Physiological and pathological relevance of secretory microRNAs and a perspective on their clinical application

2014 ◽  
Vol 395 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Katsuda ◽  
Shingo Ikeda ◽  
Yusuke Yoshioka ◽  
Nobuyoshi Kosaka ◽  
Masaki Kawamata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Application ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Exosomal Mirnas ◽  
Significant Attention

Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have attracted significant attention because of their important roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies have shown that many cell types secrete miRNAs by packaging them into lipid-bilayered small vesicles called exosomes. Furthermore, exosomal miRNAs travel between cells, exert their RNAi effects in the recipient cells, and play important roles in various biological processes. In this article, we will summarize and describe the latest studies on exosomal miRNAs by focusing on their roles in cancer progression, immune regulation, and tissue repair. We will also provide a perspective on the clinical applications of this research field.

scholarly journals Current Understanding of Exosomal MicroRNAs in Glioma Immune Regulation and Therapeutic Responses

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinwu Peng ◽  
Qiuju Liang ◽  
Zhijie Xu ◽  
Yuan Cai ◽  
Bi Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Response Prediction ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Clinicopathological Characteristics ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Multiple Cancer ◽  
Exosomal Mirnas ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Therapeutic Responses

Exosomes, the small extracellular vesicles, are released by multiple cell types, including tumor cells, and represent a novel avenue for intercellular communication via transferring diverse biomolecules. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) were demonstrated to be enclosed in exosomes and therefore was protected from degradation. Such exosomal miRNAs can be transmitted to recipient cells where they could regulate multiple cancer-associated biological processes. Accumulative evidence suggests that exosomal miRNAs serve essential roles in modifying the glioma immune microenvironment and potentially affecting the malignant behaviors and therapeutic responses. As exosomal miRNAs are detectable in almost all kinds of biofluids and correlated with clinicopathological characteristics of glioma, they might be served as promising biomarkers for gliomas. We reviewed the novel findings regarding the biological functions of exosomal miRNAs during glioma pathogenesis and immune regulation. Furthermore, we elaborated on their potential clinical applications as biomarkers in glioma diagnosis, prognosis and treatment response prediction. Finally, we summarized the accessible databases that can be employed for exosome-associated miRNAs identification and functional exploration of cancers, including glioma.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Tools: From Pre-Clinical to Clinical Applications

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 359
Author(s):  
Maria Chiara Ciferri ◽  
Rodolfo Quarto ◽  
Roberta Tasso
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
And Storage

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are ubiquitous masters of intercellular communication, being detectable in tissues, circulation, and body fluids. Their complex cargo reflects the (patho)physiologic status of the cells from which they originate. Due to these properties, the potential of EVs, and in particular exosomes, to serve as biomarkers or therapeutics has grown exponentially over the past decade. On one side, numerous studies have demonstrated that EV-associated nucleic acids and proteins are implicated in cancer progression, as well as neurodegenerative, infectious, and autoimmune disorders. On the other, the therapeutic use of EVs secreted by various cell types, and in particular stem/progenitor cells, present significant advantages in comparison to the corresponding parental cells, such as the less complex production and storage conditions. In this review, we examine some of the major pre-clinical studies dealing with EVs and exosomes, that led to the development of numerous completed clinical trials.

scholarly journals Four faces of cellular senescence

2011 ◽  
Vol 192 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Rodier ◽  
Judith Campisi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Cellular Senescence ◽  
Tumor Suppression ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Tumor Promotion ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Opposing Effects ◽  
Potential Cancer

Cellular senescence is an important mechanism for preventing the proliferation of potential cancer cells. Recently, however, it has become apparent that this process entails more than a simple cessation of cell growth. In addition to suppressing tumorigenesis, cellular senescence might also promote tissue repair and fuel inflammation associated with aging and cancer progression. Thus, cellular senescence might participate in four complex biological processes (tumor suppression, tumor promotion, aging, and tissue repair), some of which have apparently opposing effects. The challenge now is to understand the senescence response well enough to harness its benefits while suppressing its drawbacks.

Environmental guidance of normal and tumor cell plasticity: epithelial mesenchymal transitions as a paradigm

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 2892-2899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Prindull ◽  
Dov Zipori
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Plastic Behavior ◽  
Cell Plasticity ◽  
Mesenchymal Phenotype ◽  
Tumor Cell Plasticity ◽  
Adult Cell ◽  
Adult Organism ◽  
Cell Phenotypes

Abstract Epithelial mesenchymal transitions are a remarkable example of cellular plasticity. These transitions are the hallmark of embryo development, are pivotal in cancer progression, and seem to occur infrequently in adult organisms. The reduced incidence of transitions in the adult could result from restrictive functions of the microenvironment that stabilizes adult cell phenotypes and prevents plastic behavior. Multipotential progenitor cells exhibiting a mesenchymal phenotype have been derived from various adult tissues. The ability of these cells to differentiate into all germ layer cell types, raises the question as to whether mesenchymal epithelial transitions occur in the adult organism more frequently than presently appreciated. A series of cytokines are known to promote the transitions between epithelium and mesenchyme. Moreover, several transcription factors and other intracellular regulator molecules have been conclusively shown to mediate these transitions. However, the exact molecular basis of these transitions is yet to be resolved. The identification of the restrictive mechanisms that prevent cellular transitions in adult organisms, which seem to be unleashed in cancerous tissues, may lead to the development of tools for therapeutic tissue repair and effective tumor suppression. (Blood. 2004; 103:2892-2899)

scholarly journals Neddylation Regulates Macrophages and Implications for Cancer Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanyu Jiang ◽  
Lihui Li ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Guangwei Liu ◽  
Robert M. Hoffman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Cancer Immunity ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Multiple Cell

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote cancer progression via stimulating angiogenesis, invasion/metastasis, and suppressing anti-cancer immunity. Targeting TAMs is a potential promising cancer therapeutic strategy. Neddylation adds the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 to substrates, and thereby regulates diverse biological processes in multiple cell types, including macrophages. By controlling cellular responses, the neddylation pathway regulates the function, migration, survival, and polarization of macrophages. In the present review we summarized how the neddylation pathway modulates Macrophages and its implications for cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Multimodality Molecular Imaging of Cardiovascular Disease Based on Nanoprobes

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1401-1415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingfeng Tu ◽  
Yao Sun ◽  
Yuhua Fan ◽  
Zhen Cheng ◽  
Bo Yu
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Multimodal Imaging ◽  
Multimodality Imaging ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Imaging Probes ◽  
Significant Attention ◽  
Single Modality

Recently, multimodality molecular imaging has evolved into a fast-growing research field with goals of detecting and measuring biological processes in vivo non-invasively. Researchers have come to realize that the complementary abilities of different imaging modalities over single modality could provide more precisely information for the diagnosis of diseases. At present, nanoparticles-based multimodal imaging probes have received significant attention because of their ease of preparation and straightforward integration of each modality into one entity. More importantly, nanotechnology has an increasing impact on multimodality molecular imaging of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaque, myocardial infarction, angiogenesis, apoptosis and so on. In this review, we briefly summarize that various nanoprobes are exploited for targeted molecular imaging of cardiovascular diseases, as well as associated multimodality imaging approaches and their applications in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Autophagy and ncRNAs: Dangerous Liaisons in the Crosstalk between the Tumor and Its Microenvironment

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Gracie Wee Ling Eng ◽  
Yilong Zheng ◽  
Dominic Wei Ting Yap ◽  
Andrea York Tiang Teo ◽  
Jit Kong Cheong
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Nutrient Supplementation ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tumor Growth And Metastasis ◽  
Dynamic Exchange ◽  
Enhance Tumor Growth

Autophagy is a fundamental cellular homeostasis mechanism known to play multifaceted roles in the natural history of cancers over time. It has recently been shown that autophagy also mediates the crosstalk between the tumor and its microenvironment by promoting the export of molecular payloads such as non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) via LC3-dependent Extracellular Vesicle loading and secretion (LDELS). In turn, the dynamic exchange of exosomal ncRNAs regulate autophagic responses in the recipient cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME), for both tumor and stromal cells. Autophagy-dependent phenotypic changes in the recipient cells further enhance tumor growth and metastasis, through diverse biological processes, including nutrient supplementation, immune evasion, angiogenesis, and therapeutic resistance. In this review, we discuss how the feedforward autophagy-ncRNA axis orchestrates vital communications between various cell types within the TME ecosystem to promote cancer progression.

Radioimmunodetection of Malignant Melanoma with the 225.28S Monoclonal Antibody to HMW-MAA

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (06) ◽  
pp. 220-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Buraggi
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Malignant Melanoma ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Multicenter Trial ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Gamma Energy ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Antigen Antibody

A review of the studies on the use of the antigen-antibody system HMW-MAA 225.28S in melanoma radioimmunodetection is reported. The results obtained in a pilot study (42 patients with 74 lesions), a multicenter trial (254 patients with 553 lesions) and a prospective study still outstanding (29 patients with 38 lesions) allow to consider this system as suitable for clinical application. F(ab′)2 labelled with 99mTc gave the best results in terms of positivity. Moreover this radioisotope allows the best dosimetric conditions. The gamma energy emitted by this radionuclide is particularly convenient for conventional scintillation cameras and ECT. Very good results in terms of sensitivity (70%-85%) and especially specificity (about 100%) were achieved. Possible clinical applications of the method are discussed.

Uncovering the Diversification of Tissue Engineering on the Emergent Areas of Stem Cells, Nanotechnology and Biomaterials

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil K. Dubey ◽  
Amit Alexander ◽  
Munnangi Sivaram ◽  
Mukta Agrawal ◽  
Gautam Singhvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Potential Strategy ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Treat All ◽  
The Impact

Damaged or disabled tissue is life-threatening due to the lack of proper treatment. Many conventional transplantation methods like autograft, iso-graft and allograft are in existence for ages, but they are not sufficient to treat all types of tissue or organ damages. Stem cells, with their unique capabilities like self-renewal and differentiate into various cell types, can be a potential strategy for tissue regeneration. However, the challenges like reproducibility, uncontrolled propagation and differentiation, isolation of specific kinds of cell and tumorigenic nature made these stem cells away from clinical application. Today, various types of stem cells like embryonic, fetal or gestational tissue, mesenchymal and induced-pluripotent stem cells are under investigation for their clinical application. Tissue engineering helps in configuring the stem cells to develop into a desired viable tissue, to use them clinically as a substitute for the conventional method. The use of stem cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) is being studied to replace the stem cells, which decreases the immunological complications associated with the direct administration of stem cells. Tissue engineering also investigates various biomaterials to use clinically, either to replace the bones or as a scaffold to support the growth of stemcells/ tissue. Depending upon the need, there are various biomaterials like bio-ceramics, natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers to support replacement or regeneration of tissue. Like the other fields of science, tissue engineering is also incorporating the nanotechnology to develop nano-scaffolds to provide and support the growth of stem cells with an environment mimicking the Extracellular matrix (ECM) of the desired tissue. Tissue engineering is also used in the modulation of the immune system by using patient-specific Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and by modifying the physical features of scaffolds that may provoke the immune system. This review describes the use of various stem cells, biomaterials and the impact of nanotechnology in regenerative medicine.

scholarly journals AI MSK clinical applications: spine imaging

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian A. Huber ◽  
Roman Guggenberger
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Musculoskeletal Imaging ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Spine Imaging ◽  
The Status

AbstractRecent investigations have focused on the clinical application of artificial intelligence (AI) for tasks specifically addressing the musculoskeletal imaging routine. Several AI applications have been dedicated to optimizing the radiology value chain in spine imaging, independent from modality or specific application. This review aims to summarize the status quo and future perspective regarding utilization of AI for spine imaging. First, the basics of AI concepts are clarified. Second, the different tasks and use cases for AI applications in spine imaging are discussed and illustrated by examples. Finally, the authors of this review present their personal perception of AI in daily imaging and discuss future chances and challenges that come along with AI-based solutions.

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