to the same group, except for the three samples gathered in winter. The results showed a seasonal influence on the yield and chemical composition of the EO.

Quality evaluation of tugaksheeree samples by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy using multicomponent analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikunj D. Patel ◽  
Niranjan S. Kanaki
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflectance ◽  
Chemometric Methods ◽  
Total Reflectance ◽  
Fingerprint Region ◽  
Ftir Technique

Background: Numerous Ayurvedic formulations contains tugaksheeree as key ingredient. Tugaksheereeis the starch gained from the rhizomes of two plants, Curcuma angustifoliaRoxb. (Zingiberaceae) and Marantaarundinacea (MA) Linn. (Marantaceae). Objective: The primary concerns in quality assessment of Tugaksheeree occur due to adulteration or substitution. Method: In current study, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) facility was used to evaluate tugaksheeree samples. Total 10 different samples were studied and transmittance mode was kept to record the spectra devoid of pellets of KBR. Further treatment was given with multi component tools by considering fingerprint region of the spectra. Multivariate analysis was performed by various chemometric methods. Result: Multi component methods like Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA)were used to discriminate the tugaksheeree samples using Minitab software. Conclusion: This method can be used as a tool to differentiate samples of tugaksheeree from its adulterants and substitutes.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Circadian Rhythm of a 1,8-Cineole Chemotype Essential Oil of Calycolpus goetheanus From Marajó Island, Brazilian Amazon

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2093305
Author(s):  
Edimara L. dos Santos ◽  
Ananda M. Lima ◽  
Vilmara Fabrícia dos S. Moura ◽  
William N. Setzer ◽  
Joyce Kelly R. da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Group I ◽  
Marajó Island ◽  
Ionization Detectors

Chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) of Calycolpus genus have been reported in the literature. However, there is only 1 report about volatile profile from Calycolpus goetheanus. This work aims to evaluate the seasonal and circadian influences on EO composition and yield of C. goetheanus collected in Marajó Island, Brazilian Amazon. For the circadian study, the leaves were collected in January (rainy season) and July (dry season) every 3 hours during a period of 15 hours. The EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation and their chemical compositions analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and flame ionization detectors. The major compound identified in all EO samples was 1,8-cineole with amounts ranged from 14.4% (January, 6 am) to 33.0% (July, 3 pm). The highest average of 1,8-cineole was obtained during circadian study of the dry season (25.5% ± 5.8%) and the lowest during the circadian study of the rainy season (15.6% ± 1.5%). The multivariate analysis grouped the samples into 2 different groups: Group I characterized by the lowest amounts of 1,8-cineole (16.0%-18.7%), and Group II characterized by a higher content of 1,8-cineole (24.0%-33.0%). The oil yield and chemical composition did not show relationship with climate parameters (solar radiation, humidity, and temperature). Therefore, there was only quantitative variability in the EOs compositions during the circadian rhythm evaluated on dry and rainy seasons.

Corpus Statistics for Empirical Translation Studies

2020 ◽  
pp. 541-559
Author(s):  
Michael Oakes
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Visualization Techniques

In recent years a number of authors have made good use of statistical texts in empirical translation studies. These tests are well established in the scientific literature but have only recently been applied to the comparison of original and translated texts for the identification of the characteristics of “translationese.” There has also been interest in the comparison between professional and student translations and between machine and human translation. In this chapter, various statistical tests are examined in the context of real-world empirical studies in translation: analysis of variance and Tukey’s “honestly significant difference” test, the chi-squared test and the G-statistic, and the visualization techniques of hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The chapter finishes with a discussion of the linguistic features chosen or found to characterize the original and translated texts.

scholarly journals Chemical profile of the cutaneous gland secretions from male pampas deer ( Ozotoceros bezoarticus )

2015 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Rossini ◽  
Rodolfo Ungerfeld
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Chemical Complexity ◽  
Ozotoceros Bezoarticus ◽  
Status Information ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Great Complexity ◽  
Individual Information

Abstract Various cutaneous glands have been identified as sources of chemical signals that mediate many social interactions in deer. The pampas deer, a species considered near threatened, inhabits grasslands of South America. In this work, the chemical compositions from preorbital, tarsal, and digital gland secretions of semi-captive males were characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The composition of these secretions showed a great complexity, with 143 compounds detected. Hierarchical cluster and principal component analyses show no relation to age or secretion type. Five compound classes (esters, fatty alcohols, lactones, sterols, and sulphuretted) differed with glands. The chemical complexity of the secretions, the individual differences in the whole compounds composition, and the absence of clustering by age lead to the hypothesis that these secretions may encode at once for individual information and for social status information. Varias glándulas cutáneas han sido identificadas como productoras de señales químicas que median interacciones sociales en losciervos. El venado de las pampas es una especie considerada casi amenazada que habita los pastizales de Sudamérica. En este trabajo se caracterizó la composición química de las secreciones de las glándulas preorbital, tarsal e interdigital de machos por cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas. Estas secreciones mostraron una gran complejidad en su composición, con 143 compuestos detectados. No se observó ninguna agrupación de compuestos relacionada con la edad o el tipo de secreción. Cinco clases de compuestos (ésteres, alcoholes grasos, lactonas, esteroles, y compuestos azufrados) difirieron de acuerdo al origen glandular. La complejidad química de las secreciones, las diferencias individuales en dicha composición, y la ausencia de agrupamiento por edad, llevan a postular la hipótesis de que estas secreciones pueden codificar a la vez tanto información individual como del estado social.

scholarly journals Counterfeit medicines: a pilot study for chemical profiling employing a different proposal of an usual technique

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Maíra Santos ◽  
Alessandro Kahmann ◽  
Luiza Manica Caffarate ◽  
Laura Ribas Ucha ◽  
Renata Pereira Limberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Standard Technique ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Chemical Profiling ◽  
Counterfeit Medicines ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Single Method ◽  
Solid Form

Gas chromatography (GC) is a gold standard technique used in forensic laboratories, including for the characterization of counterfeit medicines. When coupled simultaneously to flame ionization (FID) and mass detector (MS) allow the identification and quantification of medicines and drugs employing a single method, besides permitting the application of chemometric tools for forensic intelligence purposes. Here is presented a pilot project that developed and applied a qualitative method for the analysis of counterfeit medicines comprised by amphetamine-type stimulants and antidepressants, through a simple extraction procedure followed by GC-FID/MS analysis, with application of exploratory tools by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The main purpose was to identify similarities between the all compounds detected in the irregular medicines allowing the traceability of illicit producers with the creation of a common data base. Through the analyses it was verified that different producers of counterfeit medicines labeled as Sibutramine, added a mixture of Caffeine and Benzocaine in their formulation, respecting the same ratio of 2.2:1. HCA was able to confirm these results, showing the presence of both falsifications in the same cluster, representing the best tool to identify similar characteristics among the samples – when compared to PCA. Other interesting finding was the use of Fluoxetine as a falsification of counterfeit medicines labeled as Sibutramine and Diethylpropion. Another seized sample labeled as “Nobesio Forte”, marketed as a mix of stimulants, showed only Caffeine and Lidocaine in its formulation. The pilot project applied primarily to 45 samples of counterfeit medicines containing amphetamine-type stimulants and antidepressants, showed the capability of perform the chemical profiling of counterfeit medicines in the solid form - powder, capsules and tablets. Further analysis can be performed for different types of medicines in solid form using the developed method, allowing the construction of a single database to perform the chemical profiling of counterfeit medicines, enabling the traceability of illicit producers.

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