scholarly journals Formulation development of topical antibacterial lotion with theobroma cacao pod husk ash extract for treatment of shaving bumps

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-24
Author(s):  
Hannah O Akinrotohun ◽  
Ayobami O Oyedele ◽  
Oluwatoyin A Igbeneghu ◽  
Lara O Orafidiya
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Shea Butter ◽  
Formulation Development ◽  
Citrate Buffer ◽  
Topical Antibacterial ◽  
Shea Tree

The aims of this study were to determine the emulsifying properties of Theobroma cacao pod husk ash (CPHA) methanolic extract combined with shea butter and explore the antibacterial activities and physicochemical characteristics of resulting emulsions toward the development of a topical antibacterial lotion formulation for shaving bumps treatment. The ash resulting from combustion of pod husks of freshly harvested ripe cocoa fruits was extracted with methanol and the extract evaporated to dryness. Shea butter was also extracted by traditional method from kernels from the shea tree. These natural-source materials were combined with pharmaceutical ingredients (buffer, viscosity enhancer, preservative) to develop fluid emulsion formulations. Stability characteristics (droplet size, viscosity, creaming, and pH) of the formulations were evaluated as well as their antibacterial activities against microorganisms isolated from after-shave bump swabs of adult male volunteers and against reference organisms; in order to select product(s) of best qualities suitable as shaving bumps medication. The prototype formulations exhibited suitable physicochemical properties and demonstrated inhibitory activities against several isolated shaving bump microbes and the reference organisms namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Two formulations were finally selected as having physicochemical and antibacterial qualities most suitable for shaving bumps therapy, which contained shea butter (20%), citrate buffer (5%), and parabens (0.3%), prepared using 5% CPHA extract solution with and without methyl cellulose (2%), respectively. The novel shea butter-incorporated emulsion-lotion formulations of CPHA extract provide a useful therapeutic option of topical medication for the treatment of shaving bumps in men.

scholarly journals Effect of Polymers on the Pharmaco-mechanical Properties of Direct Compressed Tablets with Ketoprofen

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-244
Author(s):  
Monica Iliuta Stamate ◽  
Ciprian Stamate ◽  
Daniel Timofte ◽  
Bogdan Ciuntu ◽  
Carmen Gafitanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Direct Compression ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Compression Method ◽  
Drug Substances ◽  
Polymeric Binders ◽  
Made In

In this study, the effect of polymers on the mechanical properties of ketoprofen extended drug release systems were studied. Many polymers are added in formulation of compressed tablets in order to improve the physicochemical characteristics of the drug release system. The samples were made in the form of cylindrical tablet about 9 mm in diameter, containing different mixtures of drug substances and excipients acording to seven formulations. Cylindrical tablets containing mixtures of ketoprofen and various types of polymers are made by direct compression method. Among the binders used were a series of different polymers like Kollidon va 64, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose. Mechanical parameters such as hardness, mechanical strenght, friability and roughness were studied in order to determine how they are influenced by polymeric binders.

scholarly journals Physicochemical characteristics of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) soils in Colombia: Are they adequate to improve productivity?

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Clara Esperanza León-Moreno ◽  
Jairo Rojas-Molina ◽  
Carlos E. Castilla-Campos
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Reference Table ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

In Colombia, cacao farms are located mainly in areas with edaphoclimatic limitations. The predominant soil fertility characteristics from small cacao farms in 13 provinces were evaluated. A total of 635 soil samples (0-20 cm) were taken between 2011 and 2013 from the main cacao producer regions in Colombia. The number of samples was assigned based on the regional cacao production. The resulting data were analyzed with a linear regression model using pH as the dependent variable and soil chemical and physical parameters as the independent variables. Soil texture ranged between 14 and 40% clay, and 31 and 65% sand. Bulk density ranged between 1.07 and 1.28 Mg m-3 with a calculated porosity between 48.8 and 55.0%. There was no evidence of soil compaction. The national pH ranged between 3.9 and 7.9 and was negatively correlated with Al+3 content (R2 = 0.68) and Al saturation (R2 = 0.80) and redicts Al saturation in the range of available Al up to pH >5.2- 5.5. In this range, available P (as P2O5) was lower than 12 mg kg-1 and was accepted as a minimum value for a sustainable production. With 4.0 cmolc kg-1 of Ca and 60% saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC). A minimum ECEC is proposed at 6.0 cmolc kg-1. A reference table for soils in Colombia is proposed as a guide for the establishment and management of productive and sustainable plantations.

Genome sequence of Aspergillus flavus A7, a marine-derived fungus with antibacterial activity

Genome ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaru Gao ◽  
Xinyang Du ◽  
Huanhuan Li ◽  
Ying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Genome Comparison ◽  
Marine Microorganisms ◽  
Sequencing Platform

Due to the specific properties of the marine environment, marine microorganisms have exclusive physicochemical characteristics that are different from those of terrestrial microorganisms, which can produce various secondary metabolites (SMs) with considerable structural diversity and biological activity. In this study, three strains of coepiphytic Aspergillus with potential antibacterial activities, A7 (Aspergillus flavus), B27 (Aspergillus flavipes) and R12 (Aspergillus sydowii), were isolated from the South China Sea. Via the Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform, the genomes of the three strains were sequenced, and genome comparison showed the highest diversity of the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in A7. Meanwhile, a comparison of physiological and genomic characteristics between A7 and other Aspergillus flavus strains demonstrated the superior environmental adaptability of A7, which is apparently consistent with the genetic richness of BGCs. By assigning reads to known BGCs, putative BGCs were allocated in A7 that corresponded to various SMs, including naphthopyrone, pyranonigrin E, cyclopiazonic acids, etc. Based on gene homology analysis, we surmise that a region is involved in the biosynthesis of ustiloxin-like RiPPs, a less thoroughly studied SM in fungi. Our results provide genetic information for the investigation of marine Aspergillus sp., which may help to elucidate their chemical diversity and adaptive strategies.

scholarly journals Negotiating across difference: Gendered exclusions and cooperation in the shea value chain

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlène Elias ◽  
Seema Arora-Jonsson
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Shea Butter ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Niche Market ◽  
Shea Tree ◽  
Private Actors

Shea butter, derived from the African shea tree, has acquired a pivotal position in global agro-food and cosmetics industries. In Burkina Faso, public and private actors as well as civil society are converging upon the product to boost the incomes of rural female producers. As a result of these trends, the shea value chain is increasingly segmented; shea nuts are sold in a low-return, conventional market and simultaneously enter an alternative, high-value niche market. In the latter strand of the value chain, some producers are improving their prospects by forming an association. Tracing relationships across the two strands, we demonstrate how ‘horizontal’ relations based on gender, ethnicity, age and geography contribute to shaping participation and benefit capture in the shea value chain. We argue that processes of social inclusion and exclusion operate in parallel, as differentiated actors both cooperate and compete to secure their place within the chain. While collective organizing brings positive social and economic benefits, we show that producers’ associations need not be empowering for all women. The significance of collective enterprises, but also their drawbacks must be considered when valorising pathways to women's empowerment. Our study reinforces calls for greater integration of horizontal elements in value chain analyses.

African Shea Butter: A Feminized Subsidy from Nature

Africa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlène Elias ◽  
Judith Carney
Keyword(s):  
West African ◽  
Knowledge Systems ◽  
African Women ◽  
Shea Butter ◽  
Vitellaria Paradoxa ◽  
Shea Tree ◽  
Traditional Agroforestry ◽  
International Sales ◽  
Agroforestry Practices

AbstractThe shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) is indigenous to Africa's Sudano-Sahelian region and crucial to savanna ecosystems and peoples. African women have long collected, marketed and transformed shea nuts into a multipurpose butter. The growing global trade in shea butter destined for the Western food and cosmetics industries thus represents an opportunity to bolster impoverished female incomes. However, such international sales are also prompting changes in the west African shea landscape. This article examines the role of shea as a female heritage in Burkina Faso, West Africa's largest shea exporter. It focuses on the knowledge systems informing the management, conservation and processing of shea. It also considers the effects of global shea commercialization on the maintenance of traditional agroforestry practices, tenure rights, and butter-making techniques. In so doing, the article illuminates the cultural and botanical heritage of shea as well as the significance of this species in biodiversity protection, African natural heritages and female knowledge systems.

scholarly journals The Effect of Landscape Altitude on Antibacterial activities in Ethanolic Extract of Cocoa leaf (Theobroma cacao)

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 242-246
Author(s):  
Rasidah
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Cocoa is one of the leading plantation commodities in Indonesia. The part of cocoa trees that can be found in abundance is the leaf. The leaves cut out of cocoa trees are utilized by some farmers in composting, when in fact cocoa leaves have a great potential to be processed into health care products. The present study aims to determine the effect of high altitude landscape on antibacterial activities in ethanolic extract of cocoa leaves (Theobroma cacao, L). For the experiment, we employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) that is divided into 3 treatments—Aqua Dest (Control), ethanolic extract of high-altitude cocoa leaves (P1), and ethanolic extract of low-altitude cocoa leaves (P2)—repeated 5 times. The results show that the largest resistance zones of Eschericia coli and staphylococcus aureus are created by ethanolic extract of high-altitude cocoa leaves with the size of 19.96 mm and 20.52 mm, respectively. Our ANOVA test shows that extracts of both high- and low-altitude cocoa leaves have an effect on the growth of S.aureus (P = 0,000) and E. coli (P = 0,000) bacteria. From Duncan’s test we can conclude that ethanolic extract of high-altitude cocoa leaves differs significantly (P<0.05) from its lower altitude counterpart in inhibiting the growth of E.coli and S.aureus bacteria.

scholarly journals A SHEA BUTTER RICH IN TOCOPHEROLS (VITAMIN E) AT THE DOGON PLATEAU AND SENO BANKASS IN MALI (WEST AFRICA)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bokary Allaye Kelly ◽  
Fabrice Davrieux ◽  
Jean-Marc Bouvet
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Tocopherol Content ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Shea Butter ◽  
Vitellaria Paradoxa ◽  
Chocolate Industry ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Shea Tree

Vitellaria paradoxa, a forest tree species plays an important role for rural populations in Mali. The kernel is rich in fat, fatty acids and tocopherols and the butter extrated from the kernel is used in many African kitchens, in pharmacology, cosmetics, local traditional medicine and as Chocolate Butter Equivalent (CBE) in chocolate industry. A consortium funded by the Europena Union has worked on several aspects of shea tree including chemical characterisation of shea butter. In Mali, one of the project partners, five sites were selected, fruits were collected from selected shea trees and sent to Montpellier for chemical analyses assessing among other variables the tocopherol content of the shea butter using liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results of this study shown that shea butter from the Dogon Plateau and the Seno Bankass is richer in tocopherols (Vitamin E) compared to other study sites. Sites were found significantly different for tocopherols content all together as well as for each type of tocopherol. The richness of shea butter from the Dogon Plateau and the Seno Bankass in tocopherols confers to it an important nutritional value for the good healf of rural populations of this zone, shea butter being the main source of fat for cooking in this area.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF FAST DISSOLVING ORAL FILMS OF RANITIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (06) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
B.V. Ramana ◽  
◽  
C Triveni ◽  
G Nagarajan ◽  
T.E.G.K. Murthy
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Drug Release Profile ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Film Formulation ◽  
Oral Films

The aim of this study was to develop an innovative fast dissolving oral film of Ranitidine HCl based on polymers such as Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose-E6, Hypromellose-E3 LV, and Polyvinyl alcohol. Trials on various concentrations of polymers were conducted in order to optimize polymer concentration and develop the films with best suitability and acceptability. The various concentrations of super disintegrating agents like Crospovidone, Croscarmellose sodium and Sodium Starch Glycolate were evaluated. The fast dissolving oral films were characterized for weight, thickness, folding endurance, disintegration and dissolution using in vitro experimentations. The effect of super disintegrating agents on drug release profile and film forming properties was investigated. The prepared films exhibited satisfactory physicochemical characteristics. Finally, it is concluded that Ranitidine can be formulated with Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose-E6, Hypromellose-E3 LV, and Polyvinyl Alcohol polymers to achieve oral film formulation by using solvent casting method.

Drug Excipient Compatibility, Development and Preliminary Clinical Studies of Tizanidine Hydrochloride Floating Drug Delivery System

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5334-5342
Author(s):  
Kishan V ◽  
Swathi Yambadi ◽  
Ramesh Bomma
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Matrix Tablets ◽  
Gastric Retention ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Floating Tablets

The objective of this investigation was to develop formulation of floating matrix tablets of tizanidine HCl to prolong the gastric residence time by using hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K15M) or xanthan gum as sole release retardant and to check the clinical response. The drug-excipients compatibility studies were conducted using DSC and also by visual observation. Incorporation of NaHCO3 in the formulation resulted incompatibility with drug and therefore, the composition was modified by replacing NaHCO3 with CaCO3 in remaining formulations. Floating matrix tablets of tizanidine were developed by direct compression method and the developed ten formulations exhibited satisfactory physicochemical characteristics and in-vitro buoyancy. Formulation (F9) was selected as optimized formulation based on physicochemical characters, in-vitro buoyancy and drug release, and was used in in-vivo radiographic studies in human volunteers by incorporating BaSO4. In radiographic studies, the gastric retention time of floating tablets was found to be 4 ± 0.86 h (n=3). Optimized floating tablets (F9) were used to know the clinical effects in patients suffering from spasticity under the observation of clinician. The optimized tizanidine HCl floating matrix tablets were developed and found to have gastric retention behaviour in stomach and further were found to have good clinical effects in patients suffering from spasticity during preliminary clinical studies.

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