Sepsis in Infants

A prospective study was conducted to determine the frequency and distribution of bacterial and viral pathogens in infants hospitalized with suspected sepsis and to evaluate the potential of virus detection for improving patient treatment. A causative organism was detected in 157 (67%) of 233 previously healthy infants aged less than 3 months who had been hospitalized for suspected sepsis: 19 (8%) had bacterial infections, 135 (58%) had viral infections, and 3 (1%) had mixed viral-bacterial infections. Viral infections occurred in a seasonal pattern: enteroviruses were responsible for most of the hospitalizations during summer and fall (65 of 110, 63%), and respiratory syncytial and influenza A viruses were responsible for most of the infections during winter (44 of 81, 55%).

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Differential Ability of Pandemic and Seasonal H1N1 Influenza A Viruses To Alter the Function of Human Neutrophils

mSphere ◽

10.1128/mspheredirect.00567-17 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Natalia Malachowa ◽

Brett Freedman ◽

Daniel E. Sturdevant ◽

Scott D. Kobayashi ◽

Vinod Nair ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Bactericidal Activity ◽

Influenza A ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Neutrophil Function ◽

Human Neutrophils ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Content Type

ABSTRACTNeutrophils are essential cells of host innate immunity. Although the role of neutrophils in defense against bacterial and fungal infections is well characterized, there is a relative paucity of information about their role against viral infections. Influenza A virus (IAV) infection can be associated with secondary bacterial coinfection, and it has long been posited that the ability of IAV to alter normal neutrophil function predisposes individuals to secondary bacterial infections. To better understand this phenomenon, we evaluated the interaction of pandemic or seasonal H1N1 IAV with human neutrophils isolated from healthy persons. These viruses were ingested by human neutrophils and elicited changes in neutrophil gene expression that are consistent with an interferon-mediated immune response. The viability of neutrophils following coculture with either pandemic or seasonal H1N1 IAV was similar for up to 18 h of culture. Notably, neutrophil exposure to seasonal (but not pandemic) IAV primed these leukocytes for enhanced functions, including production of reactive oxygen species and bactericidal activity. Taken together, our results are at variance with the universal idea that IAV impairs neutrophil function directly to predispose individuals to secondary bacterial infections. Rather, we suggest that some strains of IAV prime neutrophils for enhanced bacterial clearance.IMPORTANCEA long-standing notion is that IAV inhibits normal neutrophil function and thereby predisposes individuals to secondary bacterial infections. Here we report that seasonal H1N1 IAV primes human neutrophils for enhanced killing ofStaphylococcus aureus. Moreover, we provide a comprehensive view of the changes in neutrophil gene expression during interaction with seasonal or pandemic IAV and report how these changes relate to functions such as bactericidal activity. This study expands our knowledge of IAV interactions with human neutrophils.

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Acute non-atopic late-onset asthma induced by respiratory infection

Russian Pulmonology ◽

10.18093/0869-0189-2005-0-1-53-57 ◽

2005 ◽

pp. 53-57

Author(s):

S. A. Sobchenko ◽

O. S. Schetchikova ◽

N. V. Yakovleva

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Infection ◽

Influenza A ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Late Onset ◽

Lavage Fluid ◽

Atopic Asthma ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Asthma Patients ◽

Bacterial Associations ◽

Autumn And Winter

The aim of the study was to investigate features of respiratory infection inducing acute non-atopic late-onset asthma (NLA). Virologic and microbiologic examinations of brash biopsy samples of rhinopharyngeal and bronchial mucosa and bronchial lavage fluid were performed in 116 NLA patients admitted to a hospital in autumn and winter. The leading cause of acute NLA was found to be respiratory viral infections. We noted that different clinical NLA types had different sensibility to various viruses: adenoviruses mainly caused exacerbations of aspirin-induced asthma, respiratory syncytial and influenza A viruses were prevalently determined in non-atopic asthma. Patients with posttuberculotic lesions of the lungs mostly had viral and bacterial associations. Such mixed infection resulted in more severe and prolonged exacerbations of NLA.

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Upstream translation initiation expands the coding capacity of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses

10.1101/795815 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth Sloan ◽

Marta Alenquer ◽

Liliane Chung ◽

Sara Clohisey ◽

Adam M. Dinan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Translation Initiation ◽

Influenza A ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Rna Viruses ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Open Reading Frames ◽

Viral Gene ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Negative Strand ◽

Coding Potential

AbstractSegmented negative-strand RNA viruses (sNSVs) include the influenza viruses, the bunyaviruses, and other major pathogens of humans, other animals and plants. The genomes of these viruses are extremely short. In response to this severe genetic constraint, sNSVs use a variety of strategies to maximise their coding potential. Because the eukaryotic hosts parasitized by sNSVs can regulate gene expression through low levels of translation initiation upstream of their canonical open reading frames (ORFs), we asked whether sNSVs could use upstream translation initiation to expand their own genetic repertoires. Consistent with this hypothesis, we showed that influenza A viruses (IAVs) and bunyaviruses were capable of upstream translation initiation. Using a combination of reporter assays and viral infections, we found that upstream translation in IAVs can initiate in two unusual ways: through non-AUG initiation in virally encoded ‘untranslated’ regions, and through the appropriation of an AUG-containing leader sequence from host mRNAs through viral cap-snatching, a process we termed ‘start-snatching.’ Finally, while upstream translation of cellular genes is mainly regulatory, for sNSVs it also has the potential to create novel viral gene products. If in frame with a viral ORF, this creates N-extensions of canonical viral proteins. If not, it allows the expression of cryptic overlapping ORFs, which we found were highly conserved in IAV and widely distributed in peribunyaviruses. Thus, by exploiting their host’s capacity for upstream translation initiation, sNSVs can expand still further the coding potential of their extremely compact RNA genomes.

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Abstract 217: Difference of Coronary Artery Lesions or associated Pathogens between the Two Phenotypes of Kawasaki Disease

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.131.suppl_2.217 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 131 (suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Kyung Lim Yoon ◽

Song Ee Youn ◽

Mi Young Han ◽

Sung Ho Cha

Keyword(s):

Coronary Artery ◽

Kawasaki Disease ◽

Skin Lesion ◽

Influenza A ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

University Hospital ◽

Ivig Treatment ◽

Coronary Artery Lesions

Introduction: There are several reports that coronary artery lesions (CALs) are increased/or not increased in patients who predominantly showed arthritis in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD). Patients with eczematoid skin lesions which seem like atopic dermatitis have not been reported in association with CALs. We intended to evaluate the risk of development of CALs in patients with two different phenotypes. Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records in 220 patients who diagnosed as KD and received IVIG treatment in Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong from August 2006 to December 2013. In both patients groups (6 patients with arthritis and 52 patients with eczematoid skin lesion), we reviewed the state of coronary artery, clinical characteristics, associated viral or bacterial infections. Results: In patients with eczematoid lesions (52/220, 23.6%), the ages of patients were significantly older, the duration of fever was longer, and the prevalence of CAL was significantly higher than that of controls ( P =.000, P =.041, P =.033, respectively). In patients with arthritis (6/220, 3%), there were higher incidence of methylprednisolone or infliximab therapy ( P =.000, P =.004, respectively), and higher incidence of viral infection like influenza A and B, rhinovirus, parainfluenza 2, metapneumovirus, and coronavirus OC43 ( P =.018). Conclusions: The incidence of CAL was higher in group of eczematoid skin lesion in KD patients than in group of patients with arthritis. Associated viral infections were higher in arthritis group, therefore, it is better to find associated pathogens aggressively that might be a certain trigger of the development of KD in this group of patients.

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Soluble Host Defense Lectins in Innate Immunity to Influenza Virus

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology ◽

10.1155/2012/732191 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Wy Ching Ng ◽

Michelle D. Tate ◽

Andrew G. Brooks ◽

Patrick C. Reading

Keyword(s):

Host Defense ◽

Influenza A ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Adaptive Immune Response ◽

Host Defenses ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Complex Interplay ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Endogenous Lectins ◽

Host Tissues

Host defenses against viral infections depend on a complex interplay of innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) components. In the early stages of infection, innate mechanisms represent the main line of host defense, acting to limit the spread of virus in host tissues prior to the induction of the adaptive immune response. Serum and lung fluids contain a range of lectins capable of recognizing and destroying influenza A viruses (IAV). Herein, we review the mechanisms by which soluble endogenous lectins mediate anti-IAV activity, including their role in modulating IAV-induced inflammation and disease and their potential as prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments during severe IAV-induced disease.

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Synthetic sialylglycopolymer receptor for virus detection using cantilever-based sensors

The Analyst ◽

10.1039/c5an01102g ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 140 (17) ◽

pp. 6131-6137 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

P. V. Gorelkin ◽

A. S. Erofeev ◽

G. A. Kiselev ◽

D. V. Kolesov ◽

E. V. Dubrovin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Virus Detection ◽

Label Free ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Label Free Detection ◽

Receptor Layer

We describe the rapid, label-free detection of Influenza A viruses using a cantilever transducer modified with a synthetic sialylglycopolymer receptor layer.

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Advances and insights in the diagnosis of viral infections

Journal of Nanobiotechnology ◽

10.1186/s12951-021-01081-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Julija Dronina ◽

Urte Samukaite-Bubniene ◽

Arunas Ramanavicius

Keyword(s):

Analytical Methods ◽

Influenza A ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Virus Detection ◽

Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Diagnostic Laboratory ◽

Reading Frame ◽

Tissue Changes ◽

Specific Tissue

AbstractViral infections are the most common among diseases that globally require around 60 percent of medical care. However, in the heat of the pandemic, there was a lack of medical equipment and inpatient facilities to provide all patients with viral infections. The detection of viral infections is possible in three general ways such as (i) direct virus detection, which is performed immediately 1–3 days after the infection, (ii) determination of antibodies against some virus proteins mainly observed during/after virus incubation period, (iii) detection of virus-induced disease when specific tissue changes in the organism. This review surveys some global pandemics from 1889 to 2020, virus types, which induced these pandemics, and symptoms of some viral diseases. Non-analytical methods such as radiology and microscopy also are overviewed. This review overlooks molecular analysis methods such as nucleic acid amplification, antibody-antigen complex determination, CRISPR-Cas system-based viral genome determination methods. Methods widely used in the certificated diagnostic laboratory for SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, B, C, HIV, and other viruses during a viral pandemic are outlined. A comprehensive overview of molecular analytical methods has shown that the assay's sensitivity, accuracy, and suitability for virus detection depends on the choice of the number of regions in the viral open reading frame (ORF) genome sequence and the validity of the selected analytical method.

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Swine influenza: Newer data on diagnosis, interpretation of the results, and control

Medycyna Weterynaryjna ◽

10.21521/mw.6506 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 77 (02) ◽

pp. 6506-2021

Author(s):

ZYGMUNT PEJSAK ◽

KAZIMIERZ TARASIUK

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Swine Influenza ◽

Water System ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Specific Antibodies

Influenza viruses are among the major causes of acute respiratory disease outbreaks in pigs. In most cases, infections are subclinical. Until 2009, three subtypes of IAV-S circulated in the pig population in Europe, with some geographical restrictions regarding their prevalence: avian-like (av) H1N1, reassortant (r) H3N2, and human (hu) H1N2. Viruses of the H1N1av lineage appeared to be responsible for the majority of swine infections in Europe. In 2009, a fourth subtype entered the pig population: the human pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus (H1N1pdm). Due to the expression of receptors with α-2-6 or α-2-3-linked terminal sialic acids in the porcine upper respiratory tract, swine appear to be susceptible to influenza A viruses of both avian and human origin. A clinical diagnosis of swine influenza is not easy, since there are no observable pathognomonic clinical signs, and the disease must be distinguished from a variety of other respiratory conditions in pigs. A final diagnosis can be made by the following methods: detection of viral proteins or nucleic acid, isolation of virus, or demonstration of virus-specific antibodies. IAV-S is most likely to be found in nasal and pharyngeal secretions during the fever period of illness. Serological tests are used to demonstrate the presence of influenza-specific antibodies. Serology is the most useful technique to determine the immune status of the herd, to assess the levels of maternally derived antibodies in young piglets and their profile, as well as post-vaccination antibody titers, and to perform pre-movement testing of pigs. The interpretation of serological data is often complex and may be further confounded by concurrent circulation of different virus subtypes and gene lineages. In control of IAV-S, vaccination appears to be the primary tool for preventing influenza. The efficacy of vaccination may be various and is correlated with homology between vaccine and field IAV-S strains. There is no treatment available for IAV-S. The administration of aspirin via the water system or of paracetamol in feed may play a role as a support therapy. To avoid subsequent bacterial infections, treatment with an antibiotic is essential.

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Clinical and etiological profile of neonatal sepsis in children admitted to tertiary care hospital

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics ◽

10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20203163 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 1714

Author(s):

Jawad Nazir Wani ◽

Vivek Pandita ◽

Saleem Yousuf ◽

Nusrat Yousuf

Keyword(s):

Blood Culture ◽

Neonatal Sepsis ◽

Clinical Presentation ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Abdominal Distension ◽

Causative Organism ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Suspected Sepsis ◽

High Index Of Suspicion ◽

A Prospective Study

Background: Neonatal sepsis is leading cause of mortality in children. The clinical presentation of neonatal sepsis is non-specific and variable. This study was undertaken to study clinical and etiological profile of neonatal sepsis.Methods: This was a prospective study conducted over a period of one year from March 2018 to March 2019. The patients with clinically suspected sepsis were included in this study. Detailed history and examination was done in all patients. In addition to baseline investigations, C-reactive protein and blood culture was done in all patients. Blood culture was done prior to administration of antibiotics.Results: In this study there were total of 102 patients out of which 54 were male and 48 were female. Among 102 patients, 69 patients were premature born before 37 weeks of gestation. Prematurity emerged to be the most common risk factor. In this study 62% patients had EOS (<72 hours of life) and 38% had LOS (>72 hours of life). The most common presenting feature were refusal of feeds, lethargy, respiratory distress and hypothermia. Other features were seizures, abdominal distension, apnea and sclerema. Blood culture was positive in 41% patients. The most common organism isolated on culture was Kleibsella followed by E. coli.Conclusions: Neonatal sepsis is leading cause of mortality in children. Early diagnosis and treatment is of paramount importance to prevent mortality. The clinical presentation of neonatal sepsis is non-specific and variable. So, high index of suspicion is required to detect sepsis at earliest. Gram negative organism like Kleibsella and E. coli are the common causative organism in neonatal sepsis.

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Susceptibility for Some Infectious Diseases in Patients With Diabetes: The Key Role of Glycemia

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.559595 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Jesús Chávez-Reyes ◽

Carlos E. Escárcega-González ◽

Erika Chavira-Suárez ◽

Angel León-Buitimea ◽

Priscila Vázquez-León ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Influenza A ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

Uncontrolled Diabetes ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

The Impact

Uncontrolled diabetes results in several metabolic alterations including hyperglycemia. Indeed, several preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that this condition may induce susceptibility and the development of more aggressive infectious diseases, especially those caused by some bacteria (including Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, among others) and viruses [such as coronavirus 2 (CoV2), Influenza A virus, Hepatitis B, etc.]. Although the precise mechanisms that link glycemia to the exacerbated infections remain elusive, hyperglycemia is known to induce a wide array of changes in the immune system activity, including alterations in: (i) the microenvironment of immune cells (e.g., pH, blood viscosity and other biochemical parameters); (ii) the supply of energy to infectious bacteria; (iii) the inflammatory response; and (iv) oxidative stress as a result of bacterial proliferative metabolism. Consistent with this evidence, some bacterial infections are typical (and/or have a worse prognosis) in patients with hypercaloric diets and a stressful lifestyle (conditions that promote hyperglycemic episodes). On this basis, the present review is particularly focused on: (i) the role of diabetes in the development of some bacterial and viral infections by analyzing preclinical and clinical findings; (ii) discussing the possible mechanisms by which hyperglycemia may increase the susceptibility for developing infections; and (iii) further understanding the impact of hyperglycemia on the immune system.

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