Evaluation the effect of the ambient temperature on the liquid petroleum gas transportation pipeline

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammar Ali Abd ◽  
Samah Zaki Naji ◽  
Ching Thian Tye ◽  
Mohd Roslee Othman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Liquid State ◽  
Pump Energy ◽  
Compressible Liquid ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) plays a major role in worldwide energy consumption as a clean source of energy with low greenhouse gases emission. LPG transportation is exhibited through networks of pipelines, maritime, and tracks. LPG transmission using pipeline is environmentally friendly owing to the low greenhouse gases emission and low energy requirements. This work is a comprehensive evaluation of transportation petroleum gas in liquid state and compressible liquid state concerning LPG density, temperature and pressure, flow velocity, and pump energy consumption under the impact of different ambient temperatures. Inevitably, the pipeline surface exchanges heat between LPG and surrounding soil owing to the temperature difference and change in elevation. To prevent phase change, it is important to pay attention for several parameters such as ambient temperature, thermal conductivity of pipeline materials, soil type, and change in elevation for safe, reliable, and economic transportation. Transporting LPG at high pressure requests smaller pipeline size and consumes less energy for pumps due to its higher density. Also, LPG transportation under moderate or low pressure is more likely exposed to phase change, thus more thermal insulation and pressure boosting stations required to maintain the phase envelope. The models developed in this work aim to advance the existing knowledge and serve as a guide for efficient design by underling the importance of the mentioned parameters.

scholarly journals Energy consumption pattern and renewable energy alternatives in Madi Kalyanpur, Chitwan, Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Sumitra Poudel ◽  
Narayan Prassad Chaulagain ◽  
Manoj Aryal
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Co2 Equivalent ◽  
Energy Consumption Pattern

Energy consumption pattern and greenhouse gases emission are interrelated. The unsustainable use of biomass and widespread use of commercial energy are of the major sources of greenhouse gas emission. The alternative to kerosene for lighting is solar home system (SHS), which is one of the potential renewable technologies for rural electrification. The present study has analyzed household energy consumption pattern and greenhouse gases emission from energy consumption practices as well as environmental and economic benefits of SHS in Madi Kalyanpur Village Development Committee of Chitwan district. For the purpose, the primary data were collected through household questionnaire survey, key informant interview (KII) and focus group discussion (FGD). The analysis has shown that 22% of household use all types of energy, i.e. fuel-wood, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), biogas and SHS as the sources of energy. Thirty-five percent households use fuel-wood, LPG and SHS, 24% use fuel-wood, biogas and SHS, 1% used LPG and SHS, 5% use biogas and SHS, 4% use LPG, biogas and SHS and 9% use fuel-wood and SHS as a source of energy. Almost all people have been using SHS for the lighting purpose. The average annual greenhouse gases emission per household from fuel-wood and liquefied petroleum gas consumption was 7.89 ton and 0.17 ton of CO2 equivalent respectively. Typically, a 40 Wp SHS reduced the consumption of kerosene by 42 liter annually for lighting that displaced 0.11 ton of CO2 equivalent per household per year. The simple payback period for typically 40 Wp SHS was found to be nine years with no subsidy, seven years with subsidy from Alternative Energy Promotion Centre and two years with Indian Government Grant. Similarly, the benefit-cost ratios were found to be 3.1, 3.5 and 4.6 for the systems with no subsidy, with AEPC subsidy and with Indian Grant, respectively.

An Optimization Model for the Energy Consumption vs. Gas Cooling Requirements in a Large NPS 56 Gas Transmission System

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda Razi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
Optimization Process ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
The South ◽  
Transmission Pipeline ◽  
Gas Cooling ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gas Refinery

Optimization of a large gas transmission pipeline results in reduced fuel consumption or higher capability and improves pipeline operation. In the current study, we have done an extensive research to optimize the operation of a huge NPS 56 pipeline system using gas cooling. This gas transmission line (the 4th major gas transmission pipeline of the National Iranian Gas Company, NIGC, or IGAT4) is designed to move over 110 MMSCMD (4.0 BCFD) of natural gas from the Assaluyeh Gas Refinery. This gas refinery which in turn receives gas from the huge gas reservoir of the South Pars Field (Iranian off-shore) is located in the south of Iran. The length of this system is over 800 kms (500 miles) with over 700 MW of compression power and aerial coolers at all compressor stations. This system passes through a very tortuous terrain with significant changes in elevation and ambient temperature which makes the optimization process even more challenging. The main objective of this project was to develop a customized tool to optimize the operation (energy consumption) of this gas transmission pipeline with all the existing system variables. The emphasis was on the impact of gas cooling (effective operation of aerial coolers) on the optimization process which in turn leads to the fuel minimization or higher capability. In this process, the impact of ambient temperature, soil temperature throughout the entire route of the pipeline, cost of electricity & fuel gas, heat transfer and Joule-Thompson effect were carefully considered. The tool was finally developed and was successfully tested on this gas transmission system which resulted in extremely accurate results. This tool could be further generalized to be used for other transmission systems.

scholarly journals Análisis de las emisiones asociadas al sector energético en España

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Ángeles Cámara Sánchez ◽  
Mónica Flores García ◽  
Patricia D. Fuentes Saguar
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Social Accounting Matrix ◽  
Spanish Economy ◽  
Household Energy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Multisector Model

The greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere are an economic and environmental problem. In this work we make a detailed study of the emissions from the branches of the Spanish energy sector. To this end, we have developed for the Spanish economy a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) with Environmental Accounts, considering the six greenhouse gases that the Kyoto Protocol states. In this SAM, the energy sector appears disaggregated in eight sectors, including renewable branches, in order to distinguish the emissions of each type of energy. The analysis is performed using a linear multisector model applied to the SAM, which allows us to obtain the emissions, both direct and indirect, caused by each branch of the Spanish energy sector. Finally, we evaluate the impact in emissions caused by a shift in the household energy consumption towards renewable energy.

scholarly journals Effect of Ambient Temperature on Electric Vehicles’ Energy Consumption and Range: Model Definition and Sensitivity Analysis Based on Nissan Leaf Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Iora ◽  
Laura Tribioli
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Battery Model ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, a general quasi-steady backward-looking model for energy consumption estimation of electric vehicles is presented. The model is based on a literature review of existing approaches and was set up using publicly available data for Nissan Leaf. The model has been used to assess the effect of ambient temperature on energy consumption and range, considering various reference driving cycles. The results are supported and validated using data available from an experimental campaign where the Nissan Leaf was driven to depletion across a broad range of winter ambient temperatures. The effect of ambient temperature and the consequent accessories consumption due to cabin heating are shown to be remarkable. For instance, in case of Federal Urban Driving Schedule (FUDS), simplified FUDS (SFUDS), and New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) driving cycles, the range exceeds 150 km at 20 °C, while it reduces to about 85 km and 60 km at 0 °C and −15 °C, respectively. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is reported to assess the impact of the hypotheses in the battery model and of making different assumptions on the regenerative braking efficiency.

scholarly journals Application of the methodology related to the emission standard to specific railway line in comparison with parallel road transport: a case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 244 ◽  
pp. 03002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Rybicka ◽  
Ondrej Stopka ◽  
Vladimír Ľupták ◽  
Mária Chovancová ◽  
Paweł Droździel
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Emission Standard ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Railway Line ◽  
The Impact

At present, the impact of transport on the environment constitutes a serious problem. This mainly concerns energy consumption and production of greenhouse gases (GHG) that via their participation in greenhouse effect intensification contribute to global warming. In this paper, the calculations provided by the EN 16258: 2012 methodology will be applied to two modes of transport: railway and road transport. Subsequently, the methodology will be applied to a case study of a selected nonelectrified railway line in comparison with parallel road transport. In particular, energy consumption and production of greenhouse gases will be monitored depending on traveling the distance between selected cities in the Czech Republic.

scholarly journals Optimization of the CO2 Liquefaction Process-Performance Study with Varying Ambient Temperature

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (20) ◽  
pp. 4467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Jackson ◽  
Eivind Brodal
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
System Modelling ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Cooling Temperature ◽  
Minimum Energy Consumption ◽  
Liquefaction Process

In carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) projects, the transportation of CO2 by ship can be an attractive alternative to transportation using a pipeline, particularly when the distance between the source and usage or storage location is large. However, a challenge associated with this approach is that the energy consumption of the liquefaction process can be significant, which makes the selection of an energy-efficient design an important factor in the minimization of operating costs. Since the liquefaction process operates at low temperature, its energy consumption varies with ambient temperature, which influences the trade-off point between different liquefaction process designs. A consistent set of data showing the relationship between energy consumption and cooling temperature is therefore useful in the CCUS system modelling. This study addresses this issue by modelling the performance of a variety of CO2 liquefaction processes across a range of ambient temperatures applying a methodical approach for the optimization of process operating parameters. The findings comprise a set of data for the minimum energy consumption cases. The main conclusions of this study are that an open-cycle CO2 process will offer lowest energy consumption below 20 °C cooling temperature and that over the cooling temperature range 15 to 50 °C, the minimum energy consumption for all liquefaction process rises by around 40%.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Effect of Phase Change Material (PCM) Glazing on the Energy Consumption and Indoor Comfort of an Office in a Semiarid Climate

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 9597
Author(s):  
Daniel Uribe ◽  
Sergio Vera
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Thermal Inertia ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Visual Comfort ◽  
Meaningful Improvement ◽  
Innovative Strategy ◽  
Indoor Comfort ◽  
The Impact

Office buildings are usually characterized by low thermal inertia, which could cause underperformance in terms of energy consumption. Moreover, the use of large, glazed façades in office buildings can cause thermal and visual discomfort due to high solar heat gains and excessive daylight transmitted into the office space. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) integrated into glazing have arisen as an innovative strategy to increase thermal inertia and improve office buildings’ energy performance and indoor comfort at a low cost. This paper aims to analyze the impact of PCM glazing on buildings’ energy performance and occupants’ thermal and visual comfort. The analysis is performed through a one-year real-scale experiment in two offices in Santiago, Chile, with an east-oriented façade and a window-to-wall ratio (WWR) of 56%. The results are analyzed on two timescales: seasonally and daily. Representative days in each season were selected to carry out the analysis. Regarding the energy consumption of the HVAC system, PCM glazing reduces energy consumption during summer and mid-seasons and significantly reduces the peak loads in summer. A meaningful improvement in thermal comfort is achieved due to the control of the mean radiant temperature for the whole year. Considering visual comfort, there is an improvement in the luminance distribution in winter and mid-season cold conditions.

scholarly journals Optimization of a Mixed Refrigerant Based H2 Liquefaction Pre-Cooling Process and Estimate of Liquefaction Performance with Varying Ambient Temperature

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 6090
Author(s):  
Steven Jackson ◽  
Eivind Brodal
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Heat Sink ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Cooling Process ◽  
Transportation Capacity ◽  
Liquefaction Process ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Heat Sink Temperature

Hydrogen used as an energy carrier can provide an important route to the decarbonization of energy supplies, but realizing this opportunity will require both significantly increased production and transportation capacity. One route to increased transportation capacity is the shipping of liquid hydrogen, but this requires an energy-intensive liquefaction step. Recent study work has shown that the energy required in this process can be reduced through the implementation of new and improved process designs, but since all low-temperature processes are affected by the available heat-sink temperature, local ambient conditions will also have an impact. The objective of this work is to identify how the energy consumption associated with hydrogen liquefaction varies with heat-sink temperature through the optimization of design parameters for a next-generation mixed refrigerant based hydrogen liquefaction process. The results show that energy consumption increases by around 20% across the cooling temperature range 5 to 50 °C. Considering just the range 20 to 30 °C, there is a 5% increase, illustrating the significant impact ambient temperature can have on energy consumption. The implications of this work are that the modelling of different liquified hydrogen based energy supply chains should take the impact of ambient temperature into account.

scholarly journals Reducing The Energy Consumption By Using Floor Heating With Phase Change Materials In The Toronto Climate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Fialkov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Phase Change Materials ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Radiant Floor Heating System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Floor Heating

This major research project focuses on reducing the energy consumption, by modelling a radiant floor heating system with phase change materials, in the Toronto climate. Computer generated simulations were performed using DesignBuilder software, using an example of a typical condominium in Toronto .Two south facing suites and two north facing suites were investigated. Of those suites, one north facing suite had PCM below the finished floor, as well as one south facing suite. The objective of these simulations was to determine the impact of using PCM in the condo suites. Three different types of PCM were used, in order to determine which type had the biggest energy savings. The PCMs were M91/Q21, M51/Q21 and M27/Q21. The final results showed that the suites with the M27/Q21 PCM had the lowest energy usage. A cost savings comparison was performed based on the rate of energy used and the cost of the energy, provided by the Ontario Energy Board.

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