Sunburn: Effects and Management

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
James Leach
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ultraviolet A ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cutting Out ◽  
Ancient Times

The salutary benefits of basking in the sun have been sought by human beings since ancient times. Regarded in the past as a deity, the sun still confers its radiant benedictions on its modern devotees who have been persuaded by contemporary fashions that a dark brown tan is a sure sign of well-being, both physical and psychological. At some time, virtually all ardent sun-worshippers discover the unpleasant acute cutaneous reaction commonly called sunburn. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLAR RADIATION Constituting a continuous spectrum, the electromagnetic radiation from the sun ranges from the highly energetic short wavelengths to the less energetic longer wavelengths. The wavelengths that impinge on the earth's surface are between 290 and 3,000 nm. On the basis of our visual physiology, they can be arbitrarily divided into visible, ultraviolet, and infrared waves. The portion of solar radiation that elicits the sunburn reaction lies between 290 and 320 nm in the ultraviolet band and is traditionally designated ultraviolet B (UVB). The earth's stratosphere effectively absorbs the potentially more harmful shorter wavelengths. This filtering is accomplished by the thin ozone layer that continually absorbs ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from 200 to 320 nm, completely cutting out all radiation less than 290 nm. The longer ultraviolet wavelengths from 320 to 400 nm, designated ultraviolet A (UVA), are approximately one thousandth as effective as UVB in evoking erythema.

scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (9SE) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Kamlini Vincent ◽  
Amrita Khatri
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Organizational Levels

It is not as though degradation of environment is only a recent phenomenon. In the past also human activities have resulted in the degradation of environment, though they were not aware of it. Mans impact on the environment has resulted in pollution of environment. The protection and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects the well-being of people and economic development. Environmental protection is a practice of protecting the environment, on organizational levels, for the benefit of the natural environment and human- been.  According to section 2 (a) of the environmental protection Act, ‘Environment’ includes water, air and land inter-relationship which exists among and between water, air and land and human beings other living creatures, plants, micro-organism and property.  There are about two hundred laws dealing with environmental protection both before and after independence in India.

Gaia or Athena? The Early Faint-Sun Paradox

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas V. Hoyt ◽  
Kenneth H. Shatten
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Stellar Evolution ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Solar Luminosity ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Climate Evolution

Stellar evolution theory predicts large, long-term solar large, long-term solar luminosity (L⊙) changes over the lifetime of the sun. The most certain prediction is a general monotonic increase (neglecting short-period variations) in L⊙ of about 30% over the past 4.7 billion years, an increase that will continue. This prediction is well founded theoretically (based on the conversion of hydrogen into heavier elements) and supported observationally by the famous Hertzsprung-Russell diagram showing stellar evolution. If the solar luminosity increases monotonically with time, one might expect to find evidence of increasing surface temperatures in the Earth’s paleoclimatic record. Instead, isotopic indicators show Earth’s mean surface temperature is now significantly lower than it was 3 billion years ago. In 1975, R. K. Ulrich termed this the “faint young sun” paradox. Simultaneous solar luminosity increase and terrestrial temperature decrease imply additional strong influences on climate evolution. To understand climate evolution (and, by inference, the present climate), we must first determine the nature of these “compensatory mechanisms.” The positively increasing line in Figure 12.1 shows the evolution of solar luminosity (in units of present luminosity, L). Since terrestrial surface temperatures have remained nearly constant during the last 2.3 billion years, this requires a very effective compensatory mechanism. Several theories attempt to explain why the Earth’s surface temperature has remained relatively constant even while the solar luminosity has increased by 30%. Also, various scenarios have been advanced to explain why the Earth remained ice-free even during periods when the sun was much dimmer than it is today. Some of these ideas are: • Since it had fewer continents and more oceans, the early Earth was much darker. This same darker surface absorbed enough additional incoming solar radiation to remain ice-free. • In the past, energy transport from the equator to polar regions was easier because the continents had lower elevations. This enhanced heat transport allowed the Earth to remain relatively warm. • The early atmosphere had more carbon dioxide and methane, creating an enhanced greenhouse effect sufficient to trap the incoming solar radiation and keep the Earth warm. The enormous amount of carbon trapped in limestone suggests that Earth’s former atmosphere contained much more carbon dioxide than it does today.

Results of Rocket and Meteor Research *

1952 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred L. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
The Sun ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Atmospheric Data ◽  
Far Ultraviolet

Results are presented of rocket and meteor research in the upper atmosphere during the past three years. Both methods have been valuable in determining the pressures, densities and temperatures in the upper atmosphere and variations with time and place above an altitude of 30 km. The basic atmospheric data are now rather well determined to 130 km over New Mexico. Knowledge of the composition of the atmosphere to 72 km depends solely upon rocket sampling techniques. A great deal of information has been obtained from the rocket measures concerning radiation from the sun in the far ultraviolet to wavelength about 800 Å and in the soft X-ray region below 20 Å. A considerable section of the paper is devoted to the question of micro-meteorites, their existence and effect on the upper atmosphere. In addition, three Appendixes include some more recent information concerning temperatures and composition of the upper atmosphere and concerning high-frequency solar radiation.

scholarly journals The power of musical sound and its implications for primary education in South Africa: An experiential discussion

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Auerbach ◽  
Alette Delport
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Musical Sound ◽  
Young Learners ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
And Performance

In this article, the power of musical sound and its transformative effects on human beings are explored, as perceived since ancient times and discussed in recent literature. An evolving research project is then reviewed, with a group of primary school children from disadvantaged backgrounds with no prior formal musical training.In essence, the aim of the study in progress is to determine how musical sound can be used to facilitate mindfulness, develop wholeness and facilitate the holistic growth of young South African learners, especially those from deprived backgrounds.Initial findings suggest that when musical sound experiences are included in everyday education of young learners, there are moments of joy, spontaneity, a sense of unity and well-being. The listening capacity of the children in the group has refined and performance levels at school have improved.

scholarly journals Speculations on Possible Physical and Cosmical Phenomena in Reference to the Past Conditions of Our Earth

The Geologist ◽  
1863 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 178-183
Author(s):  
S. J. Mackie
Keyword(s):  
Planetary System ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Planetary Orbits ◽  
The World ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Past Conditions

Whenever we begin to think about the formation of the universe we get at once into the realms of speculation, and the only value of our thoughts rests in their probability. In everything unknown we must first form an idea—that is, speculate; then, by partial gatherings of facts, or by positive reasoning, we may theorize. Ultimately, by the accumulation of evidence, we may prove that which, in the first place, we only imagined. When first men observed the sun, they regarded the earth as a flat plain, over which the sun passed in his heavenly course, and below which, at eve, he retired to rest. It was not until many ages had elapsed that the world came to be regarded as round, and even then it was long before the sun was considered as a fixed centre of the planetary system revolving round him.By no nation of ancient times has astronomy been more advanced than the Greeks. Not that the Greeks ever worked out much to a proved result, but they were an imaginative people, and they invented notions. If one theory or speculation was disproved, they invented another; and, hit or miss, they always seemed to have fresh ideas in reserve. In some things astronomical, as in many other things that the world believes in, we may be heretics, and we admit we do not adhere to all the cosmical, physical, geological, and spiritual tenets of the popular faiths. We may not entirely believe in the perfect stability of the universe; we may doubt the eternal endurance of the sun's bright rays; and we may not quite acquiesce in the unchangeable permanence of tne planetary orbits: in short, we do not believe in the permanence of anything whatever in creation. All ever has been change, and changeful all things ever will be. Diversity and change are visible in the first created things of which any relics have been left us.

Linguistic Representation of the Concept of Sun in the Linguoculture of the Peoples of the North (Based on the Yakut and Yukaghir Languages)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-110
Author(s):  
Margarita P. Lukina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Summer Solstice ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Heavenly Body ◽  
Linguistic Representation ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
Ancient Times

The object of the research is the concept of the sun: in the Yakut language - kyn, in the tundra Yukagir language - yerpeye and in the forest Yukaghir language - yeloodye. The article deals with lexical representatives and stable phrases; the motivating, conceptual, figurative features and derivational paradigms of the studied concept are established; applied etymological analysis of words, cognitive approach and conceptual methods of concept research. The concept of the sun is presented in different ways in the linguistic picture of the world of peoples. The description and explanation of the peculiarities of the concept of the sun in the national linguistic picture of the world of the Sakha and Yukaghir people in a comparative-comparative plan seems relevant for conceptual linguistics. As a result of the study, only positive signs of the concept of the sun were noted in both linguocultures. The scope of the linguistic representation of the concept of kyn in the Yakut language is diverse, while the content level is characterized by different options. A large number of derivative words with the lexeme kyn in the Yakut language indicate the cultural significance of this concept. Since ancient times, the Sakha people and the Yukaghirs had a cult of the main heavenly body of the sun, which continues to the present day. The Sakha and Yukaghir people celebrate the Ysyakh and Shahadyibe holidays on the summer solstice, marking the beginning of a new annual cycle. During the holiday, abundance, peace, harmony and love are demonstrated to the main deity, the sun, thereby asking the sun for well-being for the coming year. Thus, the sun is a key concept for these northern peoples. Keywords: linguoculture, concept sun, concept kyn, concept yerpeye/yeloodye, Yakut language, Yukaghir language, concept-forming lexeme

scholarly journals Sustainable development and human development. Evolution or transition in the scientific conception of sustainability?

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julián Santiago Vásquez Roldán ◽  
Robert Ng Henao
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Strong Connection ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
The Past ◽  
Man And Nature

The integration of the various ideological views by the academic community around the great problems facing the planet has allowed the establishment of a complex system of practical and theoretical relationships between man and nature, generating a strong connection between sustainable development and human development, and conferring greater prominence to the role of human beings, according to their powers, liberties and actions for achieving and maximizing their individual and collective well-being. In this regard, this chapter aims to analyze the influence of the human context in the historical conceptualization of development and its relation with human and planetary well-being over the past 50 years. We try to prove that when it comes to development from the human perspective or from the perspective of sustainability, it tends towards the same discourse that enables convergence and evolution of the concept of development into a much less utopian trend, with greater scope and application under the scientific paradigm of sustainability in terms of human welfare.

scholarly journals La melancolía aristotélica en "Nadie me verá llorar" de Cristina Garza

2014 ◽  
pp. 487
Author(s):  
Ainhoa Segura Zariquiegui
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Latin American Literature ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Porfirio Diaz ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of

Los seres humanos siempre nos hemos sentido fascinados por la difusa línea que divide la locura y el sentido común. Es la lucha entre racionalidad e irracionalidad. Es por ello que mi proyecto se basa en este tema. Se trata de investigar sobre la locura, anteriormente denominada melancolía. La reflexión tiene como marco la novela de la autora mexicana Cristina Garza titulada Nadie me verá llorar. Esta obra está ambientada en el México positivista de Porfirio Díaz. Los personajes que recorren la novela se posicionan entre la racionalidad y la irracionalidad. Para analizar más pormenorizadamente las características de los protagonistas, se ha utilizado la obra aristotélica que trata de la melancolía. Gracias a esta obra, se puede observar cómo las características ancestrales de los melancólicos se sitúan, en este caso, en el México finisecular. Human beings have been always fascinated by the line that divides the madness and the common sense. This is the fight between rationality and irrationality. That is why my project involves this topic basing my researched in the definition of melancholic named in the past as madness. From the beginning of the humanity people look at their selves trying to understand how their mind works looking for the distinction of reality and unreality. Lunacy has been a malefic character but also due to the enigmatic characteristics, has trace of greatness. This paper continues this research upon the differences, the uncommon. I based my paper in a historical development of the analysis of the melancholic from the ancient times with Aristotle and Plato until two of the most relevant writers of the Latin-American literature, Cristina Garza specially in her novel Nadie me verá llorar (No one will see me cry). My researched rests in the Aristotle´s treaty titled The man of genius and the melancholic because is, with Plato, the philosopher that gave form to that feeling of amazed facing it to the magnanimity and the despicable of the mental illness. The genius man has always been located between these limits, such as the painter Bacon or Beethoven. These thin line make them fall or slip in one or the other face of the melancholic. How can you get hooked by this theme? How could you not follow the way of those who came before us trying to find the answer?

The Elemental Past

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Toadvine
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Phenomenology Of Perception ◽  
Continental Divide ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Quentin Meillassoux

In a 1951 debate that marked the beginnings of the analytic-continental divide, Maurice Merleau-Ponty sided with Georges Bataille in rejecting A. J. Ayer’s claim that “the sun existed before human beings.” This rejection is already anticipated in a controversial passage from Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Perception, where he claims that “there is no world without an Existence that bears its structure.” I defend Merleau-Ponty’s counterintuitive position against naturalistic and anti-subjectivist critics by arguing that the world emerges in the exchange between perceiver and perceived. A deeper challenge is posed, however, by Quentin Meillassoux, who argues that the “correlationism” of contemporary philosophy rules out any account of the “ancestral” time that antedates all subjectivity. Against Meillassoux, and taking an encounter with fossils as my guide, I hold that the past prior to subjectivity can only be approached phenomenologically. The paradoxical character of this immemorial past, as a memory of the world rather than of the subject, opens the way toward a phenomenology of the “elemental” past. Drawing on Merleau-Ponty’s descriptions of the absolute past of nature and the anonymity of the body, as well as Levinas’ account of the elements at the end of the world, I argue that our own materiality and organic lives participate in the differential rhythms of the elements, opening us to a memory of the world that binds the cosmic past and the apocalyptic future.

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