A review of the analytical methodology to determine Radium-226 and Radium-228 in drinking waters

2018 ◽  
Vol 106 (10) ◽  
pp. 819-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akbar Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Liquid Scintillation ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
World Health ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Spectrometry Technique ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
World Health Organization Guideline

Abstract Radium-228 (228Ra) and Radium-226 (226Ra) isotopes in drinking water are significant from the aspect of radiation protection and human health. In this paper, the three most common preconcentration methods, i.e.coprecipitation, absorption and evaporation, were reviewed with emphasis on routinely measurement techniques. The reviewed measurement techniques include low background γ-spectrometry, α-spectrometry and liquid scintillation counting. The γ-spectrometry technique is the good selection, when the maximum sensitivity is considered. The Environmental Protection Agency guideline has provided the maximum concentration level 0.74 Bq/L for 226Ra and 228Ra. Also, the World Health Organization guideline limit is 1 Bq/L and 0.1 Bq/L for 226Ra and 228Ra, respectively.

Flouride and Nitrate Status of Some Ground Waters in Chittor District of Rajasthan State (India)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Trapti Sharma ◽  
R. P. Nagar ◽  
R. C. Gaur ◽  
Pooja Gupta ◽  
Charanjit Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
World Health ◽  
Indian Council ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Ground Waters ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Research World ◽  
Drinking Purpose

In Rajasthan state the ground waters of some areas like Ramganj-mandi, Morak, Barmer, Jaisalmer, Chittor and Udaipur etc. are susceptible from drinking point of view.To test the quality of groundwater in Chittor district 14, ground water samples were collected from various places and analyzed for pH, E.C., Fluoride and Nitrate parameters by standard methods (A.P.H. A., Washington, USA, 1995). The study revealed that none of the ground waters was found suitable completely from drinking point of view. Some are having electrical conductivity > 1.4 dS/m, some are having pH >8.5, some area having fluoride >1.5 ppm and some are having nitrate>45 ppm. These are the limits of various parameters permitted by various International authorities like Bureau of Indian Standard, Indian Council of Medical Research,world health Organization etc. for drinking waters. So, it is recommended to the residents of above areas to use water for drinking purpose only after reverse osmosis or adopting suitable method of removing excess of Fluoride and Nitrate for drinking water to avoid unwanted pathogenic diseases harmful for human health.

MEASUREMENT OF RADON ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION IN UNDERGROUND WATER OF BURETI SUB-COUNTY OF KERICHO COUNTY KENYA

2020 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Charles K Rotich ◽  
Nadir O Hashim ◽  
Margaret W Chege ◽  
Catherine Nyambura
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Activity Concentration ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Annual Dose ◽  
Radon Activity ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Us ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract The activity concentration of radon in underground water of Bureti sub-county was measured using liquid scintillating counter device. The average radon activity concentration in all the water samples was 12.41 Bql−1. The maximum and minimum activity concentrations of radon were 22.5 and 4.57 Bql−1, respectively. In total, 53% of the total samples analysed had radon concentration levels above the US Environmental Protection Agency-recommended limit of 11.1 Bql−1. The annual dose received by an individual as a result of waterborne radon was determined according to the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation reports and was found to be 33.23 𝜇Svy−1. All the samples recorded a value <100 𝜇Svy−1 recommended by the World Health Organization and the European Union council.

scholarly journals Influence of Meteorology on Fine Particles Concentration in Vitória Metropolitan Region During Wintertime

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willian Lemker Andreão ◽  
Bruna Tuão Trindade ◽  
Antônio Paula Nascimento ◽  
Neyval Costa Reis Júnior ◽  
Maria de Fátima Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
World Health ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Urban Sites ◽  
World Health Organization Guideline ◽  
Number Of Particles

Abstract Fine particles (PM2.5) are harmful to human health especially during periods of limited dispersion when the concentrations build up. This is a common occurrence in Southern Brazil in the dry season when high-pressure stationary systems inhibit vertical dispersion and reduce wind speed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the PM2.5 concentrations in the Region of Greater Vitória during the winter of 2013, and to assess the influence of the large-scale meteorological circulation on its concentration. An experimental campaign was carried out to determine the mass of PM2.5 at six urban sites and particle number concentration. The average PM2.5 concentrations varied from 9.70 μg m-3 to 14.36 μg m-3 with the average daily maximum reaching 29.35 μg m-3, exceeding the World Health Organization guideline (24-h average: 25 μg m-3). The particle size distribution showed a larger number of particles from 18 to 21 h (local time), indicating that the main vehicular emissions are the main sources. During the winter, rainfall associated with cold fronts were responsible for a decrease in the particulate concentrations. In contrast, the occurrence of high-pressure systems led to an increase in particle concentrations, due to stagnant conditions.

scholarly journals Correction: World Health Organization Guideline Development: An Evaluation

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sinclair ◽  
Rachel Isba ◽  
Tamara Kredo ◽  
Babalwa Zani ◽  
Helen Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Guideline Development ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
World Health Organization Guideline

scholarly journals Comparison of particle emissions from enclosed parking garages and streets

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-465 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
World Health ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Parking Garages ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Mass Concentrations

<p>The aim of this study was to compare particulate matter (PM) pollutants performed at three different enclosed parking garages (A, B and C) and two streets (1 and 2) in Belgium. Particle mass concentrations, number concentrations and their size distributions were measured in real time using an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor Plus (ELPI+) instrument. PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 particle ranges were characterized under this study and these concentrations were compared with the reference values recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the European Union (EU). The results showed that the average mass concentrations in the garages ranged from 28-50 &micro;g Nm-3 for PM1, 43-60 &micro;g Nm-3 for PM2.5 and 58-90 &micro;g Nm-3 for PM10, while in the streets they varied from 14-18 &micro;g Nm-3 for PM1, 23-27 &micro;g Nm-3 for PM2.5 and 54-59 &micro;g Nm-3 for PM10 respectively. The number concentrations were obtained in the range of 28x103 to 47x103 particles cm-3 for the garages while 17x103 to 22x103 particlescm-3 for the streets. In all garages, it has been observed that PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the 24h reference values recommended by WHO and USEPA while and PM10 concentrations exceeded WHO and EU guidelines. Particle number size distributions showed dominant quantities of fine particles in all measurements, while two distinct particle sizes of coarse and fine modes were observed in the mass size distributions.</p>

scholarly journals Biosorption of lead, chromium and cadmium in tannery effluent using indigenous microorganisms

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. P. Abioye ◽  
O. A. Oyewole ◽  
S. B. Oyeleke ◽  
M. O. Adeyemi ◽  
A. A. Orukotan
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Control ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Tannery Effluent ◽  
Indigenous Microorganisms ◽  
Tannery Effluents ◽  
Penicillium Sp ◽  
Central Pollution Control Board ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
National Environmental

This study investigated the biosorption of lead, chromium and cadmium in tannery effluent using indigenous microorganisms. Bacteria isolated from the tannery effluent were Bacillus subtilis and B. megaterium while fungi isolated were Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. The microorganisms were tested for their ability to reduce the concentration of the heavy metals in the tannery effluent using conventional methods. B. megaterium recorded the highest lead reduction (2.13 to 0.03 mg/L), followed by B. subtilis (2.13-0.04 mg/L). A. niger recorded the highest ability to reduce the concentration of chromium (1.38-0.08 mg/L) followed by Penicillium sp. (1.38 0.13 mg/L) while B. subtilis exhibited the highest ability to reduce the concentration of cadmium (0.4-0.03 mg/L) followed by B. megaterium (0.04-0.06 mg/L) after 20 days. When these values were compared to standard limits of Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), World Health Organization (WHO), National Environmental Standard and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), the isolates recorded an acceptable reduction in the concentration of lead, chromium and cadmium in sterile and unsterile tannery effluent. The results of this showed that the isolates reduced the concentration of lead, chromium and cadmium present in the sterile and raw tannery effluent and suggest that the organisms can be used as a possible treatment of tannery effluents.

scholarly journals Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) samples from Uta-ewa creek, Imo river estuary, South eastern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-35
Author(s):  
IdopiseAbasi E Asuquo
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
World Health ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentrations ◽  
Aquatic Resource ◽  
Accumulation Of Metals ◽  
Health Organization

Heavy metal (HM) contents in periwinkle from Uta Ewa creek, Imo river estuary, Southeastern Nigeria were investigated. Samples were collected from the offshore landing fisher folks during July-November 2018. HM was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer-varian model spectral AA 220. The concentration values of cadmium were ranged from 0.59 to 0.935mg/kg (mean±SD=0.68±0.13mg/kg), chromium from 0.31 to 0.82mg/kg (mean±SD=0.60±0.26mg/kg), copper from 2.02 to 2.37mg/kg (mean±SD=2.27±0.14mg/kg), iron from 1.83 to 3.03mg/kg (mean=2.36±0.51mg/kg), Pb from 0.02 to 0.22mg/kg (mean±SD=0.13±0.94mg/kg), Manganese from 1.03 to 0.22mg/kg (mean±SD=0.13±0.073mg/kg) and zinc from 1.08 to 2.29 mg/kg (mean±SD=1.70±0.50mg/kg). The results showed that concentrations of Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn and Zn were higher in periwinkle than other metals (Cu and Pb) determined, the values of which were opposed to the FEPA (Federal Environmental Protection Agency) and WHO (World Health Organization) permissible limits for ingestion of this aquatic resource. There were no significant variations recognized among the monthly accumulation of metals by the species. The results obtained from the present study revealed an evidence of the periwinkle fauna to bio-concentrate these heavy metals.

scholarly journals Measurement of Content of 226Ra in Drinking Water From Some States of Mexican Republic by Liquid Scintillation Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-201
Author(s):  
A. Ángeles ◽  
E. Quintero ◽  
I. Gaso ◽  
C. P. Zepeda ◽  
T. Palma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Liquid Scintillation ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Gross Alpha ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Health Organization

To assess the quality of drinking water in respect to the content of radioactivity, usually is carried out an screening program in the locations of interest, that program consist in pick representative samples of drinking water from the wells in that locations, water samples are analyzed to measuring the gross alpha/beta radioactivity by a low background proportional counter or a liquid scintillation system. When some sample exceeds the normative limit then it must be known which radionuclides are in that sample. Expected radionuclides in water are the NORM (normal occurring radioactive material) from the natural radioactive chains. 226Ra is frequently present in drinking water and is one of most important radionuclide because its “radiotoxicity”, the WHO [World Health Organization, Guidelines for drinking-water Quality, (2016)] recommends a reference level for 226Ra of 1 Bq/L (the dose coefficient for 226Ra is 2.8 x 10-7 Sv/Bq). From a national program of drinking water screening in the Mexican Republic, the samples that exceeded the national normative limits were picked again in the same well and analyzed by LS (liquid Scintillation), using the method of two phases with a not water miscible scintillator cocktail. Results of concentrations of 226Ra from drinking water are presented. In general the content of 226Ra in drinking water samples was lower that the guide values recommended for the WHO.

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