Sleep and the epidemic of obesity in children and adults

Sleep is an important modulator of neuroendocrine function and glucose metabolism in children as well as in adults. In recent years, sleep curtailment has become a hallmark of modern society with both children and adults having shorter bedtimes than a few decades ago. This trend for shorter sleep duration has developed over the same time period as the dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity. There is rapidly accumulating evidence from both laboratory and epidemiological studies to indicate that chronic partial sleep loss may increase the risk of obesity and weight gain. The present article reviews laboratory evidence indicating that sleep curtailment in young adults results in a constellation of metabolic and endocrine alterations, including decreased glucose tolerance, decreased insulin sensitivity, elevated sympathovagal balance, increased evening concentrations of cortisol, increased levels of ghrelin, decreased levels of leptin, and increased hunger and appetite. We also review cross-sectional epidemiological studies associating short sleep with increased body mass index and prospective epidemiological studies that have shown an increased risk of weight gain and obesity in children and young adults who are short sleepers. Altogether, the evidence points to a possible role of decreased sleep duration in the current epidemic of obesity.

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OBESITY IN CHILDREN AND ASSOCIATED DISEASES

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.21474/ijar01/12263 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 1127-1134

Author(s):

Mariam Mohammad Al-Rasheedy ◽

◽

Manal Abdulaziz Murad ◽

Hoda Jehad Abousada ◽

Raad Mohammad Almalki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Total Sample ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Obesity Prevalence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Awareness Campaigns ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Flat Feet ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity ◽

Anxiety Depression ◽

Obesity In Children

Background:Over last few decades, obesity has become a serious point of concern. The prevalence rate is continuously rising both in the developed and developing countries. Obesity not only has phycological effect on the individuals but is also associated with an increased risk of developing range of metabolic, cardiovascular, and liver disorders. Objective:The objective of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of obesity in children and the type of diseases associated with it. Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between July to September, 2020. The target audience was the parents of children who were overweight.The questionnaire was designed to primarily gather information related to socio-demographic characteristics and correlation of obesity with the diseases. The questionnaire comprised of total number of 14 questions. The responses were recorded and evaluated through the application of scientific algorithms. Results and Discussions:It was established, that out of the total sample size of 346, around 38% of children were obese and were suffering rom associated comorbid diseases, ranging from anxiety, depression, eating disorder, social isolation, lower education attainment, asthma, constipation, flat feet, backpain, Type 1 and 2 diabetes and precocious puberty. Conclusion:The study presented a worrisome situation of escalating trends of obesity prevalence in children, along with the associated non- communicable diseases. There is need to introduce awareness campaigns along with the measures to promote people to adopt the healthy lifestyles.

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Epidemiological Trends in Attempted Suicide in Adolescents and Young Adults Between 1996 and 2004

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910.30.3.115 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 115-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Stephanie De Munck ◽

Gwendolyn Portzky ◽

Kees Van Heeringen

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Attempted Suicide ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Adolescents And Young Adults ◽

University Hospital ◽

International Studies ◽

Suicide Attempters ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Epidemiological Trends

Background: Notwithstanding the epidemiological studies indicating an increased risk of attempted suicide among adolescents and young adults, there is a scarcity of international studies that examine long-term epidemiological trends in rates and characteristics of this vulnerable group. Aims: This article describes the results of a 9-year monitoring study of suicide attempts in adolescents and young adults referred to the Accident and Emergency Department of the Gent University Hospital (Belgium). Methods: Between January 1996 and December 2004, trends, sociodemographic, and methodrelated characteristics of suicide attempts were assessed by a psychiatrist on data sheets. Results: Attempted suicide rates declined from 1996 to 2001 and then rose until 2004, but did not exceed previous rates. During the 9 years of monitoring, there was a preponderance of female suicide attempters, except for 1997. Rates of attempts and of fatal suicide were negatively correlated. Significantly more males than females deliberately injured themselves. Younger attempters, especially females, significantly more often poisoned themselves with analgesics. In nearly one in five attempts, alcohol was used in combination with other methods, and alcohol intake was more commonly observed in older suicide attempters. Nearly half of the adolescents were identified as repeaters. Conclusions: The results of this study warrant further monitoring of trends and characteristics of young suicide attempters.

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Family Type Predicts Mental Health Problems in Young Adults: A Survey of Students at a University in Botswana

SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ◽

10.25159/2415-5829/6823 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Kennedy Amone-P'Olak ◽

Boniface Kealeboga Ramotuana

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Young Adults ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Single Mother ◽

Health Problems ◽

Family Type ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Intact Family ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Family Types

In Africa, the structure of the family is changing rapidly. The effects of this change on mental health remain unknown. This study investigated the extent to which different family types (intact, single-mother, and multiple) predict mental health problems in young adults in Botswana (N = 264, mean age = 21.31, SD = 2.40). In a cross-sectional design, the study sampled students registered at various faculties at the University of Botswana. The revised symptoms checklist (SCL-90-R) was used to assess symptoms of mental health problems (depression, anxiety and hostility). Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95 per cent confidence intervals (CIs) of mental health problems for mother-only and multiple family types relative to the intact family type. Compared to the intact family type, single-mother (OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.21, 4.51) and multiple family types (OR = 1.56; CI: 0.88, 2.78) were associated with an increased risk of depression. For anxiety, the ORs were 2.27 (CI: 1.18, 4.38) and 1.10 (CI: 0.56, 1.82) for single-mother and multiple family types respectively. For hostility, the ORs were 2.60 (CI: 1.34, 5.04), and 0.79 (CI: 0.44, 1.42) for single-mother and multiple family types, respectively. Family types predict mental health problems in young adults and therefore the interventions to mitigate the effects should consider family backgrounds and the ramifications of family types for treatment and care.

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The Role of Health-related Behaviors in Gestational Weight Gain among Women with Overweight and Obesity: A Cross-sectional Analysis

Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1712132 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (06) ◽

pp. 316-324

Author(s):

Daiane Sofia Morais Paulino ◽

Maira Pinho-Pompeu ◽

Fernanda Raikov ◽

Juliana Vasconcellos Freitas-Jesus ◽

Helymar Costa Machado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

The Body ◽

Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Health Related Behaviors ◽

Health Related

Abstract Objective To evaluate the influence of health-related behaviors including food intake, physical activity, sleep time, smoking habits, stress, depression, and optimism on excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) among women with overweight and obesity. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Women's Hospital of the Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil, with 386 mediate postpartum women that fit the inclusion criteria of ≥ 19 years old, first prenatal care visit at or before 14 weeks, and single live baby. Dietary habits, physical exercise practice, sleep duration, smoking and alcohol habits were self-reported. Psychosocial history was evaluated using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R). Sociodemographic, obstetric, anthropometric, and neonatal data were retrieved from medical records. Descriptive statistics and stepwise logistic regression were performed. Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 29.27% and 24.61%, respectively, according to the body mass index (BMI). Excessive GWG was observed in 47.79% of women with overweight and in 45.26% of women with obesity. Excessive GWG among overweight and obese women was associated with inadequate vegetable and bean consumption (odds ratio [OR] = 2.95, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.35–6.46 and OR = 1.91; 95%CI: 1.01–3.63, respectively) and stress (OR = 1.63; 95%CI 1.01–2.64). After adjustment by maternal age, multiparity, sleep duration, smoking, and alcohol intake, we found that stress (PSS ≥ 20) was associated with excessive GWG in women with overweight or obesity (OR: 1.75; 95%CI: 1.03–2.96). Conclusion Among women with overweight and obesity, stress is the main variable associated with excessive GWG. Inadequate vegetables and beans consumption also showed association with excessive GWG.

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Grip strength among Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian adults: a longitudinal study of the effects of birth size and current size

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024749 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. e024749

Author(s):

Timothy Howarth ◽

Belinda Davison ◽

Gurmeet Singh

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Low Birthweight ◽

Indigenous Australians ◽

Birth Size ◽

Indigenous Australian ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Lower Grip

ObjectivesIndigenous Australians are born smaller than non-Indigenous Australians and are at an increased risk of early onset of frailty. This study aimed to identify the relationship between birth size, current size and grip strength, as an early marker of frailty, in Indigenous and non-Indigenous young adults.DesignCross sectional data from two longitudinal studies: Aboriginal birth cohort (Indigenous) and top end cohort (non-Indigenous).SettingParticipants reside in over 40 urban and remote communities across the Northern Territory, Australia.ParticipantsYoung adults with median age 25 years (IQR 24–26); 427 participants (55% women), 267 (63%) were remote Indigenous, 55 (13%) urban Indigenous and 105 (25%) urban non-Indigenous.Outcome measuresReliable birth data were available. Anthropometric data (height, weight, lean mass) and grip strength were directly collected using standardised methods. Current residence was classified as urban or remote.ResultsThe rate of low birthweight (LBW) in the non-Indigenous cohort (9%) was significantly lower than the Indigenous cohort (16%) (−7%, 95% CI −14 to 0, p=0.03). Indigenous participants had lower grip strength than non-Indigenous (women, −2.08, 95% CI −3.61 to –0.55, p=0.008 and men, −6.2, 95% CI −9.84 to –2.46, p=0.001). Birth weight (BW) was associated with grip strength after adjusting for demographic factors for both women (β=1.29, 95% CI 0.41 to 2.16, p=0.004) and men (β=3.95, 95% CI 2.38 to 5.51, p<0.001). When current size (lean mass and body mass index [BMI]) was introduced to the model BW was no longer a significant factor. Lean mass was a positive indicator for grip strength, and BMI a negative indicator.ConclusionsAs expected women had significantly lower grip strength than men. Current size, in particular lean mass, was the strongest predictor of adult grip strength in this cohort. BW may have an indirect effect on later grip strength via moderation of lean mass development, especially through adolescence and young adulthood.

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Screen time exposure and reporting of headaches in young adults: A cross-sectional study

Cephalalgia ◽

10.1177/0333102415620286 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (11) ◽

pp. 1020-1027 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Ilaria Montagni ◽

Elie Guichard ◽

Claire Carpenet ◽

Christophe Tzourio ◽

Tobias Kurth

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Screen Time ◽

Migraine Headache ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Time Exposure ◽

Increased Risk

Objective The objective of this article is to investigate whether excessive screen time exposure is associated with non-migraine headache and migraine in young adults. Background Increased levels of television time have been associated with increased risk of headache. However, time spent using newer electronic devices with a screen (smartphone, tablet) has not been examined yet. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among 4927 participants of the French i-Share cohort. Demographic characteristics, screen time exposure (computers, tablets, smartphones and television) as well as headache/migraine symptoms were recorded in a standardized questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between screen time exposure and headache status. Results Participants had a mean age of 20.8 years and 75.5% were female. The multivariable model showed that students in the highest screen time exposure quintile had an increased risk for migraine. The odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) was 1.37 (1.14 to 1.66) for migraine when compared with students without headache and with low screen time exposure. This association was somewhat stronger for migraine without aura (OR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.89). We found no significant association between screen time exposure and non-migraine headache. Conclusion High levels of screen time exposure are associated with migraine in young adults. No significant association was found with non-migraine headache.

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Analyses of the anthropometric data from the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2001191 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 4 (5a) ◽

pp. 1099-1106 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

SN McCarthy ◽

KE Harrington ◽

M Kiely ◽

A Flynn ◽

PJ Robson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Irish Population ◽

Anthropometric Data ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

High Waist Circumference ◽

The North ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity

AbstractObjectiveTo obtain measured anthropometric data for weight, height and other parameters not previously measured in the Irish population such as waist and hip circumferences and body composition.DesignA cross-sectional survey. Weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference and body composition were measured according to standard procedures.SettingNorthern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, 1997–1999.SubjectsRandom representative sample of 1379 adults aged 18–64 years. Results: With the exception of body fat, all anthropometric values were significantly higher for men than women (P < 0.001). All measurements were significantly higher in the 36–50-year-old age group compared with 18–35 year olds. Height was the exception, which decreased significantly with age (P < 0.05). Weight, height and body mass index (BMI) have increased in Ireland since last measured in 1988 and in 1990. Over the last decade, obesity has increased in men 2.5 fold from 8% to 20% and in women by 1.25 fold from 13% to 16%. Significantly more women have a normal BMI than men (50.4% vs. 33.3%; P < 0.05). Cut-off points for a high waist circumference and high waist-to-hip ratio identified 47% and 33% of the population, respectively, to be at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Social class did not have any significant effect on mean BMI. Location of residence influenced BMI but not in any consistent manner. Ex-smokers had a significantly higher BMI than nonsmokers and smokers (P < 0.05).ConclusionsA revision of current recommendations for combating obesity is warranted to improve the health of the Irish population. Further research is needed to identify the factors that have contributed to the dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity in men over the last decade and have resulted in a higher prevalence of obesity in men than in women.

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Interactions of Lifestyle Factors on the Risk of Anemia Among Taiwanese Adults

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab052_007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1004-1004

Author(s):

Rathi Paramastri ◽

Chien-Yeh Hsu ◽

Hsiu-An Lee ◽

Jane Chao

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Lifestyle Factors ◽

Dietary Habit ◽

Health Examination ◽

Reduced Rank Regression ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk ◽

High Adherence

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the association of lifestyle factors with the risk of anemia among adults in Taiwan. Methods This cross sectional study included 118,924 (43,055 men and 75,869 women) participants aged 20–45 years, who had health examination including blood tests, anthropometric measurements, and questionnaires to collect demographic, lifestyle, and dietary data at Mei Jau (MJ) Health Screening Center between 2000 to 2015. We evaluated the interactive associations of smoking, alcohol drinking, sleeping habit, physical activity, and dietary habit on the risk of anemia among study participants. The multivariable regression analysis was performed to examine the interactive correlations of lifestyle factors on the risk of anemia. Relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) and attributable proportion (AP) were used for the estimation of additive interactions. The dietary pattern was derived by reduced rank regression. Results The anemia-inflammatory dietary pattern was heavily loaded on eggs, meat, organ meats, rice and flour products, fried rice or flour, sugary beverages, fried foods, and processed foods. Participants who actively smoked and had less sleep duration (< 6 hours/day) significantly increased the risk of anemia (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.30, RERI = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.24, AP = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.35, all Pinteraction < 0.05) compared to those who were non-smokers and had longer sleep duration (³ 7 hours/day). In addition, the interaction of less physically active (≤2 hours/week) and high adherence to anemia-inflammatory dietary pattern was positively correlate with the risk of anemia (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.18, RERI = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.34, AP = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.23, all Pinteraction < 0.05). Conclusions Smoking, less sleep duration (<6 hours/day), less physical activity (≤2 hours/week), and high adherence to anemia-inflammatory dietary pattern are associated with an increased risk of anemia. Funding Sources This study had no funding source.

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Metabolic Syndrome Components and the Risk of Pulmonary Nodules: A Cross‐sectional Study in Northern China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-142645/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chengshui Chen ◽

Mingyang Zhu ◽

Xueyu Chen ◽

Yong Zhou ◽

Xiaocheng Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Pulmonary Nodules ◽

Heart Association ◽

Northern China ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Chinese Adults ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Objective: The components of metabolic syndrome have been shown to be associated with lung cancer. Pulmonary nodules (PNs), early predictors of lung cancer, have become common incidental findings with the widespread use of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) but few epidemiological studies have been performed. The present study aimed to determine the association between MetS and/or its components with PNs in Chinese adults.Methods:A total of 3,340 participants (51.4% women) aged 18 years or older were included from the Jidong communities. MetS was defined by the criteria from the American Heart Association, and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI). PNs were detected using LDCT. Results:The prevalence rate of PNs was 19.2% in participants with MetS, while 12.8% in healthy controls (P<0.001). The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence internal (CI) for PNs in participants with elevated blood pressure (≥130/85 mmHg or on drugs for treatment of hypertension) was OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.01–1.51. Compared to individuals without MetS components, the ORs (95% CI) for PNs development among those with 1, 2, and ≥3 MetS components were 1.25 (0.94–1.67), 1.10 (0.82–1.48), and 1.43 (1.08–1.89), respectively (P for trend =0.04). Moreover, individuals with MetS had an approximately 30% increased risk of PNs than those who did not meet the MetS diagnostic criteria (number of MetS components<3) ( OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.03–1.61). Conclusion:The present study suggested that PNs was associated with abnormal MetS components in Chinese adults. Individuals with MetS might have a higher PNs risk than those without MetS.

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The association of sleep duration and metabolic syndrome in the Bandare-Kong cohort study, a cross-sectional survey (finding from PERSIAN cohort study)

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome ◽

10.1186/s13098-021-00737-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shideh Rafati ◽

Maryam Isheh ◽

Abnoos Azarbad ◽

Farhad Ghadiri Soufi ◽

Arash Rahimi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Severity Score ◽

Additive Models ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Short Sleep Duration ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background A variety of health problems, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS), have been linked to sleep disorders. While numerous epidemiological studies have shown a U-shaped relationship between sleep duration and poor health outcomes, the results were limited and inconsistent. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between sleep duration and MetS. Methods This population-based study was conducted on the participants aged 35–70 of Bandare-Kong Non-Communicable Diseases (BKNCD) Cohort Study, a part of Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IrAN (PERSIAN). MetS was diagnosed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria and the Iranian-specific cut-off for waist circumference (≥ 95 cm). Sleep information was extracted through a standard questionnaire based on self-reported information. Data were analyzed by R software using generalized additive models (GAMs). A statistically significant level was considered as P < 0.05. Results A total of 3695 participants were included in the analyses. The mean age was 48.05 years (SD 9.36), and 2067 (55.9%) were female. The estimated Prevalence of MetS was 35.9%, and women appeared to be more likely to have MetS than men (P < 0.001). There was a non-linear and linear association between sleep duration and the risk of MetS in women and men, respectively. The lowest risk was observed among those with 7–7.5 h of sleep duration per night. Conclusion Long sleep duration was associated with increased risk of MetS and higher MetS severity score in both genders, while the short sleep duration increased the risk of Mets as well as MetS severity score just in women. The longitudinal studies would be suggested to assess the relationship between sleep quality and quantity components and MetS.

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