scholarly journals Structure of radiation balance in diverse types of relief

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Caputa ◽  
Jakub Wojkowski
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Plant Groups ◽  
One Year ◽  
Radiation Conditions

Abstract Structure of radiation balance in diverse types of relief. The article presents the results of research on the structure of radiation balance in the full spectrum in diverse types of relief. The study was carried out on the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (Poland). The varying terrain, its forms, expositions and slopes, large denivelations, and the varying land cover and land use make this small area very diverse as far as radiation conditions are concerned. On the basis of an actinometrical study the structure of radiation balance was assessed in two distinct morphologic terrain forms: the bottom of the valley and the plateau. It was proved that the global solar radiation (K↓) reaching the bottom of the valley in one year was on average 15% lower than the solar energy reaching the plateau. The all wave radiation balance (Q*) at the bottom of the valley was 16% less than on the plateau. The result of complex radiation conditions in the diversified relief was the occurrence of a mosaic of plant groups with distinct requirements.

scholarly journals Validation study of an overall radiation balance estimation method under Ponta Grossa (PR) Brazil weather conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-472
Author(s):  
Gustavo C. Beruski ◽  
André B. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Classical Method ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
State University ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Natural Processes

Radiation balance is the fraction of incident solar radiation upon earth surface which is available to be used in several natural processes, such as biological metabolism, water loss by vegetated surfaces, variation of temperature in farming systems and organic decomposition. The present study aimed to assess and validate the performance of two estimation models for Rn in Ponta Grossa city, Paraná State, Brazil. To this end, during the period of 04/01/2008 to 04/30/2011, from radiometric data collected by an automatic weather station set at the Experimental Station, of the State University of Ponta Grossa. We performed a linear regression study by confrontation between measurements made through radiometric balance and Rn estimates obtained from Brunt classical method, and the proposed method. Both models showed excellent performance and were confirmed by the statistical parameters applied. However, the alternative method has the advantage of requiring only global solar radiation values, temperature, and relative humidity.

scholarly journals Geophysical Consequences of Tropospheric Particulate Heating: Further Evidence that Anthropogenic Global Warming is Principally Caused by Particulate Pollution

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
J. Marvin Herndon ◽  
Mark Whiteside
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Solar Radiation Management ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Particulate Pollution ◽  
Long Wave

The climate science community and the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have misinformed world governments by failing to acknowledge tropospheric particulate geoengineering that has been ongoing with ever-increasing duration and intensity for decades, and by treating global warming solely as a radiation-balance issue, which has resulted in a seriously incomplete understanding of the fundamental factors that affect Earth’s surface temperature. Here we review the consequences of tropospheric particulate heating by absorption of short- and long-wave solar radiation and long-wave radiation from Earth’s surface. Generally, black carbon absorbs light over the entire solar spectrum; brown carbon absorbs near-UV wavelengths and, to a lesser extent, visible light; iron oxides are good absorbers, the most efficient being magnetite. Pyrogenic coal fly ash, both from coal burning and from tropospheric jet-spraying geoengineering (for military purposes and/or climate engineering), contains carbon and iron oxides, hematite and magnetite. The recently published climate-science paradigm shift discloses that the main cause of global warming is not carbon dioxide heat retention, but particulate pollution that absorbs radiation, heats the troposphere, and reduces the efficiency of atmospheric-convective heat removal from Earth’s surface. In addition to the World War II data, three other independent lines of supporting evidence are reviewed: (1) Passage overhead of the Mt. St. Helens volcanic plume; (2) Radiosonde and aethalometer investigations of Talukdar et al.; and, (3) convection suppression over the tropical North Atlantic caused by the Saharan-blown dust. The risks associated with the placement of aerosol particulates into the stratosphere, whether lofted naturally, inadvertently, or deliberately as proposed for solar radiation management, poses grave risks, including the destruction of atmospheric ozone. To solve global warming humanity must: (1) Abruptly halt tropospheric particulate geoengineering; (2) Trap particulate emissions from coal-fired industrial furnaces (especially in India and China) and from vehicle exhaust; and, (3) Reduce particulate-forming fuel additives.

Simulation on Solar Hydrogen Generation With PEM Cells and Solar Modules

Solar Energy ◽  
2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousuke Kawashima ◽  
Osamu Kawanami ◽  
Itsurou Honda
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Optimal Combination ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Solar Module ◽  
Solar Hydrogen ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
One Year

A simulation of solar hydrogen generation with solar modules and PEM cells in consideration of the solar module temperature for one year was carried out using our measured weather data. The optimal combination of the number of PEM sheets and solar modules was determined and hydrogen conversion efficiency was estimated. Solar module temperature was predicted from the measured data of global solar radiation, ambient temperature, and wind velocity. The current-voltage (I-V) curves of a solar module in arbitrary states were calculated from the (I-V) curves in the reference states using conversion equations (JIS C8913).

scholarly journals Radiation balance of coffee hedgerows

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz R. Angelocci ◽  
Fábio R. Marin ◽  
Felipe G. Pilau ◽  
Evandro Z. Righi ◽  
José L. Favarin
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Energy Exchanges ◽  
Good Agreement

The radiation balance of hedgerows is an important variable in studies of mass and energy exchanges between parcial ground cover crops and the atmosphere. This paper describes a device with eight net radiometers encompassing the plants of a hedgerow. The radiometers were moved along a length of hedgerow, in a continuous and reversible movement. The canopy net radiation in this length (Rnc) was found by integration of the measurements over the notional cylinder formed. The device showed good performance and provided reliable measurements of Rnc of coffee hedgerows, showing itselfto be an useful technique of measurement in field conditions. Good correlations between Rnc and global solar radiation, turfgrass and coffee crop net radiation were found in 15-min, daytime and 24-hr periods, allowing the possibility of estimating Rnc from these simple measurements. Beer’s law was also used to have an independent estimation of Rnc. A good agreement was found between values of Rnc estimated by this law of attenuation and those integrated by the device in periods of 15 min, with overestimation of 10%, whereas for values integrated over daytime periods the agreement was not satisfactory.

scholarly journals Estimating Angstrom-Prescott Coefficients for India and Developing a Correlation between Sunshine Hours and Global Solar Radiation for India

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Srivastava ◽  
Harsha Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Sunshine Hours ◽  
One Year ◽  
Huge Challenge ◽  
Sunshine Hour

The amount of solar energy that reaches the earth in one hour is sufficient to supply the world's energy needs for one year. Harvesting this energy efficiently is a huge challenge. In most countries including India, the number of observing stations is inadequate. Therefore, it is essential that some reliable mathematical models be developed to estimate the solar radiation for places where measurements are not carried out and for places where measurement records are not available. In this paper, Angstrom-Prescott model parameters are estimated for seven different sites in India, and a correlation is developed for India, which is found to be a good fit. Also a correlation is developed for predicting the solar radiation using only sunshine hour data.

scholarly journals Solar Radiation in the Arctic during the Early Twentieth-Century Warming (1921–50): Presenting a Compilation of Newly Available Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-37
Author(s):  
R. Przybylak ◽  
P. N. Svyashchennikov ◽  
J. Uscka-Kowalkowska ◽  
P. Wyszyński
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Total Solar Irradiance ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Radiation Data ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

AbstractThe early twentieth-century warming (ETCW), defined as occurring within the period 1921–50, saw a clear increase in actinometric observations in the Arctic. Nevertheless, information on radiation balance and its components at that time is still very limited in availability, and therefore large discrepancies exist among estimates of total solar irradiance forcing. To eliminate these uncertainties, all available solar radiation data for the Arctic need to be collected and processed. Better knowledge about incoming solar radiation (direct, diffuse, and global) should allow for more reliable estimation of the magnitude of total solar irradiance forcing, which can help, in turn, to more precisely and correctly explain the reasons for the ETCW in the Arctic. The paper summarizes our research into the availability of solar radiation data for the Arctic. An important part of this work is its detailed inventory of data series (including metadata) for the period before the mid-twentieth century. Based on the most reliable data series, general solar conditions in the Arctic during the ETCW are described. The character of solar radiation changes between the ETCW and present times, in particular after 2000, is also analyzed. Average annual global solar radiation in the Russian Arctic during the ETCW was slightly greater than in the period 1964–90 (by about 1–2 W·m−2) and was markedly greater than in the period 2001–19 (by about 16 W·m−2). Our results also reveal that in the period 1920–2019 three phases of solar radiation changes can be distinguished: a brightening phase (1921–50), a stabilization phase (1951–93), and a dimming phase (after 2000).

scholarly journals Influência da radiação de onda longa incidente no fechamento do balanço de radiação no modelo SIB2: Estimativas para pastagem no bioma Pampa

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Daniele Morgenstern Aimi ◽  
Maria Eduarda Oliveira ◽  
Tamíres Zimmer ◽  
Gisele Cristina Rubert ◽  
Vanessa De Arruda Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Estimation Equations ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Energy Gains ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
Long Wave Radiation

The balance of radiation represents the energy gains and losses on the surface, and can be estimated by summing the four components of surface radiation (incident and reflected solar radiation, radiation emitted by the surface and emitted by the atmosphere). The SiB2 model represents ecosystems and provides estimates of surface energy changes. In this work, five different incident long wave estimation equations were tested to verify the influence of this component on the closure of the radiation balance for the SiB2 model. The results show the underestimation of the radiation balance of the SiB2 model when compared to the experimental data. Thus, it is inferred the need for calibration of incident long-wave radiation equations for use in models for local simulations.

scholarly journals The Influence of Cloudiness and Synoptic Situations on the Solar Radiation Balance in the Area of Kaffiøyra (Nw Spitsbergen) in the Summer Seasons 2010 and 2011

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Kejna ◽  
Rajmund Przybylak ◽  
Andrzej Araźny
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Atmospheric Radiation ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Substantial Influence ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
The Individual

Abstract This article describes the influence of cloudiness and synoptic situations on individual components of the radiation balance such as: global solar radiation; surface-reflected radiation; longwave terrestrial and atmospheric radiation, and the long- and shortwave balance of two types of ground cover typical to Spitsbergen (the Kaffiøyra region), i.e. morainal and glacial. The research was carried out in the summer seasons of 2010 and 2011, using a Kipp & Zonen CNR4 net radiometer. A substantial influence of the presence of clouds on the individual components of the radiation balance was observed. The type of air masses related to specific synoptic situations was also found to affect the incoming and outgoing solar radiation, as well as its losses.

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