scholarly journals Irish Lithuanian L1: Vocabulary Size and Signs of Its Attrition

2020 ◽  
pp. 116-132
Author(s):  
Eglė Vaisėtaitė
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
University Education ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Lower Education ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Insight Into

Sociolinguistic research shows that Lithuanians in the diaspora notice changes in their mother tongue, especially vocabulary. Therefore, there is a need to study L1 vocabulary attrition in the Lithuanian diaspora. Since one of the main directions of current emigration is Ireland, this article seeks to answer the question of whether the signs of vocabulary attrition can be observed in the language of the first generation of Lithuanian emigrants living in Ireland, and to provide some insight into what factors might influence this trend. This paper describes and analyzes the results of the vocabulary size test of 100 Lithuanians living in Ireland and the answers to the questions of a sociolinguistic survey. The survey involved adults who left Lithuania at the age of 12 or older and consider Lithuanian as their mother tongue. The data of the target group are compared with the data of Lithuanians living in Lithuania (LL) (100 respondents). The results of both groups are compared by applying the T test, and the influence of sociolinguistic factors on vocabulary is estimated by applying regression analysis.The results have revealed that the Irish Lithuanian (IL) vocabulary is smaller than that of Lithuanians living in Lithuania (in average 60,300 and 62,100 words, respectively), and this difference is statistically significant (p = 0.048). The empirical analysis has revealed that education does not affect the size of the IL vocabulary but is significant for the LL vocabulary. The difference in vocabulary size between the IL and LL groups is mainly due to the results of those with higher university education, while the results of those with lower education are very similar in the two groups. However, the IL vocabulary positively correlates with the age of the respondents at the time of the survey (p = 0.01) and the age at the time of emigration (p = 0.006). Thus, it can be assumed that the IL vocabulary continued growing while the respondents were still living in Lithuania, but after emigration their L1 vocabulary stopped increasing. Lack of communication in Lithuanian with people in Lithuania has a negative impact on the respondents’ L1 vocabulary. Considering these results, it can be argued that there are signs of vocabulary attrition in Irish Lithuanian L1.

The Word Class Adjective in English Business Magazines Online

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-115
Author(s):  
Borislav Marušić ◽  
Sanda Katavić-Čaušić
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Business English ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
English Syntax ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract The aim of this paper is to research the word class adjective in one sequence of the ESP: Business English, more precisely English business magazines online. It is an empirical study on the corpus taken from a variety of business magazines online. The empirical analysis allows a comprehensive insight into the word class adjective in this variety of Business English and makes its contribution to English syntax, semantics and word formation. The syntactic part analyses the adjective position in the sentence. The semantic part of the study identifies the most common adjectives that appear in English business magazines online. Most of the analysis is devoted to the word formation of the adjectives found in the corpus. The corpus is analysed in such a way that it enables its division into compounds, derivatives and conversions. The results obtained in this way will give a comprehensive picture of the word class adjective in this type of Business English and can act as a starting point for further research of the word class adjective.

Comparison of Cognitive Performance Between Two Generations of Immigrant School-Aged Children: Child Development Change Over Time

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-140
Author(s):  
Sandra Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Immigrant Students ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Equivalent Age ◽  
Primary And Secondary Education ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Development Change ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
The Difference

The objective of this research is to comparatively analyze the performance of two generations of children (as first generation of immigrants) attending primary and secondary education in different geographical areas, evaluated in different decades but with equivalent age brackets. Two samples of 169 immigrant school populations in Portugal, with fair immigration criteria, were evaluated for the same verbal reasoning and auditory discrimination tasks in different periods (cohort 1—2001–2009 and cohort 2—2013–2017). The aim is to verify if age remains a differentiating variable of the performance and acuity, as maintained by the critical period hypothesis. That performance referring to two samples evaluated in second language decoding tasks, in different periods. Additionally, to evaluate the emergence of other factors that explain proficiency, cognitive and linguistic discrimination behaviors of two generations of immigrant students in Portugal. The results contribute to a new direction in the analysis and intervention for school groups that are highly diverse in terms of mother tongue and nationalities. The data point to a greater divergence of performance and difficulties not according only to the disparity of ages, but considering the nationality (country of origin and respective educational system). It is also clear, despite just the difference of a decade, how subjects are changing their immigration routes and their cognitive and social development.

Degrees of pragmaticalization

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tine Defour ◽  
Ulrique D'Hondt ◽  
Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen ◽  
Dominique Willems
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
English Word ◽  
French Word ◽  
French And English ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Insight Into

Despite their formal resemblance, the English word ‘actually’ and the French word actuellement fulfil very different semantic-pragmatic functions in their present-day usage. In most cases they are ‘false friends’, as they overlap in meaning in a very limited number of contexts only. Since these words can — directly or indirectly (through borrowing) — be traced back to the same origin, their present-day meanings indicate that the words have followed different paths of change. It is the aim of the present article to trace the semantic-pragmatic developments of these words through a detailed examination of the discursive contexts in which they have occurred from their first attestations in the languages concerned until the present time. In this way, the subtle transitions from one meaning to another are laid bare. In addition, the cross-linguistic perspective offers insight into how polysemy may develop in different directions. The analyses are based on French and English monolingual corpus data, both synchronic and diachronic. In addition, translation corpus data provide further evidence for the semantics of the two adverbs. The results of the empirical analysis are interpreted within the framework of pragmaticalization and (inter)subjectification.

scholarly journals Maintenance of Hokkien Language by Its Speakers in Medan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Linda Wijaya ◽  
Amrin Saragih ◽  
Zainuddin Zainuddin
Keyword(s):  
Field Survey ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
National Language ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Language Status ◽  
Young Family ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Descriptive Method

Indonesia is famous for various culture that attracts many tourists from several part of the world to have a visit. Besides having numerous culture, Indonesia is flourished with different ethnics, too, such as the Javanese, the Bataknese, the Indian and the Chinese. Every ethnic speak with different language, but formally the national language is Indonesian language. In this study, the researcher, who derives from Chinese ethnic and resides in Medan, has taken interest in preserving her mother tongue which is Hokkien language. Hokkien language is an informal language which is used by the Hokkien speakers to communicate with one another. In maintaining language, the researcher focuses on the phenomena that happens lately, the researcher feels that Hokkien language is not important for some of the young family in Medan, they teach their children the other language that develops immensely throughout people life. Even though some still maintain Hokkien language, the researcher feels that children do not put any interest in speaking their mother tongue. This will give negative impact to the language existence. The problem in this study is concerned with factors influencing the preservation of Hokkien language. The presentation of the data described in qualitative descriptive method and this study conducted through field survey with interviews and observation. The findings revealed that there are two kinds of language maintenance between young speakers and old speakers. The former has lesser effort in maintaining the language, while the latter has stronger effort. Despite the difference, all of Hokkien speakers still make use of the language in their daily activities. Other factors are the language status of Hokkien language as the mother tongue as well as the identity of Hokkien ethnic, the pride of the culture, and the solidary among Hokkien speakers.

ICT SMEs, Performance, Absorptive Capacity and Transformative Capacity

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-188
Author(s):  
Yeon-Sung Cho ◽  
Kyung-Il Khoe
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Market Orientation ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Absorptive Capacity ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Transformative Capacity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Innovative Capacity

This study intends to integrate the relationship of market orientation, innovative capacity and firm performance to Information and Communication Technology(ICT) SMEs. The purpose of this study is to identify the role of absorptive capacity and transformative capacity that affect the performance of ICT SMEs. Hypotheses were established between five latent variables. A total of six hypotheses were established including the moderated effects of absorptive capacity and transformative capacity. Of the data collected after the survey, 112 valid surveys were selected as the final sample, except for 17 questionnaires with high non - response and insincere response. The empirical analysis of this study used smartpls3.0, Partial Least Squares (PLS), a variance-based structural equation modeling. The empirical analysis of this study revealed that the impact of market orientation on innovative capacity was significant. Moreover, the innovative capacity had a positive effect on the performance of ICT SMEs. In addition, the absorptive activity had a positive moderated effect between the market orientation and the innovative capacity. On the other hand, the transformative capacity showed a positive moderated effect in relation to innovative capacity and firm performance. Our empirical results have demonstrated the importance of knowledge based capacity in the ICT SMEs.

On the Major Differences between the Banking Systems of the EAEU States

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-406
Author(s):  
T. E. Chekanova
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Banking Regulation ◽  
Member States ◽  
Banking Systems ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Major Factors

The presented study examines the problems of integration of the national banking systems of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).Aim. The study aims to examine the major differences in various aspects of functioning of banking systems in the EAEU member states in terms of their impact on integration processes.Tasks. The author identifies the most prominent features of the banking systems of the EAEU states; reveals the depth of the existing differences through a comparative analysis of various indicators of national banking systems; outlines ways of overcoming integration problems associated with differences in the banking sectors of the Union states.Methods. This study is based on universal general scientific methods and elements of comparative, functional, and economic analysis within the framework of a systems approach. The author uses regulatory documents and banking reports of the EAEU states, statistical and analytical materials of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC), and data of Moody’s international rating agency.Results. The study identifies a number of aspects that contain the major differences in the functioning of banking systems in the EAEU member states; highlights the disproportions in the scale, level of development, financial stability, and risks of the banking spheres of the Union states; comparatively analyzes the proportion of banking and non-banking structures in the system and the share of the government and non-resident companies in the capital of banks; marks the difference in the pricing of banking services; determines differences in the existing approaches to banking regulation and the established standards; analyzes the major differences in the legislative acts of the central banks and governments of the EAEU member states and in the terms and definitions used. According to the results of the study, the major factors hindering the development of integration processes between the banking systems of the EAEU states are identified.Conclusions. The existing differences between the banking systems of the EAEU countries are diverse and multifaceted. The author states that the aspects addressed in this study have a significant negative impact on the further development of integration processes, describing the major directions and actions of the member states aimed at minimizing the exiting differences, which are required to facilitate the convergence of the states and the transition towards a common financial market.

Inheritance of Some Morphological Characteristics of Parental Lines in Mustard-Rape Hybrid

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-30
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Hybrid Plant ◽  
Distant Hybridization ◽  
Degree Of Dominance ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Row Width ◽  
The Difference

Distant hybridization is known to play an important role in expanding the gene pool of any crop. It is believed that the combination of different genomes in one nucleus, as a rule, is accompanied by the phenomenon of “genomic shock”, resulting in a variety of genetic and epigenetic changes. This provides a wealth of material for the selection of genotypes adapted to different environmental conditions. Interspecific hybrids in different combinations were obtained in the genus Brassica, however, until now, interest in distant hybridization in this genus has not died out, since such important crops as rapeseed and mustard demand an improvement of many important agronomic traits. The aim of this work was to study the degree of manifestation of morphological characters of a leaf, flower, and plant as a whole in the hybrid obtained by crossing of brown mustard of the variety Slavyanka and a collection specimen of spring rape. Seeds were sown in the spring of 2019 in a field with 30 cm row width. During the flowering period a number of morphological characters of a flower, leaf, and the whole plant were analyzed. Each parameter was evaluated with 10 plants. The degree of dominance in first-generation hybrid was calculated by the formula of Beil, Atkins (1965). The dominance coefficients were not determined in the case when the difference between the parental samples was insignificant. Differences between parental samples were determined by Student t-test. The level of heterosis was calculated according to the formula of Rasul et al (2002). In a mustard-rapeseed hybrid, the size of the leaves of the lower row was inherited by the type of rapeseed, which had larger leaves than mustard. The height of the hybrid plant was inherited by the type of mustard (hp = 1.32, Ht = 4.89%), and intermediate inheritance was observed for the length of the internodes (hp = -0.48). The size of the flower petals and sepals was inherited by the type of rapeseed, and significant heterosis was observed for the length of the pistil (Ht = 33.57%). The data obtained are of interest for understanding the interaction of genes of different genomes in the genus Brassica.

Capital Structure and Earnings per Share: An Empirical Analysis of Indian Corporate Sector

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvinder Singh Mand ◽  
Manjit Singh
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Corporate Sector ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Earnings Per Share ◽  
Panel Data Regression ◽  
Data Regression ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

This paper intends to measure the impact of capital structure on EPS (earnings per share) in Indian corporate sector. Fifteen control variables along with capital structure have been selected to know their impact on EPS. Panel data regression has been applied to establish the relationship among dependent and independent variables. It is found from the empirical analysis that the relation of capital structure with EPS has been statistically insignificant in Indian corporate sector among all specific industries except telecommunication industry. The results are consistent with Modigliani-Miller approach.

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