Revolutions in Norm-Creating: Law, Morality, Religion

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-77
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Koval ◽  
Andrey A. Sychev ◽  
Natalia V. Zhadunova
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Imaginary ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Type ◽  
Individual Consciousness ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Moral Stage ◽  
Degree Of Participation ◽  
Rule Making

Introduction. The emergence of social norms is usually described as a spontaneous, objectively conditioned process. However, the norm-creating approach to the study of the indicated problem allows obtaining a fundamentally new optics of socio-philosophical studies of normativity. The purpose of this article is to analyze the position of various normative regulators (law, morality, religion) in the value-normative hierarchy, conditioned by the rule-making activity of individual and collective subjects. Materials and Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is a systematic approach that allows considering law, morality and religion as elements of a single value-normative space. To conceptualize norm-making revolutions, the model of the social imaginary in the interpretation of C. Castoriadis and Ch. Taylor is used. Results. Three norm-creating revolutions are described: moral, religious and legal, each of which is characterized by the priority of the corresponding normative regulator. The moral stage was preceded by the stage of the emergence of social norms and the primary social imaginary, characterized by the priority of the group. The moral revolution was marked by the internalization of external norms into individual consciousness and the isolation of moral norms from other social normative regulators (that had not been differentiated in the syncretic consciousness of an archaic person). A religious revolution is characterized by other subjects of rule-making (God, Councils, bishops, etc.), the switch in the value hierarchy from an individual to a group, the formation of a new type of social imaginary. A legal revolution, which entailed a certain degree of legalization of morality and religion, is associated with the development of the ideas of human rights, justice, equality in the social imaginary. It is characterized by the priority of the individual interests and the expansion of the circle of subjects of norm-creating, although their degree of participation in norm-making activities can be significantly differentiated. Discussion and Conclusion. Probably, the next norm-creating revolution has already begun, but it is not yet possible to fully understand its specifics. Most likely, the group again will occupy the center of the social imaginary, pushing the individual to the periphery of the value-normative space.

Commentary

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy J. Miller ◽  
Grace E. Cho
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Social Imaginary ◽  
Active Engagement ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Personal Meanings ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Past Experiences

Chapter 12, “Commentary: Personalization,” discusses the process of personalization, based on the portraits presented in Chapters 8–11. Personalization is not just a matter of individual variation; it is a form of active engagement through which individuals endow imaginaries with personal meanings and refract the imaginary through their own experiences. The portraits illustrate how the social imaginary of childrearing and self-esteem entered into dialogue with the complex realities of people’s lives. Parents’ ability to implement their childrearing goals was constrained and enabled by their past experiences and by socioeconomic conditions. The individual children were developing different strategies of self-evaluation, different expectations about how affirming the world would be, and different self-defining interests, and their self-making varied, depending on the situation. Some children received diagnoses of low self-esteem as early as preschool.

scholarly journals Legal Education and Upbringing of Order

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Joniada Musaraj
Keyword(s):  
Legal Education ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
The Public ◽  
Legal Literacy ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Individual Consciousness ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

A great importance to a democratic society is the creation of legal literacy education on rule. Such a breeding seems to be primarily present in the consciousness of every citizen. The principles of a democratic state should be installed, first to society. These principles embodied in the individual consciousness in the form of legal and institutional consciousness. Moreover every man should know that c `demands of an institution, and should make it impossible to solve the institutional and democratic way, even when he finds the office door closed, even by officials when a problem exists as insoluble. An individual should not be equated with the passivity that is generally characterized by officials, but must use every means to protect the right and dignity. Methodology: First, quantitative analysis was used to see why the number of citizens dissatisfied with the exercise of their rights is increasing. Secondly, qualitative analysis was used by analyzing the social and objective causes that lead to a lack of legal education of the public. Expected results: the consequent link between the lack of information on the law and non-exercise of the right. This scientific paper seeks to give concretely what are some of the strategies that should be used to have a well-informed public and satisfied with the exercise of law.

scholarly journals The Societal Crisis and The Human Dignity: Epistemological View

wisdom ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Ana Bazac
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Methodological Individualism ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Social ◽  
Will To Live ◽  
Individual Consciousness ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Autonomous State ◽  
Real State

The paper aims at emphasising the significances of the concept of dignity through the lens of the relational character of this concept. Even though it appeared in modernity as substantive/essence, as an autonomous state that might be attached to man – and it was developed in the frame of methodological individualism –, dignity is a construct depending on the historical and social relations, thus the culture and values dominant in a certain time. And, because the consideration of the others is assumed by the individual who internalises the intertwining and force of values in the way he seems to not detach his own being from dignity, the paper demonstrates that, although there is an ontological basis of dignity – the human conatus – the concept of dignity is incomprehensible without connect it to, or more, without integrating it within the social complex.First of all, the individual translation of the human conatus in the concept of dignity supposes the social character of man. The instruments of the individual, necessary for his survival, are social. The language through which he expresses his self-consciousness as his own dignity is social. The nuances his self-consciousness transposes as feelings and their expressions are borrowed from the culture known by the individual.But leaving this alone, and considering as a beginning of the analysis only the individual’s feeling of dignity as transposition of his/her will to live, this feeling is vague, ineffable and evanescent if it would not have the positive or negative reactions of society towards it. Indeed, society is the ultimate criterion of the individual consciousness of dignity, because it accredits this individual feeling. If, by absurd, there was no society – or the individual would live in an individual niche and would not know anything about society (but, for the sake of our philosophical experiment, he could express through meaningful words his feelings) – the individual would not be sure that he has a constitutive dignity and he deserves dignity. Only the others authorise this feeling, whether they endorse it or not, having the function of a thermometer measuring the individual belief.Methodological individualism is contradictory concerning the concept of dignity: on the one hand, it lauds to sky this concept (in its essentialist variant) as related to the individual, and on the other hand, it neglects the consequences of social relations over the real state of dignity of all the human beings.Finally, the paper links this relational standpoint to both the surpassing of the abstract individual and the clash of universalistic and particularistic values.

Devenir mujer en el siglo XXI, una comprensión psicoanalítica. / Becoming a woman in the XXI century, a psychoanalytic perspective.

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (08) ◽  
pp. 215-225
Author(s):  
Lorena Biason J. ◽  
Marcela Ramírez M.
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Projective Identification ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Social Imaginary ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual

Desde la idea de un psiquismo social y en el entendimiento que el individuo es una construcción social, se interroga el psiquismo de la mujer, quien en su devenir y en su complejo proceso de adquisición de la identidad, encuentra como fuente de sentido desde lo social, la ley patriarcal imperante que la ubica en un lugar de menor valor en la sociedad.Los padres, principalmente a través de la identificación proyectiva, juegan un rol determinante en la recreación de estas significaciones imaginarias sociales y el psicoanálisis, con un constructo teórico que no puede conceptualizar sino desde lo social, podría banalizar un sistema de violencia, mediante un sistema racional y socialmente construido. Based on the idea of a social psychism and understanding the individual as a social construct is that we look at the female psychism. The occurrence and development of the women’s psyche, as well as her complex process of identity formation finds a source of meaning, from the social perspective, in the prevailing patriarchal law which positions her in a place of less value in society.Parents, mainly through projective identification, play a decisive role in the recreation of these social imaginary meanings. Psychoanalysis, with a theoretical construct unable to conceptualize but from the social aspect, might trivialize a system of violence by means of a rational and socially constructed system.

Human Creation, Imagination and Autonomy

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (37) ◽  
pp. 197-213
Author(s):  
Theofanis Tassis ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Marxist Theory ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Imaginary ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Greek World

During the last decade Castoriadis’ questioning has become a reference point in contemporary social theory. In this article I examine some of the key notions in Castoriadis’ work and explore how he strives to develop a theory on the irreducible creativity in the radical imagination of the individual and in the institution of the social-historical sphere. Firstly, I briefly discuss his conception of modem capitalism as bureaucratic capitalism, a view initiated by his criticism of the USSR regime. The following break up with Marxist theory and his psychoanalytic interests empowered him to criticize Lacan and read Freud in an imaginative, though unorthodox, fashion. I argue that this criticai enterprise assisted greatly Castoriadis in his conception of the radical imaginary and in his unveiling of the political aspects of psychoanalysis. On the issue of the radical imaginary and its methodological repercussions, I’m focusing mainly on the radical imagination o f the subject and its importance in the transition from the “psychic” to the “subject”. Taking up the notion of “Being” as a starting point, I examine the notion of autonomy, seeking its roots in the ancient Greek world. By looking at notions such as “praxis”, “doing”, “project” and “elucidation”, I show how Castoriadis sought to redefine revolution as a means for social and individual autonomy. Finally I attempt to clarify the meaning of “democracy” and “democratic society” in the context of the social imaginary and its creations, the social imaginary significations.

The Gilets Jaunes and the New Social Contract

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Devellennes
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Fundamental Challenge ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

This book provides a detailed account of the gilets jaunes, the yellow vest movement that has shaken France since 2018. The gilets jaunes are a group of French protesters named after their iconic yellow vests worn during their demonstrations, who have formed a new type of social movement. They have been variously interpreted since they began their occupation of French roundabouts: at first received with enthusiasm on the right of the French political establishment, and with caution on the left. They have provided a fundamental challenge to the social contract in France, the implicit pact between the governed and their political leaders. The book assesses what lessons can be drawn from their activities and the impact for the contemporary relationship between state and citizen. Informed by a dialogue with past political theorists — from Hobbes, Spinoza and Rousseau to Rawls, Nozick and Diderot — and reflecting on the challenges posed by the yellow vest movement, the book rethinks the concept of the social contract for contemporary societies around the world. It proposes a new relationship between the state and the individual, and establishes the necessity of rethinking the modern democratic nature of our representative polities in order to provide a genuine process for the healing of social ills.

Body and Gender within the Stratifications of the Social Imaginary

Hypatia ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-118
Author(s):  
Alice Pechriggl ◽  
Gertrude Postl
Keyword(s):  
Political Action ◽  
Social Philosophy ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Social Imaginary ◽  
The Social ◽  
Creative Force ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gender Specific

Using the notion of a transfiguration of sexed bodies, this text deals with the stratifications of the gender-specific imaginary. Starting from the figurative—thus creative—force of the psyche-soma, its interaction with the configurations of a collective body will be developed from the perspectives of social philosophy and philosophy of history. At the center of my discussion is the interdependence between the individual psyche-soma, the socialized individual, and a collective bodily imaginary, on the one hand, and the strata of a gender imaginary on the other. The ontological metaphor (meaning the metaphor that brings about social modes of being) as well as the dimension of political action will be highlighted as playing a crucial role for these processes.

Consciousness in the Feminist Novel

1981 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Pearson ◽  
Katherine Pope
Keyword(s):  
Social Structures ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Sensory Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Individual Consciousness ◽  
The Individual

The feminist novel specifically celebrates the triumph of the individual consciousness in all of its sensory, emotional, cognitive, and imaginative activities-as an authentic source of reality and of wisdom. In the process of the feminist narrative, the protagonist typically emerges into consciousness, asserting the validity of her own sensory data and perceptions over the established social structures of thought. Her new awareness surfaces when its conventional antithesis becomes unbearably incongruous with her own experiential and perceptual data or when the social modes of thinking threaten to destroy her. In order to bring the unconscious contents into consciousness, to extricate herself psychologically from the socializing forces, which are judgmental, restrictive, and inauthentic in essence, the feminist protagonist employs her own experience, introspection, investigation, memory, and fantasy.

scholarly journals Gerhard Lohfink’s Interpretative Key to the Sermon on the Mount

Verbum Vitae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1335-1355
Author(s):  
Marian Szczepan Machinek
Keyword(s):  
Moral Norms ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
Sermon On The Mount ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
New Israel

The purpose of this article is to elicit and analyze the main interpretative key used by the German exegete Gerhard Lohfink in his reading of the Sermon on the Mount. It does not attempt, however, tracing in detail the scholar's interpretation of the individual passages within that biblical text. In Lohfink’s understanding, the Sermon on the Mount is not addressed directly to all people but only to those who become disciples of Jesus, and who allow themselves to be gathered as the new Israel. By living according to the message of the Sermon on the Mount, communities of disciples become a light to the world, creating a “contrast society” and thereby demonstrating to the world that human relationships can be shaped in new ways. It is only through this mediation of Christian communities that the world at large can discover the message of the Sermon on the Mount which, in the end, is not a set of abstract moral norms, but rather an indication of the way of life appropriate for the social sphere in which God reigns.

scholarly journals Reflejo De La Psicología Revolucionaria En El Comportamiento Del Individuo En Las Obras Literarias De Mariano Azuela E Isaac Bábel

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Julia Sadovska
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Parallel Analysis ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Mass Psychology ◽  
The Social ◽  
Isaac Babel ◽  
Individual Consciousness ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Revolution

This paper focuses on the analysis of the psychology and the model of human behavior reflected in the works of M. Azuela and I. Babel. The novels "The ones of down" (M. Azuela) and "Red Cavalry" (I. Babel), dedicated to the revolution and the civil war, are explored within the framework of the social psychology. Theories of human behavior in the revolution, the aspect of motivation, and the socio-psychological mechanisms of its massive impact on the individual are considered. Similarly, the state of emotional stress that forces the masses to move was investigated. In the process of the "emotional whirlpool" and the "circular reaction" in progress, the voltage increases, which inevitably result to an explosion at the end (most of the time - of a violent nature). The parallel analysis of the researched works reveals that human behavior is determined by belonging to the consciousness of the masses or to the individual conscience. Individual consciousness and mass exist in a certain unity, but mass psychology, conquers the individual. In this case, a person becomes the "bearer of the mask" of the revolution.

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