Quantifying salt sensitivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Oberleithner
Keyword(s):  
Organ Damage ◽  
Salt Sensitivity ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Buffer System ◽  
Protective Film ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Positively Charged ◽  
Effective Buffer

Abstract Inner surfaces of blood vessels and outer surfaces of erythrocytes are coated with a negatively charged protective film of proteoglycans, which serves as an effective buffer system for the positively charged sodium ions. If this protective coating is poorly developed or impaired, it loses its buffering capacity. As a consequence, the organism becomes increasingly sensitive to sodium, which in the long run leads to organ damage, especially if daily salt consumption is high. Recently, it has become possible to quantify salt sensitivity using a technically simple method – the salt blood test (SBT). Aim of this mini-review is to explain the physiological concept underlying the SBT and its potential practical relevance in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

scholarly journals Highly Osmotic Oxidized Sucrose-Crosslinked Polyethylenimine for Gene Delivery Systems

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Jaehong Park ◽  
Kyusik Kim ◽  
Sohee Jeong ◽  
Migyeom Lee ◽  
Tae-il Kim
Keyword(s):  
Gene Delivery ◽  
Reductive Amination ◽  
Transfection Efficiency ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Serum Stability ◽  
High Osmolality ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Serum Free Conditions ◽  
Positively Charged

In this work, highly osmotic oxidized sucrose-crosslinked polyethylenimine (SP2K) polymers were developed for gene delivery systems, and the transfection mechanism is examined. First, periodate-oxidized sucrose and polyethylenimine 2K (PEI2K) were crosslinked with various feed ratios via reductive amination. The synthesis was confirmed by 1H NMR and FTIR. The synthesized SP2K polymers could form positively charged (~40 mV zeta-potential) and nano-sized (150–200 nm) spherical polyplexes with plasmid DNA (pDNA). They showed lower cytotoxicity than PEI25K but concentration-dependent cytotoxicity. Among them, SP2K7 and SP2K10 showed higher transfection efficiency than PEI25K in both serum and serum-free conditions, revealing the good serum stability. It was found that SP2K polymers possessed high osmolality and endosome buffering capacity. The transfection experiments with cellular uptake inhibitors suggest that the transfection of SP2K polymers would progress by multiple pathways, including caveolae-mediated endocytosis. It was also thought that caveolae-mediated endocytosis of SP2K polyplexes would be facilitated through cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression induced by high osmotic pressure of SP2K polymers. Confocal microscopy results also supported that SP2K polyplexes would be internalized into cells via multiple pathways and escape endosomes efficiently via high osmolality and endosome buffering capacity. These results demonstrate the potential of SP2K polymers for gene delivery systems.

scholarly journals Physiological roles of nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
J B Hoek ◽  
J Rydström
Keyword(s):  
Redox Potential ◽  
Buffer System ◽  
Emergency Protection ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Energy Depletion ◽  
Flexible Element ◽  
Metabolic Conditions ◽  
Effective Buffer ◽  
Kinetic Features ◽  
Reducing Equivalents

From the foregoing considerations, the energy-linked transhydrogenase reaction emerges as a powerful and flexible element in the network of redox and energy interrelationships that integrate mitochondrial and cytosolic metabolism. Its thermodynamic features make it possible for the reaction to respond readily to challenges, either on the side of NADPH utilization or on the side of energy depletion. Yet, the kinetic features are designed to prevent a wasteful input of energy when other sources of reducing equivalents to NADP are available, or to deplete the redox potential of NADPH in other than emergency conditions. By virtue of these characteristics, the energy-linked transhydrogenase can act as an effective buffer system, guarding against an excessive depletion of NADPH, preventing uncontrolled changes in key metabolites associated with NADP-dependent enzymes and calling on the supply of reducing equivalents from NAD-linked substrates only under conditions of high demand for NADPH. At the same time, it can provide an emergency protection against a depletion of energy, especially in situations of anoxia where a supply of reducing equivalents through NADP-linked substrates can be maintained. The flexibility of this design makes it possible that the functions of the energy-linked transhydrogenase vary from one tissue to another and are readily adjustable to different metabolic conditions.

A carbon-based nanocarrier for efficient gene delivery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahereh Kashkoulinejad-Kouhi ◽  
Shadi Sawalha ◽  
Shahrokh Safarian ◽  
Blanca Arnaiz
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Gene Delivery ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Chemotherapy Resistance ◽  
A549 Cells ◽  
Carbon Nanodots ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Efficient Gene ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Positively Charged

Aim: Several types of nanocarriers, most of which show significant cytotoxicity, have been developed to overcome the problem of gene-delivery barriers. Biocompatibility, low toxicity and water solubility of carbon nanodots (CNDs) are major advantages that recommend them as delivery systems. Materials & methods: We present a simple method to produce positively charged CNDs. Ethanolamine, ethylenediamine and hydrogen peroxide were utilized to synthesize these CNDs. Results & conclusion: Our results indicated that delivery of the CND–siGFP complex led to significant switching-off of the fluorescence of the GFP-expressing A549 cell. Next, the A549 cells were transfected with siRNA against BiP, which is a pivotal protein in the chemotherapy resistance of cancer cells. The expression levels of BiP decreased remarkably.

Synthesis and tribological study of core-shell Ag@polyaniline as lubricant additive in lithium-based complex grease

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanqiu Xia ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Xin Feng ◽  
Zhengfeng Cao
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Fourier Transforms ◽  
Friction Pair ◽  
Lubricant Additive ◽  
Friction Reduction ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Protective Film ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lubrication Mechanisms

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to synthesize a kind of core-shell Ag@polyaniline (Ag@PAN) as a lubricant additive to improve the friction reduction and anti-wear abilities of lithium-based complex grease. Design/methodology/approach The core-shell Ag@PAN was prepared by a simple method and was introduced into the lithium-based complex grease. The typical properties of Ag@PAN were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectrometer and thermal gravimetric analyzer. The tribological properties were evaluated under different conditions. After the tribological test, the worn surface was analyzed by SEM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to probe the lubrication mechanisms. Findings The prepared Ag@PAN could greatly improve the friction reduction and wear resistance of the friction pair under different conditions. The preferable tribological performances were mainly attributed to the synergism of various lubrication mechanisms including “mending effect,” “rolling effect” and lubricating protective film, and so on. Originality/value This study synthesizes a new kind of core-shell Ag@PAN as a lubricant additive, and it possesses preferable friction reduction and anti-wear abilities.

scholarly journals 4081 Quantifying pH buffering capacity and kinetics of tumor and healthy tissue to understand and exploit differences in biology

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (s1) ◽  
pp. 15-15
Author(s):  
A. Colleen Crouch ◽  
Emily A. Thompson ◽  
Mark D. Pagel ◽  
Erik N.K. Cressman
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Tissue ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Healthy Tissue ◽  
Buffer System ◽  
Bicarbonate Buffer ◽  
Ph Buffering ◽  
Acidocest Mri

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The purpose of this work is to investigate natural buffering capacity of liver tissue and tumors, to understand and exploit differences for therapy. Using this work, we will determine the concentrations of reagents (acids or bases) used in ablation treatment to optimize treatment by increasing tumor toxicity and minimizing healthy tissue toxicity. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: For this preliminary study, two methods will be used: benchtop pH experiments ex vivo and non-invasive imaging using acidoCEST MRI in vivo. For ex vivo, two types of tissues will be tested: non-cancerous liver and tumor tissue from HepG2 inoculated mice (n = 10). After mice are euthanized, pH will be measured in tissue homogenates at baseline and then the homogenates will be placed in either acidic (acetic acid) or basic (sodium hydroxide) solutions with varied concentrations (0.5–10M) and time recorded until pH returns to baseline. For in vivo imaging, Mia PaCA-2 flank model mice (n = 10) will be imaged with acidoCEST MRI to quantify pH at baseline. Mice will then be injected intratumorally with (up to 100 μL of) acid or base at increasing concentrations and imaged to quantify pH changes in the tumor. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: For this study, buffering capacity is defined as the concentration threshold for which tissue can buffer pH back to within normal range. Non-cancerous tissue is likely to buffer a wider range of concentrations compared to tumor tissue. From the benchtop experiment, comparison of time-to-buffer will be made for each concentration of acid/base for the two tissue types. AcidoCEST MRI will provide in vivo buffering capacity and potentially demonstrate tumor heterogeneity of buffering capacity. For both experiments, a pH vs. concentration curve for the two tissue types will allow for comparison of ex vivo to in vivo experiments, which will differentiate contributions of local tissue buffering capacity from the full body’s natural bicarbonate buffer system that depends on respiration and blood flow. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The pH of the body must be maintained within a narrow range. With cancer, impairment in regulation of tumor metabolism causes acidosis, lowering extracellular pH in tumors. It remains unclear if pH plays a role in local recurrence or tumor toxicity. This work will determine if acidoCEST MRI can measure deliberate alteration of pH and how this change affects biology.

scholarly journals Salt intake in Ceylon

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Mahadeva ◽  
E. Karunanayake
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Prophylactic Treatment ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Endemic Goitre ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dietary Surveys

1. Salt is a convenient household commodity which is generally used as a vehicle for iodine in the prophylactic treatment of endemic goitre.2. Iodization of salt depends on the normal requirements for iodine, the intensity of the environmental iodine deficiency, the presence of goitrogenic factors and the daily salt consumption per head of the population.3. Although the intake of most nutrients has been worked out during the normal course of dietary surveys in the past, the daily salt consumption per head of the population has not been estimated.4. In this survey a simple method has been described for evaluating salt consumption and this finding will be the basis for planning the iodization programme in Ceylon.

scholarly journals High Salt Intake Increases Copeptin but Salt Sensitivity Is Associated with Fluid Induced Reduction of Copeptin in Women

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Tasevska ◽  
Sofia Enhörning ◽  
Philippe Burri ◽  
Olle Melander
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Salt Sensitivity ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Urinary Volume ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Low Salt ◽  
Induced Changes

This study investigated if copeptin is affected by high salt intake and whether any salt-induced changes in copeptin are related to the degree of salt sensitivity. The study was performed on 20 men and 19 women. In addition to meals containing 50 mmol NaCl daily, capsules containing 100 mmol NaCl and corresponding placebo capsules were administered during 4 weeks each, in random order. Measurements of 24 h blood pressure, body weight, 24 h urinary volume, and fasting plasma copeptin were performed at high and low salt consumption. Copeptin increased after a high compared to low dietary salt consumption in all subjects 3,59 ± 2,28 versus 3,12 ± 1,95 (P= 0,02). Copeptin correlated inversely with urinary volume, at both low (r= −0,42;P= 0,001) and high (r= −0,60;P< 0,001) salt consumption, as well as with the change in body weight (r= −0,53;P< 0,001). Systolic salt sensitivity was inversely correlated with salt-induced changes of copeptin, only in females (r= −0,58;P= 0,017). As suppression of copeptin on high versus low salt intake was associated with systolic salt sensitivity in women, our data suggest that high fluid intake and fluid retention may contribute to salt sensitivity.

The Effect of Cheese and Milk on Buffering Capacity of Saliva in Children 10-12 Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
Suzanna Sungkar ◽  
Santi Chismirina ◽  
Abdillah Imron Nasution ◽  
Husnul Khatimah Imaduddin
Keyword(s):  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
American Heart ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Buffer System ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Salivary Buffer Capacity

Saliva have significant roles in maintaining the health of oral cavity. Salivary flow and composition of saliva play a critical role. Saliva also serves as buffer system. Increasing the salivary flow will increase salivary buffer capacity and pH of saliva. Salivary buffer capacity serves to protect the teeth from the acid that comes from food which is formed by acidogenic microorganisms. Milk and dairy are good diet for children that recommended by American Heart Association (AHA). Cheese as one of dairy mild can increase the salivary flow, that help keep the dental hygiene, and prevent bacteria sticking to the teeth. The aim of the study was to identify the effect of cheese and milk consumption on salivary buffer capacity of students aged 10-12 year at Sekolah Dasar Negeri 57 Banda Aceh. Salivary buffer capacity after consume cheese measured after chewing cheese 4 gram about 32 times whereas salivary buffer capacity after consume milk consumption was measured after gargling 25 ml milk 34 times. Salivary buffer capacity measured with Saliva-check buffer (GC). Results of Wilcoxon test showed significant differences (p<0.05) salivary buffer capacity after consumption of milk compared with cheese. Capacity buffer salivary after consumption of cheese higher than milk. In conclusion, cheese and milk consumption have effect on salivary buffer capacity. Salivary buffer capacity after cheese consumption is higher than after milk consumption.

Capital accumulation and growth in Hungary, 1924–2006

2011 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Leeuwen ◽  
P. Földvári
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Growth Accounting ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Over Time

The objective of this paper is to analyse the role of both human and physical capital in economic growth in Hungary during the 20th century by extending the already available data on physical and human capital. Besides the standard measure for the volume of human capital, we develop a simple method to estimate the value of the human capital stock in Hungary between 1924 and 2006. While the volume index slowly grows over time, the value of human capital shows a decline during the late socialist period. Applying the value of human capital in a growth accounting analysis, we find that the Solow residual has no long-run effect on economic growth anymore.

scholarly journals Association of Urinary Sodium Excretion with Vascular Damage: A Local Kidney Effect, Rather Than a Marker of Generalized Vascular Impairment

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Areti Triantafyllou ◽  
Panagiota Anyfanti ◽  
Eugenia Gkaliagkousi ◽  
Xenophon Zabulis ◽  
Anastasios Vamvakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Augmentation Index ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Ambulatory Bp Monitoring

Evidence suggests that increased salt consumption induces blood pressure- (BP) mediated organ damage, yet it remains unclear whether it reflects a generalized micro- and macrovascular malfunction independent of BP. We studied 197 newly diagnosed and never-treated individuals with hypertension, intermediate hypertensive phenotypes, and normal BP, classified by use of 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring. Sodium excretion and microalbuminuria were estimated in 24-hour urine samples, dermal capillary density was estimated from capillaroscopy, and arterial stiffness was estimated with pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx). Sodium excretion correlated with microalbuminuria (p<0.001) and 24-hour and day- and nighttime systolic BP, but not with office blood pressure, arterial stiffness, or capillary density. In the multivariate analysis, the association with microalbuminuria was maintained (p=0.007). In a population free from the long-standing effects of hypertension, increased salt intake appears to be associated with early signs of vascular kidney damage, rather than a diffuse micro- and macrovascular impairment.

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