scholarly journals A review of genetic classification and characteristics of soil cracks

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1509-1522
Author(s):  
Jiaping Yan ◽  
Xiaoyang Chen ◽  
Yi Cai ◽  
Fangkui Cheng ◽  
Tingyu Fan
Keyword(s):  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Genetic Classification ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Soil Cracks ◽  
Properties Of Soil

Abstract Soil cracks are one of the most important physical properties of soil. The formation of soil cracks is a result of interactions between the inner and external conditions of soil. Specifically, the inner conditions include physical and chemical properties of soil, and the external conditions refer to natural and anthropogenic factors. Previous studies of soil cracks mainly focus on the soil properties and the natural environment (NE), such as soil cracks produced by biotic and abiotic processes. Very few studies have focused on the soil environmental changes induced by other external conditions, such as geological processes and anthropogenic activity. To systematically illustrate the soil fissure, according to the characteristics of soil cracks, and considering the properties of soil preferential flow path, the geneses and the characteristics of soil cracks have been comprehensively analyzed and summarized in this study. Two major types of soil cracks have been proposed: one is the cracks caused by NE and the other is the cracks caused by anthropogenic activity. Additionally, based on the specific differences of these geneses, these two types of soil cracks have been further divided into six subtypes and fourteen sub-subtypes, respectively. In this article, a genetic classification method of soil cracks is systematically proposed, which provides a new approach for the related research of soil cracks.

INVESTIGATION OF EROSION RESISTANCE OF GRAY-BROWN SOILS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN SLOPES OF THE GREATER CAUCASUS

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-49
Author(s):  
Aliyev Z.H.
Keyword(s):  
Erosion Resistance ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Erosion Process ◽  
Greater Caucasus ◽  
Sloping Lands ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In recent years, sharp changes have occurred in the state of sloping lands of Azerbaijan. There was tension from the influence of the anthropogenic factors on the mountain slopes. The fact that the erosion process is rein-forced in the research site. Due to lack of agrotechnical measures on the slopes erosion process has been strength-ened, soil flooded with soil, physical and chemical properties of the soil have deteriorated, nutritional elements are reduced, vegetation is reduced and destruction limit. For some reason, the purpose of the research was Aqsu, two land cuts were set up to determine the degree of actual erosion in the Qizmeydan village. prevent erosion intensity, take preventive measures to take and implement appropriate measures.

Effect of FYM and Fertilizers Nutrition on Production Potential, Nutrients Uptake and Soil Properties under Rice-Wheat Cropping System

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinod Kumar Kanaujia
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Farm Yard Manure ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
Nutrients Uptake ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Crop Research ◽  
Properties Of Soil

A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif and Rabi seasons of 2001-2005 in regular crop sequence at Crop Research Station, Nawabganj, CSA University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur in order to find out the effect of farm yard manure (FYM) and NPK levels in rice-wheat cropping system. One level of FYM (10 t ha-1) and one level of N (120 kg ha-1),three levels of P (0, 30, 60 kg ha-1), four levels of K (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha-1) were tested. The grain yield of rice and wheat crops were increased at levels of FYM (10 t ha-1) and NPK (120, 60, 60 kg h a-1). The application of FYM with 120 kg N, 60 kg P O and 60 kg K O ha-1 gave significantly highest yield of rice and wheat crops. The 2 5 2 application of NPK fertilizers with FYM were found increased in their uptake. The application of NPK fertilizers with FYM was found improvements in physio-chemical properties of soil like soil ph, organic carbon and available NPK.

scholarly journals The Effects of Forest Litter and Waterlogging on the Ecotoxicity of Soils Strongly Enriched in Arsenic in a Historical Mining Site

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Szopka ◽  
Iwona Gruss ◽  
Dariusz Gruszka ◽  
Anna Karczewska ◽  
Krzysztof Gediga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pore Water ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Contaminated Site ◽  
Mining Site ◽  
Soil Pore Water ◽  
Soil Ecotoxicity ◽  
Properties Of Soil

This study examined the effects of waterlogging and forest litter introduced to soil on chemical properties of soil pore water and ecotoxicity of soils highly enriched in As. These effects were examined in a 21-day incubation experiment. Tested soil samples were collected from Złoty Stok, a historical centre of arsenic and gold mining: from a forested part of the Orchid Dump (19,600 mg/kg As) and from a less contaminated site situated in a neighboring forest (2020 mg/kg As). An unpolluted soil was used as control. The concentrations of As, Fe and Mn in soil pore water were measured together with a redox potential Eh. A battery of ecotoxicological tests, including a bioassay with luminescence bacteria Vibrio fischeri (Microtox) and several tests on crustaceans (Rapidtox, Thamnotox and Ostracodtox tests), was used to assess soil ecotoxicity. The bioassays with crustaceans (T. platyurus, H. incongruens) were more sensitive than the bacterial test Microtox. The study confirmed that the input of forest litter into the soil may significantly increase the effects of toxicity. Waterlogged conditions facilitated a release of As into pore water, and the addition of forest litter accelerated this effect thus causing increased toxicity.

scholarly journals On the diverse and opposing effects of nutrition on pathogen virulence

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1906) ◽  
pp. 20191220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria L. Pike ◽  
Katrina A. Lythgoe ◽  
Kayla C. King
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Host Nutrition ◽  
Opposing Effects ◽  
The Impact

Climate change and anthropogenic activity are currently driving large changes in nutritional availability across ecosystems, with consequences for infectious disease. An increase in host nutrition could lead to more resources for hosts to expend on the immune system or for pathogens to exploit. In this paper, we report a meta-analysis of studies on host–pathogen systems across the tree of life, to examine the impact of host nutritional quality and quantity on pathogen virulence. We did not find broad support across studies for a one-way effect of nutrient availability on pathogen virulence. We thus discuss a hypothesis that there is a balance between the effect of host nutrition on the immune system and on pathogen resources, with the pivot point of the balance differing for vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Our results suggest that variation in nutrition, caused by natural or anthropogenic factors, can have diverse effects on infectious disease outcomes across species.

scholarly journals STUDY AND ESTIMATION OF THE RATIO OF 137CS AND 40K SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES IN SANDY AND LOAM SOILS / 137CS IR 40K SAVITŲJŲ AKTYVUMŲ SANTYKIŲ TYRIMAS IR VERTINIMAS PRIESMĖLIO IR PRIEMOLIO DIRVOŽEMYJE

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Renata Mikalauskienė ◽  
Donatas Butkus ◽  
Ingrida Pliopaitė Bataitienė
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Nuclear Testing ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Chernobyl Nuclear Plant ◽  
Properties Of Soil ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The present article describes changes in specific activities and fluctuations in the ratio of natural 40K and artificial 137Cs radionuclides in soil samples taken from different places of Lithuanian territory. The samples of soil have been selected from the districts polluted after the accident in Chernobyl nuclear plant performing nuclear testing operations. The study has established the main physical and chemical properties of soil samples and their impact on the concentration of 40K activities. 137Cs/40K specific activities in soil have been observed under the dry weight of the sample that varied from 0.0034 to 0.0240. The results of the study could be used for establishing and estimating 137Csand 40K transfer in the system “soil-plant”. Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinėjama gamtinės (40K) ir dirbtinės (137Cs) kilmės radionuklidų savitųjų aktyvumų ir jų santykio kaita skirtinguose Lietuvos teritorijos dirvožemiuose. Dirvožemio mėginiai parinkti iš vietovių, kurios buvo labiau užterštos po Černobylio atominės elektrinės avarijos ir buvusių branduolinių bandymų. Tyrimo metu nustatytos pagrindinės fizinės cheminės dirvožemio savybės ir jų poveikis 40K aktyvumų koncentracijai. 137Csir 40K savitieji aktyvumai dirvožemyje tirti esant sausam mėginio svoriui. 137Cs savitieji aktyvumai sausame dirvožemyje svyravo nuo 1,1±1,0 iki 14,3±0,9 Bq/kg, o 40K savitieji aktyvumai – nuo 326±29 iki 740±15 Bq/kg. 137Csir 40K savitųjų aktyvumų santykis skirtingų vietovių dirvožemiuose kito nuo 0,0034 iki 0,0240 Bq/kg. Tyrimo rezultatai gali būti panaudoti, nustatant ir įvertinant 137Csir 40K pernašą sistemoje dirvožemis–augalai.

Middle-to late Holocene environmental changes based on a multi-proxy lagoonal record, Klisova lagoon, Greece

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandros Emmanouilidis ◽  
Konstantinos Panagiotopoulos ◽  
Katerina Kouli ◽  
Pavlos Avramidis
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Palynological Analysis ◽  
Drilling Site ◽  
Geomorphological Changes ◽  
Shallow Water Depth

<p>Coastal wetlands are dynamic environments prone to climatic and anthropogenic forcing and ideal settings to study past climatic and environmental changes.  In the eastern Mediterranean region and particularly in Greece, the climate presents high spatiotemporal diversity, while human activity is a significant factor in shaping the landscape. This study presents a sediment record from Klisova lagoon, situated in central Greece, at the eastern part of Messolonghi lagoon complex. The area is recorded from antiquity to have great anthropogenic activity. The paleoenvironmental synthesis was based on standard sedimentological analysis (grain size, TOC, magnetic susceptibility), joint micropaleontological and palynological analysis, X-ray Fluorescence scanning, and radiocarbon dating. The Bayesian age-depth model is based on radiocarbon dating and yields an age of 4700 cal BP for the base of the recovered sediment sequence. For the last 4700 years, the freshwater influx, the progradation of the Evinos river delta and related geomorphological changes control the environmental conditions (e.g. depth and salinity) in the lagoon system. Prior to 4000 cal BP, a relatively shallow water depth, significant terrestrial/freshwater input and increased weathering in the lagoon area are inferred. Elemental proxies and increased dinoflagellate and foraminifera abundances, which indicate marine conditions with prominent freshwater influxes, point to the gradual deepening of the lagoon recorded at the drilling site up to 2000 cal BP. The marine and freshwater conditions equilibrium sets at 1300 cal BP, and the lagoonal system seems to reach its present state. Maxima of anthropogenic pollen indicators during the Mycenaean (~3200 cal BP), Hellenistic (~ 2200 cal BP) and Late Byzantine (~ 800 cal BP) periods suggest intervals of increased anthropogenic activities in the study area.  </p>

Geotechnical Applications of Sewage Sludge Stabilized with Biomass Ash and its Effect on Soil Nutriential Properties: A Critical Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 1046-1051
Author(s):  
Ishowriya Yumnam
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Biomass Ash ◽  
The Past ◽  
Waste Sewage Sludge ◽  
Properties Of Soil

In this review article the usage of waste sewage sludge and the biomass ash for improving the engineering and non-engineering properties’ of both concrete and soil are discussed in detail. Numerous past research works were studied in detail so as to predict the behavior of biomass ash and waste sewage sludge when used for the stabilization process of soil and concrete. Past studies related to the usage of stabilized sewage sludge and biomass ash were studied in a detailed manner and depending upon the past studies several conclusions has been drawn which are discussed further. Several studies related to the usage of the waste sewage sludge for improving soil physical, chemical and biological properties showed that the usage of waste sewage sludge improve the physical properties, chemical properties, macro-nutriential properties and micro-nutriential properties up to a great extent. Depending upon the results of the past studies it can be concluded that the usage of sewage sludge has positive impact over all the properties of soil and this waste should be utilized in improving the properties of soil rather than dumping. Numerous studies related to the usage of the biomass ash showed that biomass ash has positive impact over both soil as well as concrete. Studies related to the usage of the biomass ash in soil showed that there was a positive response of the stabilized soil after its stabilization with the biomass ash. Studies related to the usage of the biomass ash in concrete showed that the biomass ash can be used up to 10 percent replacement of the ordinary Portland cement so as to attain maximum strength results from it.

Groundwater age from multi-level bores: What it can tell about the aquifers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Morgenstern ◽  
Zara Rawlinson
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Groundwater Age ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
Recharge Sources ◽  
Transient Electromagnetic ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Multi Level

<p>Geologic data to provide information on the functioning of aquifers is often scars. For the aquifers underlying the Heretaunga Plains, Hawkes Bay, one of New Zealand’s most important groundwater systems, we used groundwater age (tritium, SF6, 14C) to inform the geologic model and to provide information on groundwater flow through alternating strata of permeable river gravel beds and fine impermeable beds that form an interconnected unconfined–confined aquifer system with complex groundwater flow processes.</p><p>The aquifers are a result of geological processes responding to climate change cycles from cold glacial when sea level was more than 100m below present sea level, to warm interglacial periods with sea level similar to present day. Glacial climate strata are river gravel, sand and silt deposits and include the artesian aquifers. The interglacial strata form the aquicludes and are marine sand, silt, and clay deposits with interbedded estuarine, swamp and coastal fluvial silt, clay, peat and gravel deposits.</p><p>We have re-visited tracer data sampled during the drilling of multi-level observation well in the early 1990s, and collected new samples from these multi-level bores in order to understand in 3D the groundwater recharge sources, groundwater recharge and flow rates, connection to the rivers, and potential groundwater discharge out to sea. Consistently young water (c. 25 years) at depth greater than 100m indicates preferential flow paths, likely related to paleo-river channels. The flow pattern obtained from the water tracer data improves the geologic information from the drill-holes, and fits with information from recent airborne transient electromagnetic (SkyTEM) geophysical surveys.</p>

scholarly journals Fault “Corrosion” by Fluid Injection: A Potential Cause of the November 2017 MW 5.5 Korean Earthquake

Geofluids ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob Westaway ◽  
Neil M. Burnside
Keyword(s):  
Time Delays ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fluid Injection ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Seismogenic Fault ◽  
Subsurface Environment ◽  
Anthropogenic Seismicity ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The November 2017 MW 5.5 Pohang earthquake is one of the largest and most damaging seismic events to have occurred in the Korean peninsula over the last century. Its close proximity to an Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) site, where hydraulic injection into granite had taken place over the previous two years, has raised the possibility that it was anthropogenic; if so, it was by far the largest earthquake caused by any EGS project worldwide. However, a potential argument that this earthquake was independent of anthropogenic activity considers the delay of two or three months before its occurrence, following the most recent injection into each of the wells. A better understanding of the physical and chemical processes that occur following fluid injection into granite is thus warranted. We show that hydrochemical changes occurring while surface water, injected into granite, reequilibrates chemically with its subsurface environment, can account for time delays for earthquake occurrence of such duration, provided the seismogenic fault was already critically stressed, or very close to the condition for slip. This candidate causal mechanism counters the potential argument that the time delay militates against an anthropogenic cause of the Pohang earthquake and can account for its relatively large magnitude as a consequence of a relatively small-volume injection. The resulting analysis places bounds on combinations of physical and chemical properties of rocks, injected volume, and potential postinjection time delays for significant anthropogenic seismicity during future EGS projects in granite.

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