ELECTROLYTE AND NITROGEN BALANCE STUDIES IN INFANTS FOLLOWING CESSATION OF VOMITING

Abnormally low levels of serum potassium were observed prior to or during therapy of infants with a history of prolonged or recurrent vomiting. Balance studies indicate that either dilution of body fluids with low potassium solution, or transfers of potassium into cells, or both processes were responsible for the hypokalemia. The probable existence of deficits of body potassium incurred prior to the balance studies and their therapeutic implications have been discussed.

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Population Genetics ofCaenorhabditis elegans: The Paradox of Low Polymorphism in a Widespread Species

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/163.1.147 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 163 (1) ◽

pp. 147-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Arjun Sivasundar ◽

Jody Hey

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Microsatellite Loci ◽

Population Expansion ◽

Widespread Species ◽

C Elegans ◽

Model Research ◽

The World ◽

Natural Isolates ◽

History Of ◽

Low Levels

AbstractCaenorhabditis elegans has become one of the most widely used model research organisms, yet we have little information on evolutionary processes and recent evolutionary history of this widespread species. We examined patterns of variation at 20 microsatellite loci in a sample of 23 natural isolates of C. elegans from various parts of the world. One-half of the loci were monomorphic among all strains, and overall genetic variation at microsatellite loci was low, relative to most other species. Some population structure was detected, but there was no association between the genetic and geographic distances among different natural isolates. Thus, despite the nearly worldwide occurrence of C. elegans, little evidence was found for local adaptation in strains derived from different parts of the world. The low levels of genetic variation within and among populations suggest that recent colonization and population expansion might have occurred. However, the patterns of variation are not consistent with population expansion. A possible explanation for the observed patterns is the action of background selection to reduce polymorphism, coupled with ongoing gene flow among populations worldwide.

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Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Otitis Media With Effusion in Children: Future Therapeutic Implications

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1177/0194599820987458 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 019459982098745

Author(s):

Mirko Aldè ◽

Federica Di Berardino ◽

Paola Marchisio ◽

Giovanna Cantarella ◽

Umberto Ambrosetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Outpatient Clinic ◽

Otitis Media With Effusion ◽

Tertiary Level ◽

Vestibular Disorders ◽

Therapeutic Implications ◽

History Of ◽

Clinic Population

Objective To evaluate the role of social isolation during the lockdown due to the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) in modifying the prevalence of otitis media with effusion (OME) and the natural history of chronic OME. Study Design Retrospective study. Setting Tertiary level referral audiologic center. Methods We assessed the prevalence of OME among children aged 6 months to 12 years who attended the outpatient clinic for hearing or vestibular disorders during 2 periods before the lockdown, May-June 2019 (n = 350) and January-February 2020 (n = 366), and the period immediately after the lockdown, May-June 2020 (n = 216). We also compared the disease resolution rates between a subgroup of children with chronic OME (n = 30) who were diagnosed in summer 2019 and reevaluated in May-June 2020 and a similar subgroup (n = 29) assessed in 2018-2019. Results The prevalence of OME in this clinic population was 40.6% in May-June 2019, 52.2% in January-February 2020, and 2.3% in May-June 2020. Children with chronic OME had a higher rate of disease resolution in May-June 2020 (93.3%) than those examined in May-June 2019 (20.7%, P < .001). Conclusion Closure of schools and the physical distancing rules were correlated with a reduction in the prevalence of OME and favored the resolution of its chronic forms among children who attended the outpatient clinic. These data could suggest that in the presence of chronic OME, keeping young children out of group care settings for a period might be beneficial to allow for OME resolution.

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Between communism and capitalism: long-term inequality in Poland, 1892–2015

Journal of Economic Growth ◽

10.1007/s10887-021-09190-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Paweł Bukowski ◽

Filip Novokmet

Keyword(s):

Household Survey ◽

National Accounts ◽

Capital Income ◽

Sharp Rise ◽

Long Run ◽

History Of ◽

Low Levels ◽

Distribution Of Income

AbstractWe construct the first consistent series on the long-term distribution of income in Poland by combining tax, household survey and national accounts data. We document a U-shaped evolution of inequalities from the end of the nineteenth century until today: (1) inequality was high before WWII; (2) abruptly fell after the introduction of communism in 1947 and stagnated at low levels during the whole communist period; (3) experienced a sharp rise with the return to capitalism in 1989. We find that official survey-based measures strongly under-estimate the rise in inequality since 1989. Our results highlight the prominent role of capital income in driving the U-shaped evolution of top income shares. The unique inequality history of Poland speaks to the central role of institutions and policies in shaping inequality in the long run.

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The sperm nucleus: chromatin, RNA, and the nuclear matrix

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/rep-10-0322 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 141 (1) ◽

pp. 21-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 109

Author(s):

Graham D Johnson ◽

Claudia Lalancette ◽

Amelia K Linnemann ◽

Frédéric Leduc ◽

Guylain Boissonneault ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Matrix ◽

Genomic Structure ◽

Sperm Nucleus ◽

Nuclear Volume ◽

Clinical Markers ◽

Paternal Genome ◽

Epigenetic Effects ◽

History Of ◽

Low Levels ◽

Human And Mouse

Within the sperm nucleus, the paternal genome remains functionally inert and protected following protamination. This is marked by a structural morphogenesis that is heralded by a striking reduction in nuclear volume. Despite these changes, both human and mouse spermatozoa maintain low levels of nucleosomes that appear non-randomly distributed throughout the genome. These regions may be necessary for organizing higher order genomic structure through interactions with the nuclear matrix. The promoters of this transcriptionally quiescent genome are differentially marked by modified histones that may poise downstream epigenetic effects. This notion is supported by increasing evidence that the embryo inherits these differing levels of chromatin organization. In concert with the suite of RNAs retained in the mature sperm, they may synergistically interact to direct early embryonic gene expression. Irrespective, these features reflect the transcriptional history of spermatogenic differentiation. As such, they may soon be utilized as clinical markers of male fertility. In this review, we explore and discuss how this may be orchestrated.

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Abstract 2213: Characteristics of Aspirin Non-Responders: Results from the Aspirin Resistance Testing and Initial Strategy for Treatment (ARTIST) Multicenter Trial

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.116.suppl_16.ii_481-a ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽

Author(s):

Lori B Daniels ◽

Paul Clopton ◽

W. F Peacock ◽

Richard Nowak ◽

Alex Harrison ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Multicenter Trial ◽

Aspirin Resistance ◽

Resistance Testing ◽

Lower Prevalence ◽

Therapeutic Implications ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Coronary Syndrome ◽

Initial Strategy ◽

History Of

Introduction: Aspirin (ASA) therapy reduces the risk of thrombotic events by inhibiting platelet aggregation, however some individuals have a diminished response to ASA. The ability to predict ASA non-responsiveness has important therapeutic implications. We studied patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) to determine the characteristics of patients with ASA non-responsiveness. Methods: We enrolled 1010 patients with suspected ACS in the emergency departments (ED’s) of 5 sites. All subjects were on outpatient ASA therapy or received ASA in the ED, and were excluded if on clopidogrel. Blood was tested for ASA non-responsiveness (defined as ASA reactive units ≥ 550) on a VerifyNow® (Accumetrics) device. Results: Overall prevalence of ASA non-responsiveness was 10.3% (95% C.I. 8.6–12.3%). Responsiveness to ASA did not differ by age or sex, but varied significantly by race. Hispanics had a higher prevalence of ASA non-responsiveness, while whites and Asians had a lower prevalence ( Figure ). Other factors associated with increased prevalence of ASA resistance included outpatient ASA therapy (p<0.001), a history of alcohol (p=0.045) or drug abuse (p=0.02), a history of heart failure (p=0.01), and renal insufficiency (p=0.003). Patients with ASA non-responsiveness had lower BMI (p=0.006) and hemoglobin (p<0.001), and higher BNP levels (p<0.001), prothrombin time (p=0.01), and partial thromboplastin time (p<0.001). Conclusions: Among suspected ACS patients, the prevalence of ASA non-responsiveness varies by race and is highest in Hispanics. ASA resistance is also more prevalent in patients with clinical characteristics consistent with poorer health. Prevalence of ASA Non-Responsiveness by Race

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Response of tissue electrolytes to respiratory acidosis

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1961.200.6.1151 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 200 (6) ◽

pp. 1151-1154 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Howard Levitin ◽

Carol J. Amick ◽

Franklin H. Epstein

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Acidosis ◽

Respiratory Acidosis ◽

Calcium Content ◽

Normal Diet ◽

Electrolyte Composition ◽

Low Sodium Diet ◽

Low Sodium ◽

Low Potassium ◽

Low Levels ◽

Sodium And Potassium

The effect of 8% CO2 for 24 hr on the electrolyte composition of muscle, bone, and liver has been studied in rats on a normal diet as well as on one low in sodium and low in potassium. Muscle potassium decreased in animals on a normal or low-sodium diet exposed to CO2. Muscle sodium decreased in animals on a low-potassium diet exposed to CO2, and there was no further change in the already low levels of muscle potassium. The sodium and potassium content of bone and liver and the calcium content of bone were unchanged by exposure to CO2. Nephrectomy blocks the loss of muscle potassium noted in rats on a normal diet. Muscle and bone sodium were also unaltered by CO2 in nephrectomized rats. These results contrast with those obtained during metabolic acidosis and emphasize the importance of the kidneys in bodily adjustments to respiratory acidosis.

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A population-based twin study in women of smoking initiation and nicotine dependence

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291798008022 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 299-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 296

Author(s):

K. S. KENDLER ◽

M. C. NEALE ◽

P. SULLIVAN ◽

L. A. COREY ◽

C. O. GARDNER ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Nicotine Dependence ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Substance Dependence ◽

Smoking Initiation ◽

Population Based ◽

Familial Factors ◽

Wide Range ◽

History Of ◽

Low Levels

Background. The development of drug dependence requires prior initiation. What is the relationship between the risk factors for initiation and dependence?Methods. Using smoking as a model addiction, we assessed smoking initiation (SI) and nicotine dependence (ND) by personal interview in 1898 female twins from the population-based Virginia Twin Registry. We developed a twin structural equation model that estimates the correlation between the liability to SI and the liability to ND, given SI.Results. The liabilities to SI and ND were substantially correlated but not identical. Heritable factors played an important aetiological role in SI and in ND. While the majority of genetic risk factors for ND were shared with SI, a distinct set of familial factors, which were probably partly genetic, solely influenced the risk for ND. SI was associated with low levels of education and religiosity, high levels of neuroticism and extroversion and a history of a wide range of psychiatric disorders. ND was associated with low levels of education, extroversion, mastery, and self-esteem, high levels of neuroticism and dependency and a history of mood and alcohol use disorders.Conclusions. The aetiological factors that influence SI and ND, while overlapping, are not perfectly correlated. One set of genetic factors plays a significant aetiological role in both SI and ND, while another set of familial factors, probably in part genetic, solely influences ND. Some risk factors for SI and ND impact similarly on both stages, some act at only one stage and others impact differently and even in opposite directions at the two stages. The pathway to substance dependence is complex and involves multiple genetic and environmental risk factors.

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Carriers with excessively low factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIII AHF): a study of two unrelated families with mild hemophilia A

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v49.4.607.607 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 607-618 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

ME Eyster ◽

RL Ladda ◽

HS Bowman

Keyword(s):

Hemophilia A ◽

Postoperative Bleeding ◽

Hemorrhagic Diathesis ◽

Normal Range ◽

Paternal Aunt ◽

History Of ◽

Paternal Grandmother ◽

Low Levels ◽

Lyon Hypothesis ◽

Successive Generations

Abstract Two unrelated families are described with mild hemophilia A in whom six obligate carriers had unusually low VIII AHF levels. In each family, successive generations of males were affected with hemophilia A as determined by low VIII AHF in the presence of normal VIII AGN and VIII VWF levels. In the first family, two of five obligate carriers had low VIII AHF levels associated with clinical bleeding and one other had a history of bleeding. While receiving oral contraceptives, one of these two carriers was found to have a normal VIII AHF level. In the second family, four cousins below age 10 who were obligate carriers had significantly low VIII AHF levels, while a paternal aunt and paternal grandmother who were also obligate carriers had VIII AHF levels within the normal range. Hemorrhagic diathesis in multiple obligate carriers in these families is not readily explained by the Lyon hypothesis, and suggests that these families may be exmaples of an unusual allelic form of hemophilia A or that they may be transmitting several independent genes affecting VIII AHF levels. Our experience suggests that VIII AHF levels should be determined on all obligate or possible carriers prior to surgery to identify those individuals at risk for postoperative bleeding. Furthermore, it is suggested that hormonal therapy might be effective in the management of carriers with low levels of VIII AHF and clinical bleeding.

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Genetic structure and biogeographic history of the Bicknell’s Thrush/ Gray-cheeked Thrush species complex

The Auk ◽

10.1093/auk/ukz066 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 137 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alyssa M Fitzgerald ◽

Jason Weir ◽

Joel Ralston ◽

Ian G Warkentin ◽

Darroch M Whitaker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Structure ◽

Late Pleistocene ◽

Species Complex ◽

Extended Period ◽

Genetic Data ◽

Distribution Models ◽

Biogeographic History ◽

History Of ◽

Low Levels ◽

Bicknell's Thrush

Abstract We examined species limits, admixture, and genetic structure among populations in the Bicknell’s Thrush (Catharus bicknelli)–Gray-cheeked Thrush (C. minimus) species complex to establish the geographic and temporal context of speciation in this group, which is a model system in ecology and a high conservation priority. We obtained mitochondrial ND2 sequences from 186 Bicknell’s Thrushes, 77 Gray-cheeked Thrushes, and 55 individuals of their closest relative, the Veery (C. fuscescens), and genotyped a subset of individuals (n = 72) at 5,633 anonymous single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) loci. Between-species sequence divergence was an order of magnitude greater than divergence within each species, divergence was dated to the late Pleistocene (420 kbp) based on Bayesian coalescence estimation, and a coalescent model (IMa) revealed almost no gene flow between species based on ND2. SNP data were consistent with mitochondrial results and revealed low levels of admixture among species (3 of 37 Bicknell’s Thrushes, no Gray-cheeked Thrushes, and no Veeries were >2% admixed). Species distribution models projected to the Last Glacial Maximum suggest that Bicknell’s Thrush and Gray-cheeked Thrush resided in primarily allopatric refugia in the late Pleistocene, consistent with the genetic data that support reproductive isolation over an extended period of time. Our genetic data suggest that both species underwent demographic expansions, possibly as they expanded out of Pleistocene refugia into their current ranges. We conclude that Bicknell’s Thrush and Gray-cheeked Thrush are 2 distinct species-level lineages despite low levels of Gray-cheeked Thrush introgression in Bicknell’s Thrushes, and divergence has been maintained by a long history of allopatry in subtly different habitats. Their unique phylogeography among boreal forest birds indicates that either cryptic species breaks in eastern North America are still undiscovered, or another factor, such as divergent natural selection, high migratory connectivity, or interspecific competition, played a role in their divergence.

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Expression ofFOXP3,CD14, andARG1in Neuroblastoma Tumor Tissue from High-Risk Patients Predicts Event-Free and Overall Survival

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/347867 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sara Stigliani ◽

Michela Croce ◽

Fabio Morandi ◽

Paola Scaruffi ◽

Valentina Rigo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Overall Survival ◽

High Risk ◽

Immune Status ◽

Primary Tumors ◽

Neuroblastoma Tumor ◽

Elevated Expression ◽

Risk Patients ◽

History Of ◽

Low Levels ◽

Positive Correlations

The prognosis of children with metastatic neuroblastoma (NB) > 18 months at diagnosis is dismal. Since the immune status of the tumor microenvironment could play a role in the history of disease, we evaluated the expression ofCD45,CD14,ARG1,CD163,CD4,FOXP3,Perforin-1(PRF1),Granzyme B (GRMB), andIL-10mRNAs in primary tumors at diagnosis from children with metastatic NB and tested whether the transcript levels are significantly associated to event-free and overall survival (EFS and OS, resp.). Children with high expression ofCD14,ARG1andFOXP3mRNA in their primary tumors had significantly better EFS. Elevated expression ofCD14, andFOXP3mRNA was significantly associated to better OS.CD14mRNA expression levels significantly correlated to all markers, with the exception ofCD4. Strong positive correlations were found betweenPRF1andCD163, as well as betweenPFR1andFOXP3. It is worth noting that the combination of high levels ofCD14,FOXP3, andARG1mRNAs identified a small group of patients with excellent EFS and OS, whereas low levels ofCD14were sufficient to identify patients with dismal survival. Thus, the immune status of the primary tumors of high-risk NB patients may influence the natural history of this pediatric cancer.

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