Nietzschean Linguistics

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedetta Zavatta
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Modern Theory ◽  
Research Results

AbstractThe paper shows that Nietzsche’s theory of tropes as patterns of association of mental representations, which permeate everyday thinking and speaking, is deeply rooted in the tradition of German semasiology (semantics). Nietzsche was able to recast in a coherent paradigm the various suggestions to be found in the work of linguists and philologists of his time. Furthermore, thanks to his wide-ranging and idiosyncratic readings, his work benefited from the most striking research results in the fields of experimental psychology, biology and physiology, the result being a most original and modern theory. That is why it may be interesting and fruitful to compare his philosophy of language and, specifically, his theory of tropes, with the recent results of Cognitive Linguistics.

scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF ENGLISH FAIRY TALE SEMANTIC STRUCTURE

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (16) ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
N. F. Yeremeieva
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Fairy Tale ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Cognitive Semantics ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Psychological Space ◽  
Conceptual Space

The article deals with semantics of English folk fairytales. Conceptual analysis is considered to be a new approach to the learning of folk fairytales. This analysis is performed in terms of cognitive linguistics which deals with structures of knowledge representation, which form language signs and speech patterns. The purpose of the investigation is to identify the patterns of structuring of mental representations which form conceptual (psychological) space of folk fairytale texts. They are considered to be the main prerequisite for both the folk fairytale formation and its understanding. While investigating the folk fairytale texts we have used the frame approach for modeling the conceptual space of a folk fairytale as a sign which is characterized by certain semantics .Our investigation develops Propp’s ideas and is connected with conceptual (cognitive) semantics Nowadays formal apparatus for modeling verbalized knowledge is developed within this field of science.

Corpus Linguistics and Cognitivism

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Schönefeld
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Research Results ◽  
The Status ◽  
Distinct Approach ◽  
Language Description ◽  
The Way

The following article is meant to discuss the status of corpus linguistics, how it is seen and sees itself as a field: Is it merely a method of doing linguistics, or can it be considered a distinct approach to language description? In our argument, we claim that corpus linguistics is on the way of becoming more than a methodology, since its research results are increasingly interpreted with regard to their impact on the commonly held views about language. Dealing with these interpretations, we have noticed a number of similarities with assumptions made by cognitive linguistics, and we aim at showing that the two trends—corpus linguistics and cognitivism—are compatible in that they complement each other.

scholarly journals Kharkiv linguistic school. Heritage. Alexander Potebnja

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Evolutionary Epistemology ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
Scientific Heritage ◽  
Language Origin ◽  
Language And Thought ◽  
The Third ◽  
Linguistic Units

The article focuses on the scientific heritage of Alexander Potebnja as one of the founders of Kharkiv linguistic school. Potebnja’s seminal books and articles that among many other issues address language origin, human consciousness, and semantics of linguistic units are considered as milestones in the development of state-of-the-art humanities. The article reads his three tenets in terms of philosophy of language and cognitive linguistics. The first tenet concerns correlation between language and thought as a way of accounting for language origin and linguistic abilities of the human. The latter that uses language to communicate his world perceptive experience is ascribed a two-facet nature as both an individual and a nation. This tenet is viewed as one anticipating the underpinning principles of cognitive linguistics and theory of the national construal of the world. The second tenet concerns mental evolution of humanity. Potebnja sees it as a contiguity of image and meaning that diverge evolving in myth, poetry and prose. This tenet is considered as an anticipation of Popper’s Evolutionary Epistemology and Westman’s theory of the ontogenesis of the psyche. The third Potebnja’s tenet focuses on the symbolism of linguistic units. The exclamation and the word are juxtaposed in terms of their internal and external forms. The word and the exclamation are analyzed as signs that render meaning by way of, correspondingly, either indicating to it or symbolizing it. These features suggest conceptual parallelism with Pierce’s semiotic trichotomy of icon, index and symbol.

The Dynamics of the Linguistic System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Jörg Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Structure Variation ◽  
Speech Communities ◽  
Linguistic System ◽  
Wide Range

This book develops a model of language which can be characterized as functionalist, usage-based, dynamic, and complex-adaptive. Its core idea is that linguistic structure is not stable and uniform, but continually refreshed and in fact reconstituted by the feedback-loop interaction of three components: usage, i.e. the interpersonal and cognitive activities of speakers in concrete communication; conventionalization, i.e. the social processes taking place in speech communities; and entrenchment, i.e. the cognitive processes taking place in the minds of individual speakers. Extending the so-called Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization Model, the book shows that what we call the Linguistic System is created, sustained, and continually adapted by the ongoing interaction between usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment. The model contributes to closing the gap in usage-based models concerning how exactly usage is transformed into collective and individual grammar and how these two grammars in turn feed back into usage. The book exploits and extends insights from an exceptionally wide range of fields, including usage-based cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics, interactional linguistics and pragmatics, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics and the sociology and philosophy of language, as well as quantitative corpus linguistics. It makes numerous original suggestions about, among other things, how cognitive processing and representation are related and about the manifold ways in which individuals and communities contribute to shaping language and bringing about language variation and change. It presents a coherent account of the role of forces that are known to affect language structure, variation, and change, e.g. economy, efficiency, extravagance, embodiment, identity, social order, prestige, mobility, multilingualism, and language contact.

Multilevel grounded semantics across cognitive modalities: Music, vision, poetry

2021 ◽  
pp. 096394702199918
Author(s):  
Mihailo Antović
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
John Donne ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Leonardo Da Vinci ◽  
Embodied Experience ◽  
Conceptual Blending ◽  
Ralph Vaughan Williams ◽  
Last Supper ◽  
Original Application

This article extends the author’s theory of multilevel grounding in meaning generation from its original application to music to the domains of visual cognition and poetry. Based on the notions of ground from the philosophy of language and conceptual blending from cognitive linguistics, the approach views semiosis in works of art as a series of successive mappings couched in a set of six hierarchical, recursive levels of constraint or grounding boxes: (1) perceptual, parsing the stimulus into formal gestalten; (2) cross-modal, motivating schematic correspondences between the stimulus so structured and the listener’s embodied experience; (3) affective, ascribing to this embodied appreciation dynamic sensations, as in the distinction between tense and lax parts of the perceptual flow; (4) conceptual, drawing analogies between such schematic and affective appreciation and elementary experiential imagery, resulting in outlines of narratives; (5) culturally rich, checking such a narrative outline against the recipient’s cultural knowledge; and (6) individual, adding to the levels above idiosyncratic recollections from the participant’s personal experience. The goal of the analysis is to show that the interpretation of constructs from different semiotic modes (music, vision and language) may rely on the same grounding levels as it ultimately depends on the same perceptual, embodied and contextual circumstances. Specifically, the article uses the system to analyse the possible reception of a section from the romance for violin and orchestra ‘The Lark Ascending’ by Ralph Vaughan Williams, the painting ‘The Last Supper’ by Leonardo da Vinci and the poem ‘No Man Is an Island’ by John Donne.

scholarly journals On intentionality of communication in terms of general cognitivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (25) ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
Elena A. Petrova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
Philosophical Theory ◽  
Conceptual Base ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Linguistic Categories

The article is devoted to the issues of cognitive linguistics, which studies language as a communication tool. The article postulates that cognitive linguistics is an approach to the analysis of natural language, which has as its main goal the study of language as a tool for organizing, processing and transmitting information. The author puts forward a point of view that it is fundamentally important for cognitive linguistics to analyze the conceptual base of linguistic categories, as well as certain mechanisms of information processing. The subject of the analysis in the article is the characteristic of the ratio of linguistic and cognitive modules. The purpose of the article is to analyze the correlation of linguistic and cognitive modules. The methodological basis of the study includes theoretical works on cognitive linguistics and philosophical theory of cognition, for which the priority is the study of language as a cognitive mechanism that contributes to encoding and transforming information. The emphasis is placed on the fact that language serves cognition, which is understood as both scientific and everyday comprehention of the world, realized in the processes of its conceptualization and categorization. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of verbal and non-verbal communication using the example of mental representations formed in childhood. The results of the analysis underline the ambiguous interpretation of the problem, revealing the mechanism of perception and generation of speech. A conclusion is made that communication can be divided into intentional and non-intentional. Evidence was found that the information transmission can be carried out without intention, i.e., not all information can be intentional.

scholarly journals Fleshing out Language and Intersubjectivity: An Exploration of Merleau-Ponty’s Legacy to Cognitive Linguistics

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-224
Author(s):  
Paul Sambre
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Individual Basis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Phenomenology Of Perception ◽  
Dynamic View ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Individual

Abstract This paper examines how recent cognitive linguistic work on conceptualization and intersubjectivity (Verhagen 2005, 2008; Langacker 2008) echoes Merleau-Ponty’s older reflection on the notion of intersubjectivity, a key factor in embodiment and language. Three topics are explored in this respect. First, the largely implicit references to Merleau-Ponty in Lakoff and Johnson’s Philosophy in the Flesh (1999) are related more explicitly to Merleau-Ponty’s notion of flesh. Second, the discursive status of usage events is shown to be directly connected to the linguistic consequences of Merleau-Ponty’s intercorporality, as it brings together living bodies in intersubjective experiences. The third objective is methodological: the focus is not only on Merleau-Ponty’s often quoted Phenomenology of Perception 1945, 1958), but shows lines of continuity with the explicit philosophy of language in his later work, like Eloge de la philosophie (1960,1963), Signes (1960, 1968b), Conscience et acquisition du langage (1964, 1973a) and La prose du monde (1969, 1973b). This discussion includes Merleau’s relation to Saussurean linguistics, and gives rise, perhaps surprisingly, to a dynamic view on language as a locus of intersubjective creativity, which reaches beyond the individual basis of perception, gesture and incorporated language.

Evidentiary Basis Development with Support of Forensic Research Assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (10) ◽  
pp. 66-76
Author(s):  
S. A. Smirnova ◽  
G. I. Bebeshko ◽  
G. G. Omel’yanyuk ◽  
A. I. Usov ◽  
S. N. Khaziev
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Speaker Recognition ◽  
Gaussian Mixture Models ◽  
Gaussian Mixture ◽  
Research Assessment ◽  
Continuous Data ◽  
Modern Theory ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Forensic Research

Increased attention to the development of modern approaches to probabilistic evaluation of research results in the field of forensic science is attributed to the trends of critical analysis of the current state of forensic science and requirements for clear characteristics of limitations of research results, including indicators of uncertainty of the data obtained and associated estimated probabilities. One of the fundamental provisions of the modern theory of evaluating judicial evidence, along with the admissibility and desirability of using probabilities, is the principle of comparing these probabilities in the light of their conditionality by competing versions arising from the adversarial nature of justice. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to develop methodological approaches to the use of the likelihood ratio as the most appropriate form of determining the significance of conclusions sent by an expert to the court for the formation of evidence. The empirical basis of the article is based on a brief review of publications from 2000 to 2018, devoted to the application of the concept of the likelihood ratio in forensic activities. According to many scientists, the use of this concept can provide a real assessment of the reliability of the evidence. In legal proceedings, evidence is generally understood as information about facts obtained in accordance with the procedure provided for by law, on the basis of which the presence or absence of circumstances that are important for the proper consideration and resolution of the case is established. In this publication, the term «evidence» is considered through an expert-technological prism and is presented as various quantitative continuous measurements (properties and characteristics of objects of forensic expertise), which are used when comparing a known and questioned sample to solve the question of their origin from one or from different sources. The article discusses the most common normal distribution of continuous data and a general approach to calculating the likelihood ratio (LR) using probability density functions (pdf). It is shown that in order to account for the variability of compared samples, three databases are required for calculating LR: a potential database, a control database of a known sample, and a comparative database of a questioned sample. Examples of calculating the LR and strength of evidence performed for various types of examinations are given. The procedures for calculating LR are generally the same, but the authors suggest different techniques to calculate and graphically represent the strength of the proof. In more detail, the publications present the so-called value of the cost or penalty for an incorrect forecast (ClLR), introduced the terms of trueness and reproducibility, as well as the confidence interval of this value. The article highlights a number of features of calculating LR for multidimensional continuous data. Of great interest is the use of the speaker model in sound recording expertise in the form of a weighted sum of Gaussian densities M components (Gaussian mixture models — GMM). Each density component in this sum is a D-dimensional Gaussian pdf with an average vector value and a covariance matrix. It can be assumed that the use of GMM-pdf in LR calculations is effective not only for forensic examination of speaker recognition, but also for other types of examinations. The universality of assessing the similarity/difference of objects of forensic research using the likelihood ratio indicates the prospects for applying the concept.

The Embodiment of Language

2018 ◽  
pp. 622-640
Author(s):  
Mark Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Image Schemas ◽  
Affective Processes ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics

Analytic philosophy of language was originally based on a fundamentally disembodied view of meaning and language. In contrast, research in cognitive linguistics and neuroscience emphasizes the central role of the body and brain in shaping meaning, concepts, and thought. Meaning is not, in the first instance, linguistic. Instead, language depends on and recruits prior sensory, motor, and affective processes. This article surveys some of the more important embodied structures and processes of meaning-making that give rise to the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of natural languages. This includes body-part projections, perceptual concepts, image schemas, emotions, body-based grammatical constructions, and conceptual metaphors, as those are understood from the perspective of simulation semantics, embodied construction grammar, and the neural theory of language. In addition to the four Es of cognition—embodied, embedded, enactive, extended—we need to add three more Es—emotional, evolutionary, and exaptative.

scholarly journals Cognitive Linguistics’ seven deadly sins

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Dąbrowska
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Generative Linguistics ◽  
Seven Deadly Sins ◽  
Patterns Of Use ◽  
The Social ◽  
Linguistic Inquiry

AbstractCognitive Linguistics is an approach to language study based on three central premises: that the function of language is to convey meaning, that linguistic description must rely on constructs that are psychologically real, and that grammar emerges from usage. Over the last 40 years, this approach to studying language has made enormous strides in virtually every aspect of linguistic inquiry, achieving major insights as well as bringing about a conceptual unification of the language sciences. However, it has also faced problems, which, I argue, must be addressed if the approach is to continue to flourish. Some of these are shared with generative linguistics, while some are peculiar to the cognitive approach. The former include excessive reliance on introspective evidence; paying only lip service to the Cognitive Commitment; too much focus on hypothesis formulation (and not enough on hypothesis testing); ignoring individual differences; and neglecting the social aspects of language. The latter include assuming that we can deduce mental representations from patterns of use and equating distribution with meaning. I conclude by sketching out how these pitfalls could be avoided.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document