scholarly journals Vertical distribution of 137Cs in forest soil after the ground fires

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-240
Author(s):  
I. Davydova ◽  
M. Korbut ◽  
H. Kreitseva ◽  
A. Panasiuk ◽  
V. Melnyk
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
State Enterprise ◽  
Soil Horizons ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Time Required

We studied the influence of forest fires on vertical pattern of 137Cs specific activity concentration in forest soils. Our experiments were organized in Bazar forestry of State Enterprise (SE) “Narodychi Forestry” (Ukraine). We sampled soil in the study sites where grassfires occurred at different times, and determined the specific activity of 137Cs in all soil horizons. We determined that the forest fires and burned forest litter intensify mineralization of forest litter nutrients and increase the radionuclide content in upper layers of soil mineral part. In the following years, the radionuclides gradually move to deeper soil horizons and the difference between the burned and control areas decreases. We determined the depth of soil layer, where the changes in 137Cs specific activity occur caused by the forest fires. The time required for restoration of the original distribution is calculated. The results obtained allow us to identify a group of plants (by the location of the root system) that may have increased levels of contamination in the years following a forest fire and to determine the period when we must conduct additional radiological control of them. We suggested the recommendations on usage of non-timber forest products on the territories contaminated with radionuclides.

Impact Assessment of Dynamic Characteristics on the Hydraulic Driven Machinery Operation

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
A. D. Terenteva
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Error ◽  
Total Error ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Hydraulic Drive ◽  
Hydraulic Cylinder ◽  
Working Mechanism ◽  
Automated Control ◽  
Vertical Coordinate ◽  
Construction Machinery ◽  
The Difference

In civil engineering in Russia, trenching for utilities is currently under digging. To perform such works, it is necessary to use high-precision construction machinery, because inaccurate performance of works can lead to the break down of existing utilities, thereby affecting the residents of nearby houses and demanding the additional works for renewal.The most universal labour saver to perform construction works is hydraulic driven single-bucket excavators, which provide up to 38% of works. Therefore, to improve technical characteristics that affect the accuracy of the work performed is an important task.High requirements for the performance of works are defined by existing construction regulations: an allowable soil layer to remain is at most 0.05 m. To fulfil such requirements, an exact assessment of the working mechanism position and a trench profile is necessary.Examination of a manually operated digging process shows that an operator provides operations untimely, however an automated control system can solve this problem. Dynamic phenomena in the working mechanism have the greatest impact on the accuracy of the works performed.To assess the bucket digging edge position accuracy, a mathematical model of the working mechanism has been created. Based on the cycle scheme of the working process, the excessive displacements of the hydraulic cylinder rods under the load are taken into account. By the end of the cycle, the difference between the specified and obtained positions along the vertical coordinate has been 0.0892 m.A dynamic error of the hydraulic drive system of the working mechanism is considered as a sum of the error due to excessive displacements of the hydraulic cylinder rods and the error due to delay of the hydraulic drive, with the latter being calculated for the average time of delay taking into account the data available in the literature. The total error of the bucket digging edge position of the working mechanism is 0.1176 m, which is 2 times more than the value of 0.05 mConformity of all the links with specification requirements does not guarantee compliance with the required displacement accuracy of the bucket digging edge, and, thus, the soil layer to remain in the base of the trench can exceed the regulated value of 0.05 m.

scholarly journals A Fast Retrieval of Cloud Parameters Using a Triplet of Wavelengths of Oxygen Dimer Band around 477 nm

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Haklim Choi ◽  
Xiong Liu ◽  
Gonzalo Gonzalez Abad ◽  
Jongjin Seo ◽  
Kwang-Mog Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scattered Light ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cloud Parameters ◽  
Retrieval Scheme ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Look ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cloud Top Pressure

Clouds act as a major reflector that changes the amount of sunlight reflected to space. Change in radiance intensity due to the presence of clouds interrupts the retrieval of trace gas or aerosol properties from satellite data. In this paper, we developed a fast and robust algorithm, named the fast cloud retrieval algorithm, using a triplet of wavelengths (469, 477, and 485 nm) of the O2–O2 absorption band around 477 nm (CLDTO4) to derive the cloud information such as cloud top pressure (CTP) and cloud fraction (CF) for the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS). The novel algorithm is based on the fact that the difference in the optical path through which light passes with regard to the altitude of clouds causes a change in radiance due to the absorption of O2–O2 at the three selected wavelengths. To reduce the time required for algorithm calculations, the look-up table (LUT) method was applied. The LUT was pre-constructed for various conditions of geometry using Vectorized Linearized Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer (VLIDORT) to consider the polarization of the scattered light. The GEMS was launched in February 2020, but the observed data of GEMS have not yet been widely released. To evaluate the performance of the algorithm, the retrieved CTP and CF using observational data from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2), which cover the spectral range of GEMS, were compared with the results of the Fast Retrieval Scheme for Clouds from the Oxygen A band (FRESCO) algorithm, which is based on the O2 A-band. There was good agreement between the results, despite small discrepancies for low clouds.

scholarly journals Events, Time and the Simple Form

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter H. Hirtle
Keyword(s):  
Simple Form ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Event Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Required ◽  
English Verb

Abstract This is an attempt to discern more clearly the underlying or POTENTIAL meaning of the simple form of the English verb, described in Hirtle 1967 as 'perfective'. Vendler's widely accepted classification of events into ACCOMPLISHMENTS, ACHIEVEMENTS, ACTIVITIES, and STATES is examined from the point of view of the time necessarily contained between the beginning and end of any event, i.e. EVENT TIME as represented by the simple form. This examination justifies the well known dynamic/stative dichotomy by showing that event time is evoked in two different ways, that, in fact, the simple form has two ACTUAL significates. Further reflection on the difference between the two types thus expressed—developmental or action-like events and non-developmental or state-like events—leads to the conclusion that the simple form provides a representation of the time required to situate all the impressions involved in the notional or lexical import of the verb.

scholarly journals Gangguan Hutan di KPH Kuningan Divisi Regional Jawa Barat dan Banten

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-165
Author(s):  
Ati Dwi Nurhayati ◽  
Liana Arhami
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Forest Disturbance ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Forest Disturbances ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Legal Remedies ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
And Control

Forest protection is an effort to prevent and control the destruction of forests, forest areas, and forest products caused by human actions, livestock, fires, pests and diseases. The aims of this research are to identify the types of forest disturbance especially those caused by humans and physically, analyze the factors causing forest disturbance, and analyze efforts to control forest disturbance at KPH Kuningan. Forest disturbances that occurred in the KPH Kuningan during 2010-2014 included: timber theft, forest fires, forest encroachment, and natural disasters. The background of forest disturbance in the Kuningan KPH is mainly due to the socio-economic conditions of the community around the forest that are still low. Strategic actions taken to prevent forest disturbance at the KPH Kuningan are to take pre-emptive actions in the form of counseling and establish good relations between officers and the community through social communication and Community Based Forest Management (PHBM), preventive actions in the form of patrols and safeguards against forest potential, and repressive actions in the form of legal remedies against the perpetrators. Key words: cause of forest disturbance, type of forest disturbance, forest disturbance control

scholarly journals Pembuatan dan Pengujian Mesin Pemotong Lidi Tusuk Sate

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-430
Author(s):  
Gusri Akhyar Ibrahim ◽  
Arinal Hamni ◽  
Wahyu Budiono
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Machine ◽  
Simple Tool ◽  
Business Opportunities ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Required ◽  
At Home

MAKING AND TESTING OF SKEWERS CUTTING MACHINES. In Indonesia there are more than 100 types of bamboo that can be used by craftsmen, one of which is skewers. Skewers are promising commodities for business opportunities. The process of producing skewers are started from cutting down the bamboo, cutting bamboo, splitting bamboo, shriveling bamboo to become a stick skewer after that is done cutting the skewer sticks, drying sticks, polishing the sticks skewers and chopping sticks. The process of cutting a stick skewer which is done at this time is still using a simple tool, so the results are bad and the cutting time is very long. To maintain the quality of the results of a good stick skewer sticks and to increase the productivity of the stick skewers, the process of producing and testing of a skewer stick cutting machine is done. The method to produce a skewer stick cutting machine is done by designing the tool, determining the material to be used then making it. This skewer stick cutting machine is made with a press system and vertical cutting directions. From the results of testing the skewer stick cutting machine obtained that the quality of skewer cutting is good and the time required to cut is only 10 seconds. the difference is about 50 seconds faster than the hand saws used, so as to increase the productivity of the skewer sticks. The cutting machine was impelemented at home industry at Sidomulyo of South Lampung. Using the machine has increased productity and also quality of skewers.

scholarly journals Heavy metals in the organic soil layer of beech forests in Serbia

2005 ◽  
pp. 55-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratko Kadovic ◽  
Olivera Kosanin ◽  
Snezana Belanovic ◽  
Milan Knezevic
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Organic Horizon ◽  
Beech Forests ◽  
Metal Contents ◽  
Level I ◽  
And Migration

During the last decades, forest ecosystems have been strongly exposed to the effect of different harmful pollutants, especially from the atmosphere. Harmful substances from the air, in addition to the direct effect on forest trees, also deposit in the soil, and have an adverse effect on soil chemistry and pedogenetic processes. The results of previous studies in Serbia (Kadovic, Knezevic, 2002, 2004) show some specificities regarding the accumulation and migration of heavy metals in the soil. The highest concentrations were found in the layers of forest litter and in the surface organo-mineral horizons. This paper presents the results of the study of heavy metal contents (Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, Cd, Pb, Ni and Cr) in the organic horizon (forest litter) of beech forests in Serbia. The study of the heavy metal content in the organic horizon (forest litter) is very significant primarily in the aim of monitoring the trend of their migration through the soil profile and the effect on the soil properties and genesis. The soil quality in beech forests in Serbia was assessed within the Project ICP Forest, Level I, by the methodology UN/ECE-EC, 2000.

scholarly journals Forest fires and climate-induced tree range shifts in the western US

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Avery P. Hill ◽  
Christopher B. Field
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Fire Management ◽  
Range Shifts ◽  
Inventory Analysis ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Wildfire Occurrence ◽  
Western Us ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Climate Space

AbstractDue to climate change, plant populations experience environmental conditions to which they are not adapted. Our understanding of the next century’s vegetation geography depends on the distance, direction, and rate at which plant distributions shift in response to a changing climate. In this study we test the sensitivity of tree range shifts (measured as the difference between seedling and mature tree ranges in climate space) to wildfire occurrence, using 74,069 Forest Inventory Analysis plots across nine states in the western United States. Wildfire significantly increased the seedling-only range displacement for 2 of the 8 tree species in which seedling-only plots were displaced from tree-plus-seedling plots in the same direction with and without recent fire. The direction of climatic displacement was consistent with that expected for warmer and drier conditions. The greater seedling-only range displacement observed across burned plots suggests that fire can accelerate climate-related range shifts and that fire and fire management will play a role in the rate of vegetation redistribution in response to climate change.

scholarly journals Microbial proportion and heterotroph CO2 flux from drainage peatland under oil palm plantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3055-3061
Author(s):  
Eka Lupitasari ◽  
Rahayu Widyastuti ◽  
Heru Bagus Pulunggono
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Decomposition ◽  
Oil Palm Plantation ◽  
Ligninolytic Fungi ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Bacteria

The difference in soil layer can affect heterotroph respiration that means CO2 fluxes from microbial decomposition in peatlands. Oil palm plants release root exudates transported to other places, i.e., shrub, by water movement, which can stimulate microbial activity. This study was conducted to learn the effects of differences of the soil layer and distance from the trunk in drainage peatland under oil palm plantation on total bacteria, fungi, cellulolytic bacteria, ligninolytic fungi, and heterotroph fluxes CO2, then compared to a shrub. Heterotroph respiration decreased with soil layer depth, where at the layer 0-20 cm released amount of CO2 as much 6.07 + 1.76, at 20-40 cm was 5.18 + 0.50, and at 40-60 cm 5.27 + 1.20 mg CO2 100 g-1 day-1, and tended higher than in shrub where a layer of 0-20 cm released 5.51 + 1.69, then decrease at 20-40 cm to 4.83 + 1.38, and at 40-60 cm 4.30 + 1.08 mg CO2 100 g-1 day-1. Total bacteria (107 CFU g-1) and fungi (105 CFU g-1) were higher than total cellulolytic bacteria (103 CFU g-1) and ligninolytic fungi (102 CFU g-1) in both under oil palm plantation and shrub. Organic acids affected the abundance of total bacteria and fungi but did not affect cellulolytic bacteria and ligninolytic fungi on both sites, as shown by a lower population and low cellulose and laccase enzymes. These findings showed that heterotroph CO2 flux tended higher in oil palm plantations and lignocellulolytic microbes are not the only source of heterotroph respiration.

scholarly journals Lidar profiling of aerosol optical properties from Paris to Lake Baikal (Siberia)

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 5007-5026 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Dieudonné ◽  
P. Chazette ◽  
F. Marnas ◽  
J. Totems ◽  
X. Shang
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Lake Baikal ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Aerosol Optical Properties ◽  
Imaging Spectrometer ◽  
Moderate Resolution ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First Time

Abstract. In June 2013, a ground-based mobile lidar performed the ~10 000 km ride from Paris to Ulan-Ude, near Lake Baikal, profiling for the first time aerosol optical properties all the way from western Europe to central Siberia. The instrument was equipped with N2-Raman and depolarization channels that enabled an optical speciation of aerosols in the low and middle troposphere. The extinction-to-backscatter ratio (also called lidar ratio or LR) and particle depolarization ratio (PDR) at 355 nm have been retrieved. The LR in the lower boundary layer (300–700 m) was found to be 63 ± 17 sr on average during the campaign with a distribution slightly skewed toward higher values that peaks between 50 and 55 sr. Although the difference is small, PDR values observed in Russian cities (>2%, except after rain) are systematically higher than the ones measured in Europe (<1%), which is probably an effect of the lifting of terrigenous aerosols by traffic on roads. Biomass burning layers from grassland or/and forest fires in southern Russia exhibit LR values ranging from 65 to 107 sr and from 3 to 4% for the PDR. During the route, desert dust aerosols originating from the Caspian and Aral seas regions were characterized for the first time, with a LR (PDR) of 43 ± 14 sr (23 ± 2%) for pure dust. The lidar observations also showed that this dust event extended over 2300 km and lasted for ~6 days. Measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) show that our results are comparable in terms of aerosol optical thickness (between 0.05 and 0.40 at 355 nm) with the mean aerosol load encountered throughout our route.

Individual vs Group Learning: Note on Two Task Variables

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman S. Napier
Keyword(s):  
Present Experiment ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Group Learning ◽  
Nominal Groups ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Task Variables ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Puzzle Task

The pooling of abilities or nominal groups technique was used in the present experiment to compare individuals with two-person groups on a picture-puzzle task. When size of the task was limited to a part (one-fourth) of the puzzle or the duration of the task was restricted to a few (four) trials, no difference between individuals and groups was evident. However, as task size and number of trials increased, groups performed at a significantly higher level than individuals. The difference was discussed in terms of information available to group members and the time required for group formation.

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