Letter to the Editor

Dr. Klein is correct in suggesting that stress may be one of the causes of hyperglycemia in this birth weight group. His data are supportive of the possible role of stress or sepsis, as alluded to in our discussion.1 It is difficult, however, to describe these babies as nonstressed. In our series, the mortality rate of the group reported was 78% and of the 40 babies with recorded Apgar scores, all but nine (five from group 3) had one-minute Apgars of 6 or less.

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Pattern of newborn babies delivered by cesarean section

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi43.1.2003.20-3 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 20

Author(s):

Guslihan D Tjipta ◽

Riza I Nasution ◽

Dachrul Aldy ◽

Zakaria Siregar

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Cesarean Section ◽

Birth Rate ◽

Fetal Distress ◽

Weight Group ◽

Birth Weight Group ◽

Prolonged Labor ◽

General Physical

Background The birth rate in Indonesia is still high and abnormallabor constitutes 15% of all deliveries which needs cesarean sec-tion as a solution for complicated cases.Objectives To find the general physical condition of babies bornafter cesarean section as well as the characteristics of motherswho underwent cesarean section.Methods A retrospective study on newborn babies delivered bycesarean section conducted in Subdivision of Neonatology, Medi-cal School, University of North Sumatera-Pirngadi Hospital Medan,in period of 2 years (1991-1992).Results There were 8762 babies born during the study period,1484 babies (16.93%) delivered by cesarean section due to pla-centa previa (26.2%), prolonged labor (15.8%), cephalopelvic dis-proportion (10.3%), neglected labor (9.9%), eclampsia/preeclamp-sia (8.1%), fetal distress (7.5%), previous section (6.6%), breechpresentation (5.7%), solutio placenta (4.0%), and others (5.9%). Itwas shown that mothers undergoing caesarean section was mainly20-30 years old (66.4%), multigravida (47.8%), term gestationalage (79.4%), and minimal antenatal care (61.3%). There were 1224(82.5%) babies with birth weight >2500 grams and 894 (60.2%)suffered from asphyxia.Conclusions The evidence of asphyxia by cesarean section andlow birth weight group was significantly different from those nor-mally delivered (p<0.001). The mortality rate was 11.5% due tostill birth 29.2%, RDS 18.3%, sepsis 15.5%, pneumonia 12.3%,and gastroenteritis 11.5%

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Characteristics and outcomes of low birth weight infants in Bali

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi52.5.2012.300-3 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 52 (5) ◽

pp. 300

Author(s):

Putu Junara Putra

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Low Birthweight ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Weight Group ◽

Birth Weight Group ◽

Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽

Time Of Admission

Background The prevalence and the mortality of low birthweight infants are still high. Low birth weight (LBW) births areresponsible for newborn death. LBW infants are easier to sufferserious health problems and death. Lower infant body weightand younger gestational age are determinants of greater risk ofmortality.Objective To determine the characteristics of LBW infants andtheir outcomes in Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar.Methods This prospective study was conducted on all LBWinfants in the nursery from their time of admission until dischargefor the year of 20 11..Results There were 120 LBW infants admitted to SanglahHospital fromJanuary 2011 to December 2011. The prevalenceofLBW was 8.9%. The birth weight group of 1500􀁰2499 gramshad the highest number of infants (79.2%). The gestational agegroup of 33􀁰36 weeks had 53.3% of the infants, while 68.3% ofthe LBW infants were of the appropriate gestational age. Themost common method of delivery was normal spontaneousdelivery (70%). Moderate asphyxia was observed in 25% of thesubjects, while severe asphyxia was observed in 22.5% of subjects.The mortality rate was 24.2%.Conclusions The prevalence of LBW of all newborns in ourhospital was 8.9%. Severe asphyxia was observed in 22.5% ofsubjects. The mortality rate of the LBW infants was 24.2%. OurLBW infants were most cormnonly in the categories of birth weightof 1500􀁰2499 grams, gestational age was between 33􀁰36 weeks,appropriate for gestational age, as well as delivered spontaneously.[Paediatr lndanes. 2012,52:30003].

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The effects of intrauterine undernutrition on pancreas ghrelin and insulin expression in neonate rats

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe-07-0057 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 194 (1) ◽

pp. 121-129 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Xiumin Wang ◽

Li Liang ◽

Lizhong Du

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Plasma Insulin ◽

Serum Insulin ◽

Cell Distribution ◽

Weight Group ◽

Pregnant Rats ◽

Normal Birth ◽

Birth Weight Group ◽

Total Ghrelin ◽

Intrauterine Malnutrition

Ghrelin has a correlation with insulin secretion, β-cell development, and diabetes in crucial development period. The aim of this study was to compare the changes in plasma ghrelin, insulin, and glucose concentrations, and variation of ghrelin expression in the pancreas in response to intrauterine malnutrition in newborn rats. Pregnant rats at day 2 were randomly divided into two groups: nourished (fed ad libitum; NR) and undernourished rats (UR). The offspring of NR were defined as normal-birth-weight group (NBW, n = 79) and those of UR were defined as low-birth-weight group (LBW, n = 74). Plasma glucose, ghrelin, and serum insulin of both dams and their pups were analyzed at the first day after birth. The entire pancreas was collected for determination of ghrelin and insulin mRNAs, and quantification of pancreas ghrelin and insulin. Immunohistochemical double staining and confocal microscopy were performed on rat pancreas. Birth weight was 5.81 ± 0.64 and 4.76 ± 0.23 g in NBW group and LBW group respectively. Fasting plasma ghrelin concentrations in UR group (1382 (1287–1513) pg/ml) were higher than that of NR group (1072 (974–1205) pg/ml). Plasma ghrelin concentrations in the LBW group (2176 (2031–2384) pg/ml) were significantly lower than that of the NBW group (2493 (2311–2675) pg/ml). Undernutrition caused a decrease in plasma insulin concentrations in both UR dams and LBW pups (P < 0.001). Ghrelin mRNA and total ghrelin of pancreas were significantly affected by intrauterine nutrition state. Pancreas insulin concentrations were significantly affected by intrauterine nutrition (P = 0.007). The majority of ghrelin-producing cells were present at the periphery of islets in the NBW group. Ghrelin was colocalized with insulin in ß-cells in LBW group. The percentage of ghrelin-positive cells in the islets of LBW group was significantly higher than that of the NBW group (P < 0.01). Intrauterine undernutrition may affect the birth weight, plasma insulin and ghrelin levels, islet ghrelin expression, and ghrelin cell distribution. It will be interesting to investigate intrauterine nutrition which is involved in islet ghrelin expression and ghrelin cell distribution.

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Clinical profile of newborns undergoing physical therapy in a neonatal intensive care unit

Fisioterapia em Movimento ◽

10.1590/1980-5918.029.003.ao13 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 553-560 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Graziela Ferreira Biazus ◽

Cidia Cristina Kupke

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Physical Therapy ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Neonatal Intensive Care ◽

Extremely Low Birth Weight ◽

Invasive Ventilation ◽

Weight Group ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Birth Weight Group ◽

Non Invasive Ventilation

Abstract Introduction: In neonatal therapy units, physical therapy is directed toward integral baby care. Objective: To describe the profile of newborns (NBs) hospitalized in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Methods: Retrospective documentary study with data collection from medical records from July 2011 to July 2013. The sample consisted of NBs who performed motor and respiratory therapy. Data were grouped into five categories according to birth weight (≤ 1000g, 1001-1500g, 1501-2000g, 2001-2500g, ≥ 2501g). Results: total of 1,884 newborns were admitted to the NICU within the stipulated period, 168 (13.9%) underwent physical therapy. Of the 168 NBs who underwent physical therapy, 137 were born in the hospital (81.5%) and 31 were transferred there (18.5%); 17 of these babies died during the neonatal hospital stay (10.1%). All newborns of the extremely low birth weight group (≤ 1000g) required mechanical ventilation, 72.7% non-invasive ventilation and 16.6% high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. The occurrence of pneumothorax in the extremely low birth weight group was 13.8% and 16% in the group with birth weight 1001-1500g. Conclusion: Infants with low birth weight (<2500g) constituted the profile of NBs who underwent physical therapy, which was directly related to higher incidence of death and pneumothorax, as well as increased use of mechanical and non-invasive ventilation.

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INCIDENCE OF GROSS VISUAL DEFECTS DUE TO RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.11.3.238 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 238-245

Author(s):

EDWARD R. SCHLESINGER ◽

ISABEL MCCAFFREY

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

New York State ◽

Birth Certificates ◽

Weight Group ◽

Retrolental Fibroplasia ◽

Birth Weight Group ◽

Visual Defects ◽

Period Of Gestation

A study was made of the incidence of gross visual impairment due to retrolental fibroplasia among infants born to residents of New York State, exclusive of New York City, in 1948 and 1949, whose birth certificates indicated birth weights of less than 2000 gm. and who survived to the age of 4 months. Information was obtained regarding 3377 infants or 92.1% of the 3667 in the group described. A total of 50 cases with gross visual defects due to retrolental fibroplasia, or an over-all incidence rate of 1.5%, was found. The incidence rates decreased from 15.9% in the birth weight group under 1000 gm. to 4.3% in 1000-1499 gm. group, and 0.7% in the 1500 to 1999 gm. group. The infants reported to have the shortest period of gestation were found to have the highest incidence, the rate in the group with a period of gestation under seven months being 7.6% as compared with a rate of 0.3% in the group whose gestation period was reported as eight months or more. Although the numbers are small and the measure of gestation as reported on the birth certificate is open to question, the incidence of the condition within each birth weight group was found to be inversely related to the length of gestation. In the 1000-1499 gm. birth weight group, for example, an incidence rate of 7.0% was found among the infants with recorded periods of gestation of less than seven months, as contrasted with a rate of 1.9% among those eight months or more. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of the condition in the group of infants for whom one or more major complications of the mother's pregnancy was reported when compared with the group of infants on whose birth certificates the statement appeared that no such complication occurred. Among infants weighing less than 1500 gm. at birth, a statistically significant variation in the incidence of the condition was found in different regions of the State. The incidence rate, adjusted for differences in weight distribution was found to be 1.7% in males and 1.2% in females. The incidence rate among infants born to mothers under 30 years of age was 1.3%, which is not significantly different from the rate of 1.9% among the infants born to mothers 30 years of age or more.

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Severity of Cerebral Palsy—The Impact of Associated Impairments

Neuropediatrics ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1701669 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (02) ◽

pp. 120-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Veronka Horber ◽

Asma Fares ◽

Mary Jane Platt ◽

Catherine Arnaud ◽

Ingeborg Krägeloh-Mann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Age Groups ◽

Walking Ability ◽

Age Group ◽

Intellectual Impairment ◽

Weight Group ◽

Birth Weight Group ◽

The Impact

Abstract Objective This article describes associated impairments in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and its subtypes. Method Children born between 1990 and 2006 recorded in the Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe common database were studied. An “impairment index” characterized severity of impairments and their combinations. Results Amongst the 11,015 children analyzed, 56% (n = 5,968) could walk unaided, 54% (4,972) had normal or near-normal intellect (intelligence quotient ≥ 70). Except for ataxic CP, associated impairments were less frequent when walking ability was preserved. The impairment index was low (walking unaided and normal or near-normal intellect) in 30% of cases; 54% (n = 1,637) in unilateral spastic, 24% (n = 79) in ataxic, 18% (n = 913) in bilateral spastic, and 7% (n = 50) in dyskinetic CP. Around 40% had a high impairment index (inability to walk and/or severe intellectual impairment ± additional impairments)—highest in dyskinetic (77%, n = 549) and bilateral spastic CP (54%, n = 2,680). The impairment index varied little in birth weight and gestational age groups. However, significantly fewer cases in the birth weight group ≤ 1,000 g or gestational age group ≤ 27 weeks had a low impairment index compared to the other birth weight and gestational age groups (23 and 24% vs. between 27 and 32%). Conclusion Thirty percent of the children with CP had a low impairment index (they were able to walk unaided and had a normal or near-normal intellect). Severity in CP was strongly associated to subtype, whereas the association was weak with birth weight or gestational age.

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Prevalence of urinary tract infection in 2-8-week-old infants with jaundice

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi52.5.2012.304-8 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 52 (5) ◽

pp. 304

Author(s):

Partini Trihono ◽

Arfianti Chandra Dewi ◽

Hartono Gunardi ◽

Hanifah Oswari

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Enterobacter Aerogenes ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Weight Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Indirect Bilirubin ◽

Birth Weight Group ◽

Tract Infections

Background Urinary tract infections (UTI) in infants may manifest in various ways and often appear without symptoms. Previous studies have reported that j aundice has been observed in infants aged less than 8 weeks 'With UTIs. However, a prospective study on the prevalence of UTI in infants with jaundice aged 2􀁂8weeks is warranted in order to improve diagnosing capability and provide prompt treatment.Objective To investigate the prevalence and profiles of UTI in infants with jaundice aged 2􀁂8 weeks.Methods This cross􀁂sectional study was carried out in June-December 2011 in infants with jaundice aged 2􀁂8 weeks. Subjects were patients from the Department of Child Health, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (CMS), as well as the Pediatric Polyclinics ofBudi Kemuliaan and Thamrin Hospitals. All subjects underwent total, direct and indirect bilirubin examinations, urinalyses and urine cultures.Results Of the 110 subjects recruited, the prevalence of UTI was 18.2%. More boys than girls had UTIs (13 boys, 7 girls). The microorganisms found in subjects v.ith UTIs were Escherichia coli (10/20), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8/20), and Enterobacter aerogenes (2120). Indirect hyperbilirubinemia was found in 5/20 subjects. There were more subjects with UTIs in the non􀁂exclusively breastfed (8/20) and non􀁂breastfed (8/20) groups than in the exclusively breastfed group (4/20), the full term gestational age (GA) group (17/20) than the pretenn GA group (3/20), and the normal birth weight group (15/20) than the low birth weight group (5/20). The median age of jaundice onset was 3.5 days (range lAO days), and the median duration of jaundice was 13.5 days (range 3-56 days).Conclusion The prevalence of UTI in infants aged 2􀁂8 weeks v.ith jaundice was 18.2%. More boys than girls had UTIs. The most common infecting microorganism found in our subjects was Escherichia coli. In daily medical practice, infants with prolonged jaundice of more than 2 weeks should be tested byurin alysis and urine cultures for the presence of UTIs. [Paediatr Indones.2012;52:304-8].

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The Growth and Development of the Prematurely Born Infant

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.33.5.805 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 805-805

Author(s):

MARGARET DANN

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

Full Term ◽

School Age ◽

Weight Group ◽

Birth Weight Group ◽

Born Infant

This is a clear, well-organized account of a longitudinal study of several hundred prematurely born and full-term children, born in Edinburgh in 1952 and 1953. Starting with 595 children, 251 singletons weighing 5 lb 8 oz or less at birth, 119 full-term singletons as controls and 225 twins of all birth weights, Dr. Drillien was able to follow nearly 90 percent to school age. Besides the main survey group, she added a supplementary group of children of very low birth weight (3 lb or less) born between 1948 and 1960; in all, 110 children in this birth weight group were traced, and 72 followed to school age.

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Identification of Growth Patterns in Low Birth Weight Infants from Birth to 5 Years of Age: Nationwide Korean Cohort Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18031206 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 1206

Author(s):

So Jin Yoon ◽

Joohee Lim ◽

Jung Ho Han ◽

Jeong Eun Shin ◽

Soon Min Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Developmental Delay ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

Health Check ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Weight Group ◽

Poor Growth ◽

Birth Weight Group

This study aimed to investigate the nationwide growth pattern of infants in Korea according to the birth-weight group and to analyze the effect of growth on development. A total of 430,541 infants, born in 2013 and who received the infant health check-up regularly from 6 months to 60 months of age, were included. The weight, height, head circumferences percentiles, and neurodevelopment using screening tests results were compared among the birth-weight groups. Using longitudinal analysis, the study found a significant difference in height, weight, and head circumference, respectively, according to age at health check-up, birth weight group, and combination of age and birth weight (p < 0.001). The growth parameters at 60 months of age showed a significant correlation with those at 6 months of age especially in extremely low birth weight infants. The incidence of suspected developmental delay was significantly higher in infants with growth below the 10th percentiles than in those with growth above the 10th percentiles. Among 4571 (1.6%) infants with suspected developmental delay results at 60 months of age, birth weight, sex, and poor growth parameters were confirmed as associated factors. This nationwide Korean study shows that poor growth and neurodevelopment outcomes persisted among low-birth-weight infants at 60 months of age. Our findings provide guidance for developing a nationwide follow-up program for infants with perinatal risk factors in Korea.

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Vitamin E and Neonatal Bilirubinemia

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.64.3.321 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 321-323

Author(s):

Steven J. Gross

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Vitamin E ◽

Preterm Infant ◽

Total Dose ◽

Serum Bilirubin ◽

Peak Serum ◽

Weight Group ◽

Birth Weight Group ◽

Normal Hydrogen

A study was designed to determine the effect of vitamin E on bilirubinemia in the preterm infant. Twenty infants with birth weights between 1,000 and 1,500 gm and 20 infants with birth weights between 1,501 and 2,000 gm were studied. Half the infants in each birth weight group received vitamin E administered intramuscularly in a total dose of 50 mg/kg during days 1 to 3 of life; the remaining infants served as controls. The administration of vitamin E produced significantly increased plasma tocopherol concentrations and normal hydrogen peroxide hemolysis tests by the end of the first week of life. Infants with birthweights ≤1500 gm who received vitamin E demonstrated a significant decrease in serum bilirubin on day 3 of life (6.5 ± 2.2 vs 8.8 ± 2.2 mg/dl) as well as a significant decrease in peak serum bilirubin during the first week of life (8.3 ± 2.2 vs 10.6 ± 2.6 mg/dl). The duration of phototherapy also was significantly less in the vitamin E-supplemented group (48 ± 18 vs 107 ± 31 hours). These differences were less pronounced in infants with birth weights more than 1,500 gm.

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