Similarities and Differences in Values of Polish Young Women and their parents – the Effect of Value Transmission and Value Change

AbstractThe similarities and differences in values between generations reflect both the stability and change of socio-cultural trends prevailing at a specific time point as well as developmental processes occurring across the life span. Intergenerational similarities in values may be the effect of value transmission within family or consequence of sharing the same socio-cultural context, since both these processes are difficult to separate. The aims of the study were: 1) to describe similarities and differences in values preferences between young women and their both parents; 2) to determine which values may be transmitted within families. Ninety nine women aged 19-25 and their both parents filled in the Schwartz’ Portrait Value Questionnaire [PVQ- 21, Schwartz 2003]. Comparing to older generation young women showed greater preference for achievement, hedonism, stimulation and universalism as well as less preference for conformity and tradition. To assess value transmission two methods measuring similarity between family members were used. According to correlation analysis values representing conservation (conformity, tradition and security) as well as benevolence and power were transmitted in families between women, while security and two values related to self-enhancement (power and achievement) were transmitted between fathers and daughters. According to comparisons of family dyads with pseudo family dyads only mothers and daughters were found to be similar in their preference for tradition, security and power.

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Nonsurgical miniscrew-assisted rapid maxillary expansion results in acceptable stability in young adults

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/101415-689.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 86 (5) ◽

pp. 713-720 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Sung-Hwan Choi ◽

Kyung-Keun Shi ◽

Jung-Yul Cha ◽

Young-Chel Park ◽

Kee-Joon Lee

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Treatment Modality ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Rapid Maxillary Expansion ◽

Maxillary Expansion ◽

Initial Examination ◽

The Stability ◽

Maxillary Deficiency ◽

Time Point

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the stability of nonsurgical miniscrew-assisted rapid maxillary expansion (MARME) in young adults with a transverse maxillary deficiency. Materials and Methods: From a total of 69 adult patients who underwent MARME followed by orthodontic treatment with a straight-wire appliance, 20 patients (mean age, 20.9 ± 2.9 years) with follow-up records (mean, 30.2 ± 13.2 months) after debonding were selected. Posteroanterior cephalometric records and dental casts were obtained at the initial examination (T0), immediately after MARME removal (T1), immediately after debonding (T2), and at posttreatment follow-up (T3). Results: Suture separation was observed in 86.96% of subjects (60/69). An increase in the maxillary width (J-J; 1.92 mm) accounted for 43.34% of the total expansion with regard to the intermolar width (IMW) increase (4.43 mm; P < .001) at T2. The amounts of J-J and IMW posttreatment changes were −0.07 mm (P > .05) and −0.42 mm (P = .01), respectively, during retention. The postexpansion change in middle alveolus width increased with age (P < .05). The postexpansion change of interpremolar width (IPMW) was positively correlated with the amount of IPMW expansion (P < .05) but not with IMW. The changes of the clinical crown heights in the maxillary canines, first premolars, and first molars were not significant at each time point. Conclusions: Nonsurgical MARME can be a clinically acceptable and stable treatment modality for young adults with a transverse maxillary deficiency.

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Examination of Heterogeneous Societies

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology ◽

10.1177/0022022116672346 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 39-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fumiko Kano Glückstad ◽

Mikkel N. Schmidt ◽

Morten Mørup

Keyword(s):

Cultural Context ◽

Latent Class ◽

Cultural Analysis ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Relational Model ◽

Response Patterns ◽

World Value Survey ◽

Applied Model ◽

Similarities And Differences ◽

Cultural Data

The recent development of data analytic tools rooted around the Multi-Group Latent Class Analysis (MGLCA) has enabled the examination of heterogeneous datasets in a cross-cultural context. Although the MGLCA is considered as an established and popular cross-cultural data analysis approach, the infinite relational model (IRM) is a new and disruptive type of unsupervised clustering approach that has been developed recently by cognitive psychologists and computer scientists. In this article, an extended version of the IRM coined the multinominal IRM—or mIRM in short—is applied to a cross-cultural analysis of survey data available from the World Value Survey organization. Specifically, the present work analyzes response patterns of the Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ) representing Schwartz’s 10 basic values of Japanese and Swedes. The applied model exposes heterogeneous structures of the two societies consisting of fine-grained response patterns expressed by the respective subpopulations and extracts latent typological structures contrasting and highlighting similarities and differences between these two societies. In the final section, we discuss similarities and differences identified between the MGLCA and the mIRM approaches, which indicate potential applications and contributions of the mIRM and the general IRM framework for future cross-cultural data analyses.

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How Languages Work

10.1017/9781108553988 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Carol Genetti

Keyword(s):

Cultural Context ◽

Language Contact ◽

Sentence Structure ◽

Language Functions ◽

Analytical Skills ◽

Language Discourse ◽

Functional Aspects ◽

Similarities And Differences ◽

Language Profiles ◽

And Linguistics

Language is a sophisticated tool which we use to communicate in a multitude of ways. Updated and expanded in its second edition, this book introduces language and linguistics - presenting language in all its amazing complexity while systematically guiding you through the basics. The reader will emerge with an appreciation of the diversity of the world's languages, as well as a deeper understanding of the structure of human language, the ways it is used, and its broader social and cultural context. Part I is devoted to the nuts and bolts of language study - speech sounds, sound patterns, sentence structure, and meaning - and includes chapters dedicated to the functional aspects of language: discourse, prosody, pragmatics, and language contact. The fourteen language profiles included in Part II reveal the world's linguistic variety while expanding on the similarities and differences between languages. Using knowledge gained from Part I, the reader can explore how language functions when speakers use it in daily interaction. With a step-by-step approach that is reinforced with well-chosen illustrations, case studies, and study questions, readers will gain understanding and analytical skills that will only enrich their ongoing study of language and linguistics.

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Acute Histopathologic Findings Related to Needle Puncture Trauma during Subcutaneous Injection in the Sprague-Dawley Rat Model

Toxicologic Pathology ◽

10.1177/0192623318808989 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 93-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yuval Ramot ◽

Kamala Kannan ◽

Sathish Reddy ◽

H. Krishnappa ◽

John E. Dillberger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rat Model ◽

Normal Saline ◽

Subcutaneous Injection ◽

Needle Puncture ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Injection Site Reactions ◽

Sprague Dawley Rat ◽

Specific Time Point ◽

Histopathologic Findings ◽

Time Point

It is important to detect injection site reactions during the nonclinical phases of drug development. However, differentiating between normal changes following needle trauma and changes due to the toxicity of injected drugs can be challenging. Therefore, we used the Sprague-Dawley rat model to evaluate the pathological findings expected following a single subcutaneous injection of normal saline. Rats were subcutaneously administered with normal saline, and the injection sites were examined microscopically. Inflammation was evident in most of the injection sites, mostly in minimal severity. Parakeratosis/epithelial crust was also seen in several sites, and necrosis was observed in a minority of the cases. These findings indicate that needle puncture trauma can present with some degree of inflammation and necrosis. Although limited to a specific time point and strain, this study shows that inflammation following subcutaneous injection can be attributed in part to the needle trauma and not necessarily to the drug itself.

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Consistency in mutualism relies on local, rather than wider community biodiversity

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-78318-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Katie Dunkley ◽

Jo Cable ◽

Sarah E. Perkins

Keyword(s):

Biodiversity Loss ◽

Context Dependency ◽

Third Party ◽

Interaction Patterns ◽

Specific Time ◽

Specific Time Point ◽

Service Resource ◽

Resource Mutualism ◽

Time Point

AbstractMutualistic interactions play a major role in shaping the Earth’s biodiversity, yet the consistent drivers governing these beneficial interactions are unknown. Using a long-term (8 year, including > 256 h behavioural observations) dataset of the interaction patterns of a service-resource mutualism (the cleaner-client interaction), we identified consistent and dynamic predictors of mutualistic outcomes. We showed that cleaning was consistently more frequent when the presence of third-party species and client partner abundance locally increased (creating choice options), whilst partner identity regulated client behaviours. Eight of our 12 predictors of cleaner and client behaviour played a dynamic role in predicting both the quality (duration) and quantity (frequency) of interactions, and we suggest that the environmental context acting on these predictors at a specific time point will indirectly regulate their role in cleaner-client interaction patterns: context-dependency can hence regulate mutualisms both directly and indirectly. Together our study highlights that consistency in cleaner-client mutualisms relies strongly on the local, rather than wider community—with biodiversity loss threatening all environments this presents a worrying future for the pervasiveness of mutualisms.

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The Applications of Intention (Qaedat al- Umu:r bi Maqasidaha) in Saudi Law: A Comparative Study

Journal of Politics and Law ◽

10.5539/jpl.v13n2p1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Majed Al-Shaibani

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Cultural Context ◽

Comparative Law ◽

The West ◽

Theoretical Understanding ◽

Sharia Law ◽

The World ◽

Similarities And Differences ◽

New Vision ◽

Western Law

The current study aims to tackle the theoretical understanding of intention as between Sharia and law. It addresses the similarities and differences in the analysis of interpretation of intention across sharia law and law. The paper contrasts between the two ways of dealing with the concept of intention that is both technical and intuitive, across law and religion. Starting from the hypothesis that the concept of intention in sharia law originated in classical contextual realities different from the contemporary realities of Saudi Arabia and become outdated, the study attempts to answer the following questions: How can the concept of intention be adapted to the new socio-economic realities of Saudi Arabia with its new vision toward the world? How can the concept of intentionality adopt by sharia benefits from the analysis of law theory relating to intention? In order to answer the questions of the study, the study adopts the comparative law methodology through which concept of intention is comparatively examined in both sharia and law. The research investigates the historical and cultural context that gives rise to the concept of intentionality in both sharia law and law, as it helps reflect on aspects of similarity and differences and how gap between the sharia law and law can be bridged. The collected data is obtained through comparing sharia law in Saudi Arabia to the law applied in the West. The study has reached a conclusion that the sound methodological application of the concept of intention in sharia law requires the integration of elements and concepts from the Western law concept of intention.

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Kerukunan Umat Beragama: Relevansi Pasal 25 Piagam Madinah dan Pasal 29 UUD 1945

Substantia: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin ◽

10.22373/substantia.v21i2.5525 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 162

Author(s):

Nurul Fajriah

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Religious Diversity ◽

The State ◽

Religious Communities ◽

Modern Times ◽

Indonesian Government ◽

Important Concern ◽

Similarities And Differences ◽

The Stability ◽

Made In

This article is a study of literature describing religious harmony: the relevance of Article 25 of the Medina Charter and Article 29 of the 1945 Constitution. The Medina Charter was made in the 7th century (classical century) and Article 29 of the 1945 Constitution was born in modern times, around the 20th century. Both have relevancy which states that every citizen is free to adhere to their respective religions. The plurality of society in Indonesia has similarities and differences from the plurality of society in Medina around 622 AD. The stability and harmony of religious communities in the Medina at that time was regulated in the Medina charter which is the constitution of the Medina state. Harmony among religious communities in Indonesia is also an important concern of the Indonesian government as stipulated in Article 29 of the 1945 Constitution. Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the state because the state believes that religious diversity is not a disintegrating factor for the Indonesian people.Abstrak: Artikel ini adalah kajian literatur yang mendeskripsikan kerukunan umat beragama: relevansi pasal 25 Piagam Madinah dan Pasal 29 UUD 1945. Piagam Madinah dibuat pada abad VII (abad klasik) dan pasal 29 UUD 1945 baru lahir pada zaman modern, sekitar abad XX. Keduanya memiliki relevansi yang menyatakan bahwa setiap warga negara bebas menganut agamanya masing-masing. Kemajemukan masyarakat di Indonesia mempunyai sisi-sisi persamaan dan perbedaan dengan kemajemukan masyarakat di Madinah sekitar tahun 622 M. Keberlangsungan dan keharmonisan umat beragama di negara Madinah pada waktu itu diatur dalam piagam Madinah yang merupakan konstitusi negara Madinah. Kerukunan antar umat beragama di Indonesia juga menjadi perhatian penting pemerintah dengan adanya kebijakan Negara Republik Indonesia dari segi agama yang tertuang dalam pasal 29 UUD 1945. Kebebasan beragama ini dijamin oleh negara karena keyakinan bahwa keberagaman agama tidak akan menjadi disentegrating factor bagi bangsa Indonesia

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Estimating the Necessary Amount of Driving Data for Assessing Driving Behavior

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20092600 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (9) ◽

pp. 2600 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anna-Maria Stavrakaki ◽

Dimitrios I. Tselentis ◽

Emmanouil Barmpounakis ◽

Eleni I. Vlahogianni ◽

George Yannis

Keyword(s):

Discrete Time ◽

Driving Behavior ◽

Methodological Framework ◽

Detailed Data ◽

Specific Time ◽

Speed Limits ◽

Specific Time Point ◽

Smartphone Sensors ◽

Over Time ◽

Time Point

The aim of this paper was to provide a methodological framework for estimating the amount of driving data that should be collected for each driver in order to acquire a clear picture regarding their driving behavior. We examined whether there is a specific discrete time point for each driver, in the form of total driving duration and/or the number of trips, beyond which the characteristics of driving behavior are stabilized over time. Various mathematical and statistical methods were employed to process the data collected and determine the time point at which behavior converges. Detailed data collected from smartphone sensors are used to test the proposed methodology. The driving metrics used in the analysis are the number of harsh acceleration and braking events, the duration of mobile usage while driving and the percentage of time driving over the speed limits. Convergence was tested in terms of both the magnitude and volatility of each metric for different trips and analysis is performed for several trip durations. Results indicated that there is no specific time point or number of trips after which driving behavior stabilizes for all drivers and/or all metrics examined. The driving behavior stabilization is mostly affected by the duration of the trips examined and the aggressiveness of the driver.

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A Theory of Adaptive Intelligence and Its Relation to General Intelligence

Journal of Intelligence ◽

10.3390/jintelligence7040023 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 23 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Robert J. Sternberg

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary Theory ◽

Hierarchical Model ◽

Cultural Context ◽

General Factor ◽

General Intelligence ◽

Similarities And Differences ◽

Definition Of ◽

And Behavior

Intelligence typically is defined as consisting of “adaptation to the environment” or in related terms. Yet, it is not clear that “general intelligence” or g, traditionally conceptualized in terms of a general factor in a psychometrically-based hierarchical model of intelligence, provides an optimal way of defining intelligence as adaptation to the environment. Such a definition of adaptive intelligence would need to be biologically based in terms of evolutionary theory, would need to take into account the cultural context of adaptation, and would need to take into account whether thought and behavior labeled as “adaptively intelligent” actually contributed to the perpetuation of the human and other species, or whether it was indifferent or actually destructive to this perpetuation. In this article, I consider the similarities and differences between “general intelligence” and “adaptive intelligence,” as well as the implications especially of the differences.

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