scholarly journals Antibacterial and Fungicidal Activity of Guanidinium Oligomers

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
M.Ya. Vortman ◽  
◽  
Zh.P. Kopteva ◽  
A.E. Kopteva ◽  
D.R. Abdulina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Alkyl Radical ◽  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Microscopic Fungi ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Alkyl Radicals ◽  
Inhibition Zones

Guanidinium oligomers are a poorly studied class of organic compounds and attract attention due to their antimicrobial properties. Strengthening the antimicrobial properties and simplifying and reducing the cost of the synthesis of these compounds is promising for obtaining functional guanidine-containing oligomers with alkyl radicals of different lengths in their composition. The aim of this work is to study the bactericidal and fungicidal activities of newly synthesized oligomeric guanidinium bromides with alkyl radicals of various lengths. Methods. The synthesis of tetraalkyl-substituted guanidine-containing oligomers with an aromatic and aliphatic oligoether component was carried out by the reaction of guanidine-containing oligomers with terminal guanidine fragments and alkyl bromides (Alk=-C3H7, -C7H15, -C10H21) at a molar ratio (1:4) of components. Different types of microorganisms (clinical isolates, gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria, microscopic fungi) were used as test cultures to determine the biocidal activity of the obtained compounds. The bacteria were grown on meat-peptone agar for 48 hours, micromycetes – on beer wort agar (6°B) for 14 days. The hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria and micromycetes were incubated at a temperature of 28±2°C, and clinical bacterial isolates – at a temperature of 37±2°C. Antimicrobial activity of oligomers was determined by the standard disco-diffusion method, and fungicidal – by the method of wells in agar. Results. Tetraalkyl-substituted guanidinium bromide oligomers with various radicals (-C3H7, -C7H15, -C10H21) were obtained and their bactericidal and fungicidal activity against various groups of microorganisms was shown. It was found that the obtained oligomers at a concentration of 1–3% in aqueous solution inhibited the growth of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrobial and fungicidal properties depended on the length of the alkyl radical, and as its length increased, the diameter of growth inhibition zones of bacteria and micromycetes were increased. For 3% solutions of tetraalkyl-substituted guanidine oligomer with aromatic oligoepoxide (Alk=-C10H21), the growth inhibition zones of bacteria were 18–21 mm. The bactericidal effect of oligomer based on aromatic oligoepoxide with alkyl radicals Alk=-C7H15, -C10H21 was 20–25% higher than that for variants with aliphatic oligoepoxide. All the tetraalkyl-substituted (Alk=-C7H15, -C10H21) guanidine-containing oligomers at a concentration of 1% solution showed fungicidal activity to almost all micromycetes, the growth inhibition zones for microscopic fungi on the 7th day were 7–20 mm. The largest growth inhibition zones of micromycetes (in the range 15–20 mm) were observed for oligomers with aromatic oligoepoxide and radicals Alk=-C10H21 and -C7H15 and aliphatic oligoepoxide with radical Alk=-C10H21 (in the range 15–20 mm). Conclusions. The length of the alkyl radical and the nature of the oligoether component affected the bactericidal and fungicidal properties of newly synthesized oligomers. With an increase of the length of the alkyl radical of guanidine-containing oligomers, their bactericidal and fungicidal properties increase, tetralkyl-containing oligomers are promising for use as disinfectants for indoor treatment and as additives in polymer compositions to protect them from bio-damage.

Bactericidal and Fungicidal Activity of Polyetherguanidinium Chloride

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
M.Ya. Vortman ◽  
◽  
Yu.B. Pysmenna ◽  
A.I. Chuenko ◽  
A.V. Rudenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Microscopic Fungi ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Wide Range

There is information in the literature about the salts of polyhexamethylene guanidine (PGMG), which are effective biocidal and sterilizing drugs and disinfectants due to the wide range of their antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis), viruses, and fungi. The aim of this work is to study the bactericidal and fungicidal activity of the synthesized polyetherguanidinium chloride against a number of bacteria and microscopic fungi. Methods. Cultivation of microorganisms. Bacteria were grown on meat-peptone agar for 48 hours at a temperature of 28±2°C. Test cultures of micromycetes were cultured on beer wort agar (6°B), incubated for 14 days in a thermostat at a temperature of 28±2°C. Antimicrobial activity of newly synthesized polyetherguanidinium chloride was determined by standard disco-diffusion method, and fungicidal activity was determined by agar diffusion method. Results. The synthesis of polyetherguanidinium chloride was carried out in two stages. The first stage was the synthesis of a guanidinium-containing oligoether with terminal guanidine moieties by the reaction between an aromatic oligoepoxide and guanidine. The second stage was the synthesis of polyetherguanidinium chloride by the reaction between a guanidinium-containing oligoether with terminal guanidine moieties and oligooxyethylenediamine. The bactericidal and fungicidal activity of polyetherguanidinium chloride against various heterotrophic bacteria and microscopic fungi has been shown. It was found that polyetherguanidinium chloride at concentrations of 1–3% inhibited the growth of gram-negative (Escherichia coli 475, Klebsiella pneumonia 479) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus 451) bacteria. The proposed 1% solution of polyetherguanidinium chloride shows a 1.5 times higher antimicrobial activity than the polymeric disinfectant polyhexamethyleneguanidinium chloride for E. coli 475 and K. pneumoniae 479 bacteria and lower antimicrobial activity for S. aureus 451 bacteria. According to the obtained data, it was noted that polyetherguanidinium chloride at a concentration of 1% had a high fungicidal activity against almost all investigated isolates: Aspergillus versicolor F-41250, Acremoneum humicola F-41252, Acremoneum roseum F-41251, Cladosporium sphaerospermum F-41255, Paecilomyces lilacinus F-41256 and Scopulariopsis candida F-41257. Conclusions. Received polyetherguanidinium chloride at a concentration of 1% showed bactericidal activity against S. aureus 451, E. coli 475, K. pneumoniae 479 and fungicidal effect to all fungi studied by us, and so can be used as a disinfectant for building materials.

scholarly journals The Carpathian lingonberry, raspberry and blackberry fruit extracts feature variable antimicrobial efficiency

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Emőke Mihok ◽  
Éva György ◽  
Endre Máthé
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Antimicrobial Effects ◽  
Fruit Extracts ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Wild Berries

Wild berry is an excellent source of phytonutrients and/or bioactive compounds associated with significant therapeutic properties, so that they have been utilized in folk medicine and traditional nutrition throughout centuries. Multiple health-promoting effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-heart and coronary disease properties were attributed to such wild berries. It has also been proved that berries could feature antimicrobial effects that could be of a great importance for the prevention of food-feed poisoning and fighting back antibiotic resistance. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial properties of lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) crude and ethanolic extracts prepared from fruits obtained from the spontaneous flora of Eastern Carpathian Mountains situated in Transylvania. The antimicrobial effect of crude and alcoholic extracts were assessed on four Gram-negative, five Gram-positive bacteria and one yeast species using the agar diffusion method. The studied bacteria can cause food or feed spoilage and foodborne diseases. Our results indicate the significant inhibitory effect of lingonberry extracts in the case of Gram-negative bacteria like Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella Hartford, while among Gram-positive bacteria the strongest inhibitory effect was observed for Bacillus species like B. cereus, B. subtilis, B. mojavensis and Micrococcus luteus. The raspberry and blackberry extracts featured milder inhibitory effects in the case of the studied bacteria species. Furthermore, we have studied the crude or ethanolic extract combinations associated antimicrobial effects synergistic/additive or antagonistic properties. Interestingly, the triple and double ethanolic extract mixes had stronger antimicrobial properties, whereas the crude extract mixes showed relatively reduced effects, if any. Our results indicate that the antimicrobial activity of studied fruit extracts obtained from wild berries can vary upon the applied extraction method and their combination formulae, so that all these considerations must be taken into account when such fruit extracts are considered for foodstuff development.

Antimicrobial Activity of Photoactive Cerium Doped Zinc Oxide

2020 ◽  
Vol 307 ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maishara Syazrinni Rooshde ◽  
Wan Rafizah Wan Abdullah ◽  
Amie Zaidah Amran ◽  
Noradhiha Farahin Ibrahim ◽  
Fazilah Ariffin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antifouling Agent ◽  
Doped Zno ◽  
Zno Powder

Biofouling and biofilms exist as ubiquitous, undesirable accumulation of flora and fauna upon a given substrate when being immersed into an aquatic medium. Therefore, a novel antifouling based materials with the incorporation of nanotechnology has been developed for the prevention of biofouling in its initial stage through photocatalytic treatment. This study investigated the antimicrobial properties of photoactive Cerium (Ce) doped ZnO powder and explores its potential properties for future antifouling application. ZnO nanoparticles was doped with 0.4 mol% Ce was synthesized through the combination of modified citrate gelation technique and solid state sintering. The successful preparation of Ce doped ZnO was confirmed by XRD and SEM. The antimicrobial activity of Ce doped ZnO against E. coli and S. aureus was determined through antibacterial susceptibility test by agar well diffusion method whilst its photocatalytic inactivation efficiency against selected bacteria was analysed through photodegradation testing under UV light irradiation. The findings demonstrated that the synthesized Ce doped ZnO powder exhibited antibacterial effect against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) and excellent photocatalytic efficiency to inactivate both Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus). 2 g/L of Ce doped ZnO catalyzed the 100% disinfection of both bacteria in 180 min of UV light exposure. Thus, this proved that Ce doped ZnO powder has the potential as efficient antifouling agent.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Mixtures of Nanosilver and Zinc Oxide Eugenol against Enterococcus faecalis

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roza Haghgoo ◽  
Motahareh Ahmadvand ◽  
Mohammad Nyakan ◽  
Mojtaba Jafari
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Efficacy ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Zinc Oxide Eugenol ◽  
Nanosilver Particles ◽  
Inhibition Zones

ABSTRACT Aim This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of 0, 0.5, 2, and 5 wt% nanosilver in conjunction with zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) against Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and methods Nanosilver in 0.5, 2, and 5 wt% concentrations was added to ZOE and the antibacterial activity of the mixtures on E. faecalis was assessed using disk diffusion method, and the results were reported as the diameter of the growth inhibition zone. Results The diameters of the growth inhibition zones around 0, 0.5, 2, and 5 wt% concentrations of nanosilver particles were not significantly different at 24 and 48 hours and 1 week; however, the difference with the azithromycin disk was significant. Conclusion Considering the lack of a significant increase in the diameter of the growth inhibition zones around 0, 0.5, 2, and 5 wt% ZOE containing nanosilver, it appears that addition of nanosilver up to 5 wt% cannot improve the antibacterial properties of ZOE sealer against E. faecalis. Clinical significance Microorganisms present in the root canal system of primary teeth are mainly responsible for endodontic infections. Enterococcus faecalis is the most important cause of endodontic failure. Application of sealers that decrease the adhesion and colonization of bacteria, as well as susceptibility to bacterial infections can greatly help in this regard. Using these sealers in conjunction with antibacterial agents, such as nanosilver particles may yield higher antibacterial efficacy. How to cite this article Haghgoo R, Ahmadvand M, Nyakan M, Jafari M. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Mixtures of Nanosilver and Zinc Oxide Eugenol against Enterococcus faecalis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(3):177-181.

scholarly journals Growth and adhesion inhibition of pathogenic bacteria by live and heat-killed food-origin Lactobacillus strains or their supernatants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Zielińska ◽  
Anna Łepecka ◽  
Aleksandra Ołdak ◽  
Ewa Długosz ◽  
Danuta Kołożyn-Krajewska
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
Inhibition Zones ◽  
Spoilage Microorganisms

Abstract The study aimed to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the antimicrobial capacity of ten potential probiotic Lactobacillus strains against model enteropathogens and spoilage microorganisms. The probiotic strains (live and heat-killed forms) were also assessed for their ability to inhibit adhesion of selected pathogens to Caco-2 cells. The largest inhibition zones (the diffusion method) were connected with the usage of whole bacteria cultures (WBC), also high and moderate with cell free supernatant (CFS), and the lowest with cell free neutralized supernatant (CNS). The highest antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus strains was observed against L. monocytogenes strains, moderate activity against Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli, Pseudomonas and, the lowest against S.aureus, Bacillus, and Enterococcus. The inhibition of adhesion to Caco-2 cells was very high in the case of E. coli, Salmonella, and L. monocytogenes, and moderate in the case of S.aureus. On average, the inhibition effect was higher when pathogenic bacteria were treated by WBC, than heat-killed Lactobacillus. Although, in most samples, the effect was not significantly different (p>0.05). The strains Lb. brevis O24 and Lb. rhamnosus K3 showed the biggest overall antimicrobial properties, and were most effective in adherence inhibition of investigated indicator strains. These bacteria or their metabolites can be used for the production of various foods or pharmaceutical products.

scholarly journals STAPHYLOCOCCUS WARNERI CLINICAL ISOLATE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTIBIOTICS AND ITS MODIFICATION BY EMOXYPINE

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
N. A. Bobrova ◽  
E. M. Vazhnichaya ◽  
G. A. Loban ◽  
M. O. Faustova ◽  
M. M. Ananieva
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Clinical Isolate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Metal Plates ◽  
Serious Infections ◽  
Purulent Wound ◽  
Inhibition Zones ◽  
Infective Complications

Background. S. warneri is a common commensal organism, but it can cause serious infections. One of the ways to increase a susceptibility of this microorganism to antibiotics is their combining with adjuvant remedies. Objectives. The aim of the research is to study the susceptibility of S. warneri clinical isolate to antibiotics and its modification by emoxypine - 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine hydrochloride. Methods. Samples of purulent wound exudation were obtained from a patient with infective complications after a bone fracture and osteosynthesis by metal plates. Susceptibility of S. warneri clinical isolate to antibiotics and their combinations with emoxypine (1000 μg/disk) was studied by a standard disc diffusion technique. In the case of microbial resistance, the susceptibility of the investigated isolate to such antibiotic was determined by a serial broth dilutions method without or with emoxypine and evaluated according to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results. By the disk diffusion method, S. warneri isolate was susceptible to all tested antibiotics, except chloramphenicol. The growth inhibition zones also were formed around disks containing emoxypine, but the susceptibility of S. warneri to this agent was low. Applying of emoxypine on the disks with antibiotics resulted in the increase of S. warneri growth inhibition in all cases, except using the amikacin, gentamicin, and fusidic acid. The most significant changes were evidenced for a composition chloramphenicol / emoxypine. Using chloramphenicol alone in the liquid medium, the MIC was over a cut-off point. Adding of emoxypine (209 μg/ml) decreased the MIC of the antibiotic and restored the susceptibility S. warneri to chloramphenicol. Conclusions. The susceptibility of S. warneri clinical isolate to antibiotics can be increased by combining with emoxypine, which among other overcomes the resistance of the studied microorganism to chloramphenicol.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF ACTIVE COMPOUND IN CLOVE (Syzygium aromaticum) EXTRAC AND COMPARED WITH INHIBITORS OF GROWTH OF SOME TYPES OF BACTERIA CAUSING FOOD POISONING

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. F. A. Karm
Keyword(s):  
Active Compound ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Inhibition Zones

Antimicrobial properties of Syzygium aromaticum were investigated and  phytochemical active groups were done, clove oil contain a unique active compound known as eugenol was extracted and isolated to be tested. Four different pathogenic bacterial strains (Staphylococcus auras, Listeria monocyogenes, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli) were obtained and isolated from contaminated food, three concentrations for the plant (eugenol extract) were prepared to be a treatments, T1, T2 and T3 with percentage of   100%, 50%, 25% respectively. Antimicrobial activity was measured by using disc diffusion method and the best treatment was T1, which tested for eugenol qualitative and quantitative activity that was determined by using (HPLC).    The results showed that the inhibition zones were increased with the increasing of concentrations of eugenol extract thus it was very clearly that the results encourage the use of natural Sources like some plants or some parts of plants to solve some problems done by bacteria activities that cause food poisoning.           .  

scholarly journals Isolation, Characterization and Antibacterial Activities of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated From Batak's Special Food "Dali Ni Horbo”

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hasan Basri Nasution ◽  
Shafira Ramadhani ◽  
Edy Fachrial
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Traditional Food ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Inhibition Zones

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are gram-positive bacteria that are rod or round in shape, do not form spores, and do not have cytochromes. LAB can be isolated from fermented food products. LAB is useful to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria so that they are potential antibacterial sources. The purpose of this study was to isolate LAB from the traditional food Dali Ni Horbo, continued with characterization, antimicrobial testing, and sensitivity testing towards several antibiotics. From the results of the study, the number of colonies obtained was 2.4 x 107 CFU/mL. 6 isolates were randomly selected, coded as isolates UPDH1, UPDH2, UPDH3, UPDH4, UPDH5, UPDH6, respectively. Biochemical characterization showed that the isolates were gram-positive and catalase-negative bacteria.  Results of antibiotic sensitivity testing using 6 antibiotics, namely amoxicillin (AML), erythromycin (E), oxacillin (OX), ofloxacin (OFX), cefotaxime (CTX), and gentamicin (CN), showed that all the isolates were resistant to CTX. The UPDH1 isolate was resistant to AML and OX. The UPDH3, UPDH5, and UPDH6 isolates were resistant to AML, and the UPDH4 isolate was resistant to E, OFX, CTX, CN, and OX. Antimicrobial tests used the disk diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The UPDH2 isolate, gave an inhibition zone of 6.7 mm, and UPDH5 and UPDH6 gave inhibition zones of 7.6 mm and 8.5 mm respectively, against E. coli. Microbial inhibition tests against S. aureus by UPDH1, UPDH2, UPDH5 and UPDH6 gave inhibition zones of 13.5 mm, 9.0 mm, 12.1 mm and 12 mm respectively. From the results in this research it can be concluded that the traditional food Dali Ni Horbo is a potential source of probiotics.

scholarly journals Antibacterial activity of ultrasonic extracts of Salvia stepposa growing in Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Ya.K. Levaya ◽  
◽  
М.Е. Zholdasbaev ◽  
G.А. Atazhanova ◽  
S.B. Akhmetova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Inhibition Zones ◽  
The Republic

This article presents data on the studies on antibacterial activity of ultrasonic extracts of Salvia stepposa (steppe sage) growing wild on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Screening for the antibacterial activity of the presented samples was carried out by the disc-diffusion method against strains of gram-positive bacteria Staphylococus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, gram-negative strains Escherichia coli and the yeast Candida albicans. The results showed that in relation to Staphylococus aureus the most pronounced antibacterial activity with growth inhibition zones 35 ± 1 mm is possessed by 30 % ultrasonic extract of steppe sage flowers, in relation to Bacillus subtilis 49 ± 1 mm — 40 % ultrasonic extract of steppe sage leaves, for Escherichia coli 24 ± 1 mm — 70 % ultrasonic extract of steppe sage leaves. This study demonstrated that, 30 % ultrasonic extract of flowers and 90 % ultrasonic extract of flowers and leaves of steppe sage showed weak activity against yeast fungus Candida albicans with growth inhibition zones 12 ± 1 mm, 12 ± 1 mm and 11 mm, respectively. As a result, out of 8 extracts isolated by ultrasonic activation only 2 extracts showed antibacterial activity against 4 studied bacteria. Additionally, it was found that the use of ultrasonic extraction can reduce the extraction time of biologically active substances in 8–9 times compared to conventional extraction methods.

scholarly journals Concentration Dependence of Antimicrobial Properties of Various Surfactants Against Bacteria Pseudomonas putida

2021 ◽  
pp. 207-217
Author(s):  
Anastasiya S. Burlachenko ◽  
Olesya V. Salishcheva
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Pseudomonas Putida ◽  
Concentration Dependence ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Inhibition Zones

Effect of the concentration of surfactants differing in nature on the inhibition of the growth of microorganisms of the genus Pseudomonas putida was studied. All the surfactants inhibited the metabolic growth of microorganisms to various degrees. The results depended on the nature of the surfactants. For each surfactant, there is a range of concentrations characteristic of the growth or suppression of the growth of microorganisms. The values of the minimum inhibitory concentration and the growth inhibition zones diameters of the surfactants are compared. The highest antimicrobial activity belonged to the cationic Dimethylaminopropyl stearamide in relation to Pseudomonas putida

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