SOVIET TANK INDUSTRY OF PERIOD OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR: TECHNICAL-TECHNOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS OF ACTIVITY AND FIGHTING FOR THEIR OVERCOMING

2018 ◽  
pp. 298-310
Author(s):  
Vasiliy V. Zapary
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Machine Building ◽  
Performance Technology ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The Military

Introduction. The paper considers the effect of key issues of the development of the military industry of the USSR in the pre-war and military period, which had a determining effect on the quality of tanks being created in the country. The main trends in the development of tank building in the context of industrial modernization in the 1930s-1940s are revealed. Materials and Methods. The work was carried out on the basis of a wide range of sources, mostly of a monographic nature, reflecting modern historiographic approaches to the topic under study. As the main methodological treatment is the modernization theory in combination with the system approach. Results. The author argues that the result of the accelerated modernization of the Soviet Union in the 1930s became the creation of a qualitatively heterogeneous industrial potential. Implementation of high-performance technologies of the flow-conveyor production of the “Fordist” type in the tractor building and automobile industry made it possible to use labor of low-skilled labor everywhere. The complex of these restrictions had a decisive influence on the choice of approaches to the design and production of tanks by Soviet constructors and production managers. Discussion. The work provides a brief retrospective review of the main trends in the development of the Soviet tank industry in the pre-war period, in the context of the overall social and technological modernization of the country. The significance of the factor of international cooperation and trade ties with the capitalist countries in the formation of the scientific and technical potential of the tank-building industry in the pre-war period is revealed. The factors of uneven development and qualitative potential of the Soviet machine building, created during the first five-year plans, are revealed. Conclusions. Before the Great Patriotic War, the secular tank industry could not fully solve the problem of the quality of its products. The outbreak of the war led to the evacuation, a partial loss of valuable stuff and equipment. In the eastern regions of the USSR, the military-political leadership of the country managed to recreate the tank industry through rigid mobilization methods of managing and concentrating evacuated resources. The lack of specialists forced the wide use of high-performance technology of flow-conveyor assembly in combination with the maximum simplification of the design of tanks. But this dramatically worsened their combat potential. The limited combat capabilities of such tanks had to be compensated for by their massive use.

scholarly journals PATRIOTIC EDUCATION OF S.AMANZOLOV OV DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
А.А. Oskembay ◽  
◽  
F.K. Kabdrakhmanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
Political Leader ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Patriotic Education ◽  
The Military

The article provides an assessment of the patriotic education of S. Amanzholov's soldiers during the Great Patriotic War. A comprehensive analysis of S. Amanzholov's activities as a political leader is presented. The article provides new data on the use of heroic deeds of Kazakh batyrs by scientists to raise the military spirit of soldiers. During the Great Patriotic War, patriotism became the most important value in Soviet society. Selfless devotion to their Motherland manifested itself among millions of Soviet citizens and became a source of unprecedented mass heroism. From February 1942 to June 1946 S. Amanzholov was on active military service in the ranks of the Soviet Army. He conducted political and educational work among soldiers of non-Russian nationality, published in the Kazakh language the "Notebook of the Red Army Agitator" and leaflets about the heroes of the Soviet Union.

Sport Under Communism

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Edelman ◽  
Anke Hilbrenner ◽  
Susan Brownell
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Competitive Sport ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Military

This article examines sport in the Soviet Union, East Germany, and China. Despite the early Soviet emphasis on mass physical culture, high-performance sport was the priority of these regimes and all three notionally used ‘amateurism’ to enhance national prestige. Having started out as opponents of Olympism, all three at different times came to prioritize winning medals at the Olympic Games. Despite similarities in the organization of sport—the state played a significant role and ties to the military and police were strong in all three countries—there were significant differences between them: China rejected competitive sport for much of the Mao era, whereas sport was one arena in which the GDR outshone West Germany. The article shows that during the Cold War sport was as much an arena of competition between socialist states as it was between the capitalist and communist worlds.

Why the Soviets Buy the Weapons They Do

1984 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Evangelista
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Bureaucratic Politics ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Military Industrial Complex ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nuclear Policy ◽  
Weapons Procurement ◽  
The Military

The authors of three recent books attempt to account for Soviet military developments by exploring a wide range of possible explanations. In Soviet Strategic Forces, Berman and Baker adopt a“requirements“approach; they argue that the Soviet strategic posture has developed mainly in response to threats generated by the West. Andrew Cockburn, in The Threat, maintains that internal factors—in particular, bureaucratic politics and the workings of the military-industrial complex—are responsible for Soviet weapons decisions. David Holloway's more eclectic explanation, in The Soviet Union and the Arms Race, describes both the internal and external determinants of Soviet military policy. The evolution of Soviet regional nuclear policy, and particularly the deployment of the SS-20 missile, can be accounted for by several different explanations—indicating a problem of overdetermination of causes. One way to resolve this problem is by adopting a framework developed by James Kurth to explain U.S. weapons procurement. It suggests that the“modes of causation” for Soviet weapons decisions are generally the opposite of those for American decisions. This generalization is consistent with what an analysis based on the relative strengths of state and societal forces in the two countries would predict.

scholarly journals The Soviet Press of the Great Patriotic War about the French Squadron “Normandie-Niemen“

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Galina N. Kaninskaya ◽  
Natalya N. Naumova
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Air Force ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Alliance ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military

The article is devoted to the participation of French pilots of the Normandy squadron in battles on the Soviet-German front as part of the Red Army in 1943-1945. After the defeat of France at the first stage of World War II (1940), the occupation of its territory by Germany and the organization of the Resistance movement “Fighting France” in London by General Charles de Gaulle, the pilots joined him expressed a burning desire to fight the enemy in the skies over Soviet soil. Their participation in the ranks of the Soviet Air Force was a unique event in the history of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union (1945-1945). The article analyzes the information of the Soviet press during the war years about the French squadron “Normandie-Niemen”, which fought in the Soviet Air Force on the Soviet-German front. It is shown that Soviet readers during the Great Patriotic War could get a very complete and reliable idea of the military exploits of French pilots, find out the names of heroes, get acquainted with the military everyday life of officers, appreciate their patriotism and sincere friendly feelings for the Soviet Union and its people. Along with stories about the air battles of the Normandy, the articles of Soviet correspondents contained information about the history of France, how the pilots reacted to the defeat of their country, how and where they fought in the first stage of the Second World War. The press of the war years gave brief sketches of the everyday life of French fighters on Soviet soil, about the curious events that happened to the pilots of the squadron. On the example of newspaper publications 1943-1945. about the military alliance of our and French pilots, you can get an idea of how the cooperation of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition developed and strengthened.

scholarly journals MILITARY PERSONNEL AND REPRESSION OF THE 1930s

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Maxim V. Evstratov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
First Year ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Internal Policy ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Military ◽  
Further Development

The article examines the issue of carrying out Stalinist repressions against the officers of the late 1930s. Separate problematic plots associated with repressions in relation to the command and control and political composition of the Red Army are highlighted. Mass repressions began in the early 1930s. thanks to falsified charges related to the Viasna case. Based on special research literature, the article reveals the reasons and consequences of the peak of repressions against the military, which fell on the period of the disclosure of the so-called «military conspiracy» in 1937. The background of the conspiracy itself was connected with the fact that around J.V. Stalin there were two large opposing forces, consisting of eminent military men, who had different views on the further development of the army. As a result, the «leader» supported KE Voroshilov’s group, and MN Tukhachevsky’s associates were repressed. The article notes that about 40 thousand people from among the commanders suffered from the repressions of 1937-1938. In 1939, by order of JV Stalin, the mass coverage of repression was suspended, as a result, 11,178 people were reinstated in the army. Any interrelated events inevitably have a cause-and-effect relationship. Many historians, discussing the failures of the Soviet Union in the first year of the Great Patriotic War, come to the conclusion that the professionally formed army, which led to successes during the Civil War, was largely destroyed by the internal policy of the state, which was directly related to the repression of the end 1930s. The massive repressions carried out against the commanding and commanding personnel in the pre-war years inflicted great losses on the Red Army. Events of the 1930s became the main reason for personnel problems in the Red Army, which entailed tragic consequences during the Great Patriotic War.

scholarly journals How do interpreters become heroes? Narratives on Soviet/Russian military interpreters

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Probirskaja
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Personal Narratives ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Collective Narratives ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
The Military

This article identifies narratives, or storylines, which represent Soviet/Russian wartime/military interpreters.  The data include the autobiographical writings of interpreters, documentaries, media articles, scholarly articles, and websites. The examination of the data proceeds to some extent in accordance with the narrative typology provided by Mona Baker (2006), that is, from general to personal narratives, with the assumption that personal narratives are embedded in collective narratives. The positioning of wartime interpreters participating in the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945) is compared to that of military interpreters participating in the military operations of the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s. A narrative reading of the data uncovers the storylines that portray wartime/military interpreters as quiet war heroes.

scholarly journals Крымский период жизни Басана Городовикова

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-478
Author(s):  
Vladimir E. Polyakov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
The North ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
Events Data

Introduction. The article deals with the Crimean period (August 1941 – June 1942) in the life of Basan Badminovich Gorodovikov, Hero of the Soviet Union and a major military and political figure of Kalmykia. The present article aims at describing and analyzing this less-known period of his biography, which was significant and full of dramatic events. Data and research methods. For the purposes of this research, the author has used a wide range of archival materials, as well as memoirs of participants of the partisan movement in the Crimea (including unpublished papers). Results. The author describes the first battles in the north of the Crimea in which Gorodovikov’s regiment was engaged; then, its retreat into the mountains and transition to partisans, the creation of a partisan detachment and the actions behind enemy lines. The activities of Gorodovikov’s detachment are shown against the general background of the partisan movement in the Crimea; special attention given to the discussion of warfare under the specific conditions on the peninsula. The article focuses on the role of the military personnel, especially at the first stage of the partisan movement, revealing, among other things, the problems in the relationship between the command staff of the 48th cavalry division and the partisan leaders in the Crimea. For the first time, the article sheds light on the history of awarding Gorodovikov with the Order of the Red Banner, which was the first award of the Crimean partisans. The dramatic story of his evacuation from the partisan forest to the “Bol´shaia zemlia” is also documented in detail; with previously unknown documents and materials introduced in this paper. The undertaken research allows to conclude that the Crimean period in the life of Gorodovikov was one of the most dramatic in his biography. During a difficult period for the Crimea, he became the commander of one of the most successful partisan detachments, which after he left was officially named after him, its first commander. Notably, Gorodovikov was among the first Crimean partisans to be awarded a military order and to get a promotion in rank and in office.

scholarly journals The historical truth about the Great Patriotic War — the imperative of the spiritual life of Russian society (socio-philosophical analysis)

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
V.V. Ksenofontov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Humanitarian Mission ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Historical Truth ◽  
The Military ◽  
Great Victory

On the basis of the principle of unity of the historical and logical, the decisive contribution of the Soviet Union in the defeat of the Nazi invaders during the Great Patriotic War is comprehensively justified. The role of the material and technical base of the USSR in ensuring the Great Victory is proved. The advantage of the military-strategic operations carried out by the Red Army command in comparison with the operations carried out by the Allies during the war is comprehensively justified. The courage and heroism of the Red Army soldiers at all stages of the Great Patriotic War is described in detail; their humanitarian mission during the period of liberation of European countries from fascism is revealed. Argumentatively, the author reveals the failure of attempts to falsify the historical truth about the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War.

scholarly journals The headquarters of the Supreme command and its role in the unblocking of Leningrad (1941–1944)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Sergei Lysenkov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Dialectical Materialism ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Military Command ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Military ◽  
The City

Abstract: The subject of the study is information gleaned from documents of the military command, other materials of the great Patriotic war period, revealing the actions of the Supreme command Headquarters and the military Council of the Leningrad front to unblock Leningrad. The chronological order shows the combat actions of the red army troops who defended the city from September 8, 1941 to January 27, 1944 under the conditions of a military blockade. The reasons and consequences of unsuccessful attempts to break the blockade are analyzed, indicating the combat losses of our troops. It shows the strategic importance of the battle of Leningrad in securing a fundamental turning point in the war of the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany. The article uses the method of dialectical materialism, which allowed the author to explore the events and facts associated with the liberation of Leningrad from the Nazi blockade, in their development, relationship and interdependence. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the author considers the combat actions of the troops of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts to unblock Leningrad not in the context of the traditional coverage of the breakthrough of the blockade in 1943. and the complete liberation of the city in 1944, and speaks of four more attempts, the first of which was made immediately after the establishment of the blockade in September 1941. unfortunately, none of them reached the goal set by the Stavka, but each attempt created the necessary conditions for success in operations «Iskra» and «Neva-2».

Hero of the Soviet Union A. V. Sidorov, a military topographer

2021 ◽  
Vol 975 (9) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
E.I. Dolgov ◽  
S.V. Sergeev ◽  
A.V. Nikonov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Soviet People ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Military

Military topographers made a significant contribution to achieving the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. For their professionalism, bravery and courage, many of them were submitted to government awards, orders and medals. At war a topographer performs an important and responsible, though not as heroic and risky job as, for example, a pilot or a tanker. Therefore, until recently, it was believed that there were no military topographers among the servicemen honoured with the highest distinction, the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union. However, by now, when the archive documents of the Russian Federation Defense Ministry have been fully opened, it is possible to observe the way of our colleague, Alexander Vasilyevich Sidorov, who was assigned the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union in 1943. A. V. Sidorov started his career in 1930 as a civilian topographer of the Central Asian Geodetic Administration (Tashkent). Since 1932, in the Military Topographic Service of the Red Army

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