scholarly journals Properties of 3D-printed wood sawdust-reinforced PLA composites

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 5467-5480
Author(s):  
Nasir Narlıoğlu ◽  
Tufan Salan ◽  
Mehmet Hakkı Alma
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Pine Sawdust ◽  
Wood Sawdust ◽  
3D Printed

Thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties of three-dimensional (3D) printed polylactic acid (PLA) composites reinforced with different amounts of waste pine sawdust were investigated. To determine the mechanical properties of the obtained filaments, test samples were produced using a 3D printer according to the mechanical test standards. The filaments that were produced from blends that contained the wood sawdust at the highest level (20%) could be printed via a 3D printer without any problems. According to the results obtained from the mechanical tests, a decrease in the tensile strength values of the composites was observed with the addition of wood sawdust into the neat PLA polymer. On the other hand, it was determined that the flexural strength values of the wood sawdust/PLA composites significantly increased with the addition of the wood sawdust. It was concluded that the waste pine sawdust is a reasonable reinforcement material for the production of composite filament for 3D printing applications and it can be compatibly extruded with PLA polymer. Thus, sawdust can be used as a value-added waste source for the production of high-quality 3D polymeric materials.

scholarly journals Effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed PLA tensile specimens

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1337-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzio Grasso ◽  
Lyes Azzouz ◽  
Paula Ruiz-Hincapie ◽  
Mauro Zarrelli ◽  
Guogang Ren
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Gauge Length ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Relevant Effect ◽  
3D Printed

Purpose Recent advancements of 3D printing technology have brought forward the interest for this technique in many engineering fields. This study aims to focus on mechanical properties of the polylactic acid (PLA) feeding material under different thermal conditions for a typical fusion deposition of 3D printer system. Design/methodology/approach Specimens were tested under static loading within the range 20ºC to 60ºC considering different infill orientations. The combined effect of temperature and filament orientation is investigated in terms of constitutive material parameters and final failure mechanisms. The difference between feeding system before and post-3D printing was also assessed by mechanical test on feeding filament to verify the thermal profile during the deposition phase. Findings The results in terms of Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), strain at failure (εf) and stress at failure (σf) are presented and discussed to study the influence of process settings over the final deposited material. Fracture surfaces have been investigated using an optical microscope to link the phenomenological interpretation of the failure with the micro-mechanical behaviour. Experimental results show a strong correlation between stiffness and strength with the infill orientation and the temperature values. Moreover, a relevant effect is related to deformed geometry of the filament approaching glass transition region of the polymer according to the deposition orientation. Research limitations/implications The developed method can be applied to optimise the stiffness and strength of any 3D-printed composite according to the infill orientation. Practical implications To avoid the failure of specimens outside the gauge length, a previously proposed modification to the geometry was adopted. The geometry has a parabolic profile with a curvature of 1,000 mm tangent to the middle part of the specimen. Originality/value Several authors have reported the stiffness and strength of 3D-printed parts under static and ambient temperature for different build parameters. However, there is a lack of literature on the combination of the latter with the temperature effects on the mechanical properties which this paper covers.

scholarly journals The Impact of Slicing Softwares on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Parts

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-494
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Ultimate Tensile Strength ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Stl File ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Intersection Curves ◽  
The Impact

“Slicing tool” or “Slicing Software” computes the intersection curves of models and slicing planes. They improve the quality of the model being printed when given in the form of STL file. Upon analyzing a specimen that has been printed using two different slicing tools, there was a drastic variation on account of the mechanical properties of the specimen. The ultimate tensile strength and the surface roughness of the material vary from one tool to another. This paper reports an investigation and analysis of the variation in the ultimate tensile strength and the surface roughness of the specimen, given that the 3D printer and the model being printed is the same, with a variation of usage of slicing software. This analysis includes ReplicatorG, Flashprint as the two different slicing tools that are used for slicing of the model. The variation in the ultimate tensile strength and the surface roughness are measured and represented statistically through graphs. An appropriate decisive conclusion was drawn on the basis of the observations and analysis of the experiment on relevance to the behavior and mechanical properties of the specimen.

A physical investigation of dimensional and mechanical characteristics of 3D printed nut and bolt for industrial applications

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Chand ◽  
Vishal S. Sharma ◽  
Rajeev Trehan ◽  
Munish Kumar Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Machine Failure ◽  
Sharp Edges ◽  
3D Printed

Purpose A nut bolt joint is a primary device that connects mechanical components. The vibrations cause bolted joints to self-loosen. Created by motors and engines, leading to machine failure, and there may be severe safety issues. All the safety issues and self-loosen are directly and indirectly the functions of the accuracy and precision of the fabricated nut and bolt. Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies now allow for the production of intricate components. These may be used technologies such as 3D printed bolts to create fasteners. This paper aims to investigate dimensional precision, surface properties, mechanical properties and scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the component fabricated using a multi-jet 3D printer. Design/methodology/approach Multi-jet-based 3D printed nut-bolt is evaluated in this paper. More specifically, liquid polymer-based nut-bolt is fabricated in sections 1, 2 and 3 of the base plate. Five nuts and bolts are fabricated in these three sections. Findings Dimensional inquiry (bolt dimension, general dimensions’ density and surface roughness) and mechanical testing (shear strength of nut and bolt) were carried out throughout the study. According to the ISO 2768 requirements for the General Tolerances Grade, the nut and bolt’s dimensional examination (variation in bolt dimension, general dimensions) is within the tolerance grades. As a result, the multi-jet 3D printing (MJP)-based 3D printer described above may be used for commercial production. In terms of mechanical qualities, when the component placement moves from Sections 1 to 3, the density of the manufactured part decreases by 0.292% (percent) and the shear strength of the nut and bolt decreases by 30%. According to the SEM examination, the density of the River markings, sharp edges, holes and sharp edges increased from Sections 1 to 3, which supports the findings mentioned above. Originality/value Hence, this work enlightens the aspects causing time lag during the 3D printing in MJP. It causes variation in the dimensional deviation, surface properties and mechanical properties of the fabricated part, which needs to be explored.

scholarly journals Alginate/Gelatin Hydrogels Reinforced with TiO2 and β-TCP Fabricated by Microextrusion-based Printing for Tissue Regeneration

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Urruela-Barrios ◽  
Erick Ramírez-Cedillo ◽  
A. Díaz de León ◽  
Alejandro Alvarez ◽  
Wendy Ortega-Lara
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Engineering Applications ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Viscous Deformation ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
3D Printed

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies have become an attractive manufacturing process to fabricate scaffolds in tissue engineering. Recent research has focused on the fabrication of alginate complex shaped structures that closely mimic biological organs or tissues. Alginates can be effectively manufactured into porous three-dimensional networks for tissue engineering applications. However, the structure, mechanical properties, and shape fidelity of 3D-printed alginate hydrogels used for preparing tissue-engineered scaffolds is difficult to control. In this work, the use of alginate/gelatin hydrogels reinforced with TiO2 and β-tricalcium phosphate was studied to tailor the mechanical properties of 3D-printed hydrogels. The hydrogels reinforced with TiO2 and β-TCP showed enhanced mechanical properties up to 20 MPa of elastic modulus. Furthermore, the pores of the crosslinked printed structures were measured with an average pore size of 200 μm. Additionally, it was found that as more layers of the design were printed, there was an increase of the line width of the bottom layers due to its viscous deformation. Shrinkage of the design when the hydrogel is crosslinked and freeze dried was also measured and found to be up to 27% from the printed design. Overall, the proposed approach enabled fabrication of 3D-printed alginate scaffolds with adequate physical properties for tissue engineering applications.

scholarly journals Tensile impact behaviour of 3D printed parts on FFF/FDM printer Zortrax M200

2018 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 04049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ales Mizera ◽  
Martin Bednarik ◽  
Martin Mizera ◽  
Katarina Tomanova ◽  
Martin Mohorko
Keyword(s):  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Material Testing ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Fracture Surface Morphology ◽  
Tensile Impact ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies

To obtain the deeper knowledge about the mechanical behaviour of 3D printed polymeric materials it is necessary to study the material properties from the beginning to the end. The commonly processed polymeric materials (via injection moulding etc.) are already deeply studied and evaluated, but 3D printed specimens in the various orientation build are not yet. In this study the tensile impact test specimens were fabricated via a desktop material extrusion 3D printer Zortrax M200 processing ABS and HIPS in build orientation XY. The 3D printed tensile impact test specimens were examined to compare the effect of layer thickness. Impact pendulum Zwick HIT50P was used for tensile impact tests according to ISO 8256 standard. Optical microscopy was utilized to perform fractography on impact test specimens to explore the effect of the layer thickness on the fracture surface morphology of the failed specimens. This study demonstrates the need for material testing for specific processing as additive manufacturing technologies.

scholarly journals Effect of Selected Commercial Plasticizers on Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(lactic acid)/Plasticizer Biodegradable Blends for Three-Dimensional (3D) Print

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Přemysl Menčík ◽  
Radek Přikryl ◽  
Ivana Stehnová ◽  
Veronika Melčová ◽  
Soňa Kontárová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
3D Print ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Biodegradable Blends

This paper explores the influence of selected commercial plasticizers structure, which are based on esters of citric acid, on mechanical and thermal properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(lactic acid)/Plasticizer biodegradable blends. These plasticizers were first tested with respect to their miscibility with Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(lactic acid) (PHB/PLA) blends using a kneading machine. PHB/PLA/plasticizer blends in the weight ratio (wt %) of 60/25/15 were then prepared by single screw and corotating meshing twin screw extruders in the form of filament for further three-dimensional (3D) printing. Mechanical, thermal properties, and shape stability (warping effect) of 3D printed products can be improved just by the addition of appropriate plasticizer to polymeric blend. The goal was to create new types of eco-friendly PHB/PLA/plasticizers blends and to highly improve the poor mechanical properties of neat PHB/PLA blends (with majority of PHB) by adding appropriate plasticizer. Mechanical properties of plasticized blends were then determined by the tensile test of 3D printed test samples (dogbones), as well as filaments. Measured elongation at break rapidly enhanced from 21% for neat non-plasticized PHB/PLA blends (reference) to 328% for best plasticized blends in the form of filament, and from 5% (reference) to 187% for plasticized blends in the form of printed dogbones. The plasticizing effect on blends was confirmed by Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The study of morphology was performed by the Scanning Electron Microscopy. Significant problem of plasticized blends used to be also plasticizer migration, therefore the diffusion of plasticizers from the blends after 15 days of exposition to 110 °C in the drying oven was investigated as their measured weight loss. Almost all of the used plasticizers showed meaningful positive softening effects, but the diffusion of plasticizers at 110 °C exposition was quite extensive. The determination of the degree of disintegration of selected plasticized blend when exposed to a laboratory-scale composting environment was executed to roughly check the “biodegradability”.

scholarly journals Typography-Like 3D-Printed Templates for the Lithography-Free Fabrication of Microfluidic Chips

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-87
Author(s):  
Wenqiong Su ◽  
Yulong Li ◽  
Lulu Zhang ◽  
Jiahui Sun ◽  
Shuopeng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Processing Time ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Microfluidic Channels ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Microfluidic Chips ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed

Typography-like templates for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic chips using a fused deposition modeling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) printer are presented. This rapid and fast proposed scheme did not require complicated photolithographic fabrication facilities and could deliver resolutions of ~100 μm. Polylactic acid (PLA) was adopted as the material to generate the 3D-printed units, which were then carefully assembled on a glass substrate using a heat-melt-curd strategy. This craft of bonding offers a cost-effective way to design and modify the templates of microfluidic channels, thus reducing the processing time of microfluidic chips. Finally, a flexible microfluidic chip to be employed for cell-based drug screening was developed based on the modularized 3D-printed templates. The lithography-free, typography-like, 3D-printed templates create a modularized fabrication process and promote the prevalence of integrated microfluidic systems with minimal requirements and improved efficiency.

scholarly journals Effect of Saturation and Post Processing on 3D Printed Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds

2008 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 663-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamas D. Szucs ◽  
Dermot Brabazon
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Sodium Phosphate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Surface Topology ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Three Dimensional Printing ◽  
Sodium Phosphate Solution ◽  
3D Printed

Three dimensional printing was investigated for fabricating hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) composite scaffolds using calcium phosphate based ceramics and calcium phosphate cement chemistry. Scaffolds were formed by printing an aqueous sodium phosphate solution on the powder bed consisting of a mixture of dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA) and calcium hydroxide powders. The sodium phosphate solution was functioning as a binder material and also as the initiator of the wet chemical reaction. Compressive mechanical properties of printed samples were examined as a function of saturation level that was inversely proportional to the powder to liquid ratio. To increase mechanical properties and obtain hydroxyapatite and β-TCP composites, the printed samples were sintered. The effect of sintering parameters including dwell time and sintering temperature were also examined. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to examine material composition at different stages of the manufacturing process and to confirm the presence of HA and β-TCP in the final stage. The effect of sintering procedure on the surface topology of the samples was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

scholarly journals The Structure and Mechanical Properties of Ni-Mo PM Steels with Addition of Mn And Cu

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
E. Lichańska ◽  
P. Kulecki ◽  
K. Pańcikiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Nickel Powder ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Alloyed Powder ◽  
Filamentary Structure ◽  
Eds Analysis

Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of chemical composition on the structure and mechanical properties of Mn-Ni-Mo and Ni-Mo-Cu PM steels. Pre-alloyed powder Astaloy 85Mo, diffusion alloyed powders Distaloy AQ and Distaloy AB produced by Höganäs, low carbon ferromanganese, carbonyl nickel powder T255 with three-dimensional filamentary structure and graphite CU-F have been used as the basic powders. Three mixtures with compositions of Fe-1%Mn-(0.5/1.75)%Ni-(0.5/0.85)%Mo-0.8%C and Fe-1.75%Ni-0.5%Mo-1.5%Cu-0.8%C were prepared in a Turbula mixer. Green compacts were single pressed in a steel die at 660 MPa according to PN-EN ISO 2740 standard. Sinterhardening was carried out at 1250°C in a mixture of 95% N2+5% H2 for 60 minutes. Mechanical tests (tensile, bend, hardness) and microstructural investigations were performed. Additionally, XRD and EDS analysis, fractographic investigations were carried out. The microstructures of steels investigated were mainly bainitic or bainitic-martensitic. Addition 1% Mn to Distaloy AQ based steel caused increase of tensile properties (YS from 422 to 489 MPa, UTS from 522 to 638 MPa, TRS from 901 to 1096 MPa) and decrease of plasticity (elongation from 3.65 to 2.84%).

scholarly journals MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR COMPOSITE MATERIALS USING COMMERCIAL EPOXY RESINS AND DIFFERENT FILLERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 179-185
Author(s):  
Omar A. Amin ◽  
S. A. Hassan ◽  
M. A. Sadek ◽  
M. A. Radwan ◽  
Hany A. Elazab
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Diglycidyl Ether ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Polymeric Chain ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Different Types

Epoxy resins are thermoset polymers that consist of epoxide groups in their molecular structure. It shows many attractive characteristics like strong adhesion, excellent mechanical strength, low shrinkage, excellent insulator, excellent chemical stability for acidic and basic environments, and microbial resistance due to the presence of hydroxyl groups and ether bonds and its three-dimensional structure. Many of these characteristics can be modified by adding strong bindings in the polymeric chain to give more improved characteristics. This research aims to prepare a composite material using epoxy resin and different types of fillers to achieve resistance to high kinetic energy impact. Experimental work is focused on preparing cured epoxy resin samples by using diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) resin with tertiary amine as a hardener. In order to obtain different samples with different properties, we add different types of fillers, then mechanical tests are used to measure the mechanical properties of the samples. The results have proved that fiberglass is the best filler added to epoxy resins to improve its mechanical properties.

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