Which Parameters Determine the Development of Farm Numbers in Germany?

2011 ◽  
Vol 231 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Röder ◽  
Stefan Kilian
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Size Population ◽  
Management Orientation ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryIn Germany, agricultural land use is very heterogeneous with respect to management orientation and productivity even at the local level. In addition, there is a wide variation in the reasons for farm exits. A review of the literature shows that a limited number of explanatory variables are generally accepted as being driving forces for farm exit rates. For the majority of indicators, ambiguous results are reported. In this paper, we analyse the determining factors of farm exit rates in Germany by examining municipalities from 1999 to 2007.We evaluate the robustness of the relationship between a set of explanatory variables and farm exit rates at different spatial scales.Our results indicate that the direction of impact of some variables (farm size, population density and the share of ruminants kept at low intensity as a fraction of the total ruminant stock) on farm exit rates is unambiguous throughout Germany. For the majority of the analysed explanatory variables, the strength of their impact on farm exit rates depends on their observation level or regional context.

scholarly journals Intensity and Driving Forces of Land Abandonment in Eastern Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Zgłobicki ◽  
Kamil Karczmarczuk ◽  
Bogusława Baran-Zgłobicka
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Land Abandonment ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Study Objective

Agricultural land is an important natural resource and forms the basis for food production. Global and local socio-economic and environmental changes are often the driving forces of changes in land cover and land use. Land abandonment in rural areas is one of the processes observed in Europe today and usually leads to increased afforestation. The intensity of this process in Central Europe is linked to the political and economic changes that took place at the end of the 20th century. The study objective was to identify the natural and socio-economic factors of this process in Lublin Province—a major region of agricultural production in Poland. From 1990 to 2018, over 130,000 ha were excluded from agricultural use, which represents 7% of the arable land in 1990. Land abandonment showed considerable spatial differences when comparing different counties: its magnitude ranged from 4% to 13% of the county area. At the same time, due to the specific type of land use in the province (small farm holdings divided into several fields), the intensity of land abandonment was underestimated when based on overview data (CORINE). It was observed that the intensity of this process was correlated with the natural conditions (topography, soils) for agricultural production and the socio-economic characteristics (area of arable land, forest cover changes, farm size) of the counties as well as the absorption of Common Agricultural Policy funds.

Sustainability analysis of observed climate change adaptation strategies in maize farming in Benin, West Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosaine N Yegbemey ◽  
Evince O Yegbemey ◽  
Jacob A Yabi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Farm Diversification ◽  
On Farm

The aim of this article was to analyse possible relationships between observed climate change adaptations as developed by farmers and the sustainability level of their production systems. The sustainability levels were measured through a participatory indicators-based approach. A tri-variate Tobit regression model including the observed climate change adaptations as explanatory variables was specified to analyse the main drivers of the measured sustainability levels. Data collection was conducted by survey methods on 336 maize producers randomly sampled and interviewed based on a questionnaire in North Benin. The results highlighted that farmers’ socio-economic characteristics such as contact with extension services, organization membership, access to credit, farm size and observed climate change adaptations such as on-farm diversification, land use changes and other adaptations were found to be the major driving forces underlying the sustainability level of maize farming systems. Among the observed climate change adaptations, on-farm diversification and land use change strategies were found to be sustainable options, whereas other adaptations such as change of activity (e.g. on-farm to off-farm activity), migration to another agro-ecological zone, prayers and access to credit appeared to be unsustainable options.

scholarly journals Species Richness, Ecology, and Prediction of Orchids in Central Europe: Local-Scale Study

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Matúš Hrivnák ◽  
Michal Slezák ◽  
Dobromil Galvánek ◽  
Jaroslav Vlčko ◽  
Eva Belanová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Environmental Predictors ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Ecological Predictors ◽  
Richness Patterns ◽  
The Relationship

Orchids are one of the most species-rich families in the world, and many species are under threat in numerous countries. Biodiversity research focusing on the relationship between the richness of orchid species and ecological factors was performed across the Cerová vrchovina Mts (Western Carpathians) testing impact of 26 explanatory variables. We aimed to determine the main ecological predictors controlling species richness and to predict potential species richness patterns. Altogether, 19 orchid species were found in the studied area, with Cephalanthera damasonium and Epipactis microphylla being the most common. Four environmental predictors (minimal longitude, carbonate-containing sediments, maximal yearly solar irradiation, and agricultural land) had statistically significant effects on orchid richness following regression analysis. Predictive models for the nine most frequent species using MaxEnt software showed (i) that land cover and geological substrate had the highest contribution to the explained variance in the models and (ii) strong potential for occurrence of given orchids in several poorly mapped parts of the studied area.

scholarly journals Effective natural handicap criteria application for productive and sustainable agricultural land-use management in Lithuania

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gintaras Jarasiunas ◽  
Eduardo J. Corbelle-Rico ◽  
Radoslava Kanianska
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Productive Land ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Actual Selection ◽  
Selection Of

Since 1975, European policy has provided some kind of support to areas with specific handicaps for agricultural production, in an attempt to maintain farming activities and population levels in them. The definition of clear criteria for the selection of the so called “Less Favoured Areas” (LFAs) is challenging because of the variability of regions within Europe and the variability of farm characteristics within each region. Actual selection remains very much a deductive approach and empirical evidence is scarce. This study investigates the relationship between the criteria of specific natural handicaps used for the delineation of intermediate LFAs (2014–2020) in Lithuania and generic farming condition and status. Results confirm the negative effects of selected natural handicaps on farm economic status and productive land use but raise some concerns regarding the idoneity of some of them, opening a way for their improvement.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATIC PRESSURES AS A FUNCTION OF FARM SIZE

2021 ◽  
Vol XXIII (2) ◽  
pp. 120-131
Author(s):  
Wojciech Ziętara ◽  
Zofia Mirkowska
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
On Farm

The paper presents an assessment of the degree of implementation of environmental and climate protection functions by Polish farms and agricultural enterprises of different size and production scale. There are differences in views on this topic in the literature, with opinions dominating on the more positive role of small farms in climate and biodiversity protection. Farm analysis was made on the basis of Statistics Poland data on farm size classes established by agricultural land area in 2016. The results of the study did not confirm the view that the production systems implemented in small farms are more environmentally friendly and have a more positive impact on the climate than those on farms of a larger production scale. This is evidenced by the sowing structure: cereal dominated in small farms, exceeding the agronomically recommended 66%, while the share of structure-forming plants – legumes, industrial oilseed and catch crops – was low. Also, the implemented organisation of animal production (not carried out at all in more than half of the small farms) consequently leads to soil degradation due to a jeopardised balance of organic matter.

scholarly journals A Study on Perception and Adaptation of the Farmers toward Climate Change in the Western Region of Nepal

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Parmita Poudel ◽  
Sittal Thapa ◽  
Sarthak Ghimire ◽  
Elina Sen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Climate Change Information ◽  
Adaptation Practices ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Planting Season ◽  
Structured Questionnaire ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Aims: This study was undertaken to identify the perception of farmers towards climate change and their adaptation towards the change. The study also identified the sources of climate change information at the local level and their expectation from concerned authorities regarding the agriculture-related issues pertaining to climate change. Study Design: The study was conducted in two different geographical region Arghakhanchi (hilly) and Kapilvastu (terai) to represent the major farming region of the country. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in two districts which are Arghakhanchi and Kapilvastu, of western Nepal. A total of 120 samples such that 60 samples each were taken from both districts in the month of September and October of 2018. Methodology: A semi-structured questionnaire was designed to collect data from participants. Results: The study has revealed that the majority of the farmers have perceived an increase in temperature, a decrease in rainfall and late on-set of the rainy season. Similarly, radio was found to be the primary source of climate change information, followed by television. Change in planting season and decrease in the farm size under cultivation were found to be the most adapted practices among farmers against climate change. Furthermore, it was found that majority of the farmers expect to have crop insurance and availability of improved variety seeds as support from government and concerned authorities. Conclusion: Most of the respondents made the accurate assumptions regarding climate change. Understanding the relationship between the climate change and agriculture and perception of people towards those changes is essential. It helps to evaluate possible impacts that may result from further changes in climate and plan suitable adaptation practices. Knowledge about these findings can be useful for making various plans and policies for mitigating the impacts of climate change on agriculture in the studied area. 

Compliance and Conflict of Value in Public Policy Implementation: Comparison between the New Order and the Reformation Era

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwiyanto Indiahono ◽  
Erwan Purwanto ◽  
Agus Pramusinto
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
New Order ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Public Policy Implementation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Conflict Of Value ◽  
The Relationship

This research aims to examine differences in the relationship of bureaucratic and political officials during the New Order (Soeharto’s era) and the Reformation (post-Soeharto) era within the arena of public policy implementation. This is a matter of importance given that there is a change in relations between the two from integration in the New Order to bureaucratic impartiality in the Reformation Era. This study attempts to answer the question: How were the relations of bureaucratic and political officials in the implementation of local level public policy during the New Order and the Reformation Era? A qualitative research has been conducted in Tegal Municipality using the following data collection techniques: interview, focus group discussion, documentation, and observation. Tegal Municipality was selected as the study location because of the unique relationship shown between the mayor and the bureaucracy. Its uniqueness lies in the emergence of bureaucratic officials who dare to oppose political officials, based on their convictions that bureaucratic/public values should be maintained even if it means having to be in direct conflict with political officials. This research indicates that the relationship between bureaucratic and political officials in the arena of local level policy implementation during the New Order was characterized as being full of pressure and compliance, whereas during the Reformation Era bureaucrats have the audacity to hinder policy implementation. Such audacity to thwart policies is considered to have developed from a stance that aims to protect public budget and values in policies. The occurring conflict of values here demonstrates a dichotomy of political and bureaucratic officials that is different from the prevailing definition of politics-administration dichotomy introduced at the onset of Public Administration studies.

PELAKSANAAN PROMOSI GUNA MENINGKATKAN VOLUME PENJUALAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahyuni Sri Astutik
Keyword(s):  
Marketing Strategy ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Sales Volume ◽  
Price Promotion ◽  
Product Strategy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Maximum Profit ◽  
Advertising Effort ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
The Relationship

In the implementation of promotions in order to increase sales volume at the Pangkat - Kediri tile company, an analysis result of 6.00 was obtained which states that the relationship between promotion and sales volume is strong. Because promotion is one of the determining factors for the success of every company in producing to selling their products to consumers.Because the promotion includes many things starting from product strategy to product marketing / sales. However, companies certainly cannot only focus on promotional activities, because the four elements of marketing strategy (price, promotion, distribution and production) cannot be separated. So companies should be able to combine marketing strategies appropriately, so that the company is able to achieve the desired targets, namely achieving maximum profit. In order to introduce its company products to the public with advertising media is very important. Because with this advertising effort, society knows advantages that accompanied these products, so that the company's expectations for sales to increase will be even greater and its profits will also increase.Keywords:Promotion, sale, Marketing strategy and profit.

The Relationship between Mobility and COVID-19 in Germany: Modeling Case Occurrence using Apple's Mobility Trends Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark David Walker ◽  
Mihály Sulyok
Keyword(s):  
Generalized Additive Models ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Online Data ◽  
German Government ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Community Mobility ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Potential Use

Abstract Background Restrictions on social interaction and movement were implemented by the German government in March 2020 to reduce the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Apple's “Mobility Trends” (AMT) data details levels of community mobility; it is a novel resource of potential use to epidemiologists. Objective The aim of the study is to use AMT data to examine the relationship between mobility and COVID-19 case occurrence for Germany. Is a change in mobility apparent following COVID-19 and the implementation of social restrictions? Is there a relationship between mobility and COVID-19 occurrence in Germany? Methods AMT data illustrates mobility levels throughout the epidemic, allowing the relationship between mobility and disease to be examined. Generalized additive models (GAMs) were established for Germany, with mobility categories, and date, as explanatory variables, and case numbers as response. Results Clear reductions in mobility occurred following the implementation of movement restrictions. There was a negative correlation between mobility and confirmed case numbers. GAM using all three categories of mobility data accounted for case occurrence as well and was favorable (AIC or Akaike Information Criterion: 2504) to models using categories separately (AIC with “driving,” 2511. “transit,” 2513. “walking,” 2508). Conclusion These results suggest an association between mobility and case occurrence. Further examination of the relationship between movement restrictions and COVID-19 transmission may be pertinent. The study shows how new sources of online data can be used to investigate problems in epidemiology.

scholarly journals A Model of Stress Change under the First COVID-19 Pandemic among the General Public in Japanese Major Cities and Rural Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1207
Author(s):  
Misato Uehara ◽  
Makoto Fujii ◽  
Kazuki Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Explanatory Variable ◽  
Large City ◽  
Stress Change ◽  
Multiple Factor Analysis ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Private Research ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Research on stress related to the COVID-19 pandemic has been dominated by the cases of healthcare workers, students, patients, and their stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined the relationship between the amount of stress change under the COVID-19 pandemic and demographic factors (age, sex, occupation, etc.) in residents of a large city and a rural area of Japan. A total of 1331 valid responses were received in June 2020 from residents of Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagano registered with a private research firm. We were able to identify 15 statistically significant variables out of 36 explanatory variables, which explained the significant increase in stress compared to the pre-pandemic period. Multiple-factor analysis showed that the relationship with people is a more significant explanatory variable for the level of increase in stress than the difference in environment between big cities (Tokyo, Osaka) and rural areas (Nagano), the type of housing, and the decrease in income compared to the pre-pandemic period.

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