scholarly journals Swiss Alpine Milk, Education, and the Fabrication of the Ideal Swiss Citizen

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michèle Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Drinking Milk ◽  
Swiss Citizen ◽  
The Ideal

Since the 18th century, the Swiss Alps and Swiss alpine life have been idealized,giving rise to the Swiss Alpine myth. In the late 19th century – as a part of theso-called agrarian revolution – dairy farming was transformed into the mainsector of Swiss agriculture. Unlike in other countries, in Switzerland milk becameavailable to all social classes and was advertised as the Swiss national drink.Because milk was associated with the idyllic notion of healthy cows grazing onlush mountain pastures, dairy products eventually became an integral part of theAlpine myth. As a result, relatively banal activities such as drinking milk or eatingcheese were subsumed into the Swiss identity. In this paper, the role of primaryschool education in this phenomenon is explored and the significance of schoolingin the conceptualization of the ideal Swiss citizen as a milk drinker is analyzed.Key words: national identity; nutrition; primary school; Switzerland; temperancemovement.

scholarly journals Mother Behavior to Their Daughters As Seen in ''Pride and Prejudice" and "Little Women"

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 620-625
Author(s):  
Fitri Arniati ◽  
Muhammad Darwis ◽  
Nurhayati Rahman ◽  
Fathu Rahman
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Major Theme ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Pride And Prejudice ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Little Women ◽  
Women's Role ◽  
The Right

This research is to study about the mother behavior to their daughters as seen in "Pride and Prejudice" and "Little Women". The mother behavior to their daughters show the different way of women as a mother in bringing up their children according to their social and condition at the time. The data were taken from two novels entitled "pride and prejudice" and "little women" is the topic of the study. The  women held in the early 19th century and the late 19th century was described as one that belonged in the home as a wife and mother, and that should marry a man who can support their family. Also throughout the novel women's role in society was described as one that is to be accomplished in household  chore and those of entertainment, such as singing  and playing music. The role of women in society was a major theme throughout the novel "Pride and Prejudice" and "Little Women" The method used in this research  is a study of comparative literature to analyze mother behavior especially for Mrs. Bennet, Lady Catherine de Bourgh, These women have similarities and different behavior in find the right mate for their daughters. This study shows that every woman has characteristics in caring for their children and paying attention to the survival of their children.

Holocene and latest Pleistocene fluctuations of Stutfield Glacier, Canadian Rockies

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 1141-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
G D Osborn ◽  
B J Robinson ◽  
B H Luckman
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Canadian Rockies ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Glacier Advance

The Holocene and late glacial history of fluctuations of Stutfield Glacier are reconstructed using moraine stratigraphy, tephrochronology, and dendroglaciology. Stratigraphic sections in the lateral moraines contain tills from at least three glacier advances separated by volcanic tephras and paleosols. The oldest, pre-Mazama till is correlated with the Crowfoot Advance (dated elsewhere to be Younger Dryas equivalent). A Neoglacial till is found between the Mazama tephra and a paleosol developed on the Bridge River tephra. A log dating 2400 BP from the upper part of this till indicates that this glacier advance, correlated with the Peyto Advance, culminated shortly before deposition of the Bridge River tephra. Radiocarbon and tree-ring dates from overridden trees exposed in moraine sections indicate that the initial Cavell (Little Ice Age (LIA)) Advance overrode this paleosol and trees after A.D. 1271. Three subsequent phases of the Cavell Advance were dated by dendrochronology. The maximum glacier extent occurred in the mid-18th century, predating 1743 on the southern lateral, although ice still occupied and tilted a tree on the north lateral in 1758. Subsequent glacier advances occurred ca. 1800–1816 and in the late 19th century. The relative extent of the LIA advances at Stutfield differs from that of other major eastward flowing outlets of the Columbia Icefield, which have maxima in the mid–late 19th century. This is the first study from the Canadian Rockies to demonstrate that the large, morphologically simple, lateral moraines defining the LIA glacier limits are actually composite features, built up progressively (but discontinuously) over the Holocene and contain evidence of multiple Holocene- and Crowfoot-age glacier advances.

POLICING THE COUNTRYSIDE: GENDARMES OF THE LATE 19TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1876–1908)

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadir Özbek
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Administrative Practices ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of

This article lays groundwork for a more systematic history of the Ottoman gendarmerie (jandarma), here with special emphasis on the men in the corps and their working conditions. The gendarmerie, which before 1879 reform the Ottomans called asakir-i zabtiye, was a provincial paramilitary police organization established by bureaucrats of the Tanzimat state during the 1840s on an ad hoc basis. This force later acquired a more uniform and centralized character, becoming the empire's principal internal security organization. Through this paramilitary police institution, 19th-century Ottoman bureaucrats aimed to extend their authority into the provinces, which at that time could be described as only marginally under Ottoman sovereignty according to contemporary definitions of the term. From the late 18th century on, extending state sovereignty to recognized territorial boundaries emerged as a vital need for most European states as well as the Ottoman Empire. Along with other modern military and civil institutions and modern administrative practices, introducing various types of paramilitary provincial police forces enabled governments in Europe to enhance and extend their authority over territories in which it had been limited. The gendarmerie thus emerged in both Europe and in the Ottoman Empire as integral to modern state formation and its technologies of government. Although acknowledging the Pan-European context of the gendarmerie's emergence and its theoretical ramifications, the present article is concerned more with the Ottoman context within which this police corps was established, evolved, and took on a uniquely Ottoman form.

Modern Embalming, Circulation of Fluids, and the Voyage through the Human Arterial System: Carl L. Barnes and the Culture of Immortality in America

Nuncius ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-131
Author(s):  
Irina Podgorny
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Dead Bodies

AbstractBy considering the work of American embalmer, lawyer, and physician Carl Lewis Barnes (1872-1927), this paper analyzes the emergence of modern embalming in America. Barnes experimented with and exhibited the techniques by which embalming fluids travelled into the most remote cavities of the human body. In this sense, modern embalmers based their skills and methods on experimental medicine, turning the anatomy of blood vessels, physiology of circulation, and composition of blood into a circuit that allowed embalming fluids to move throughout the corpse. Embalmers in the late 19th century took ownership of the laws of hydrodynamics and the physiology of blood circulation to market their fluids and equipment, thus playing the role of physiologists of death, performing and demonstrating physiological experiments with dead bodies.

scholarly journals National Reproduction with (Un)Disciplined Bodies: Women Moving to the Politically Possible in pre-Yugoslavian Societies (Examples from Serbia, Bosnia and Croatia)

2019 ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Ivana Hadjievska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Media Studies ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Kingdom Of Yugoslavia ◽  
The Ideal

This paper is about national reproduction relations and the ways they affected women’s bodies in context of women’s accessibility to public and political space in the late 19th century Serbia, Bosnia and Croatia. The end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century embark events and processes of national emancipation for the Balkan peoples. The examples taken here are set in the different states of ‘nationalizing’ and ‘nation-building,’ as well as in different iterations of modernity, with the intention to trace possible patterns and typologies in the relation of national reproduction, in its ethno-cultural dimension, and the opening of new political spaces for women from these different national entities and territories through education, autonomous organizing, charity and anonymous domestic labor. I find the interest and vindication of my intention in the historical events after 1918, when the mentioned territories and nationalities became part of new state – the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Kingdom of Yugoslavia. With that, the state strategies of national reproduction towards women gained new qualities with centralization and ideological unification of the ideal ‘Yugoslav’ woman as its final edifice. Article received: December 15, 2018; Article accepted: January 23, 2019; Published online: April 15, 2019; Original scholarly paperHow to cite this article: Hadjievska, Ivana: "National Reproduction with (Un)Disciplined Bodies: Women Moving to the Politically Possible in pre-Yugoslavian Societies (Examples from Serbia, Bosnia and Croatia)." AM Journal of Art and Media Studies 18 (2019): 17–31. doi: 10.25038/am.v0i18.298

scholarly journals „Meil oli Mihkel Mehka ja ta naise nimi Hipp“ – Hargla kihelkonna tunnuslikest eesnimedest

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-146
Author(s):  
Taavi Pae
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
General Change ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
National Archives ◽  
Great Northern War ◽  
Full Population

Siinses artiklis vaatlen Hargla kihelkonna isikunimistut, keskendudes piirkonna tunnusnimedele Mehka ja Hipp. Neist esimese järgi on tekkinud piirkonnanimi Mehkamaa ja ka etnonüüm mehkad piirkonna elanike tähistamiseks. Nimekasutuse uurimiseks koostasin Eesti Rahvusarhiivis säilitatavate Hargla kihelkonna kirikuraamatute põhjal eesnimekorpuse. Eelkõige analüüsin tunnusnimede ajalist ulatust lähtuvalt legendist, mille järgi Põhjasõja aegadel jäid piirkonda elama vaid Mehka ja Hipp ning Mõniste ümbruse rahvas pärineb suuresti sellest kooselust. Arhiiviallikad näitavad, et nimi Mehka ilmub kirikuraamatutesse alles 18. sajandi lõpus, kuid nimi võis olla varem kirikuraamatusse kirjutatud Mihklina. Eelmainitud legendi võib aga pidada kunstlikuks, mille levik on seotud eelkõige Mõniste muuseumiga, kus seda hakati tutvustama. Hargla kihelkonna üldine nimevaramu muutus aga käib kokku ühiskondlike muutustega 19. sajandi lõpukümnenditel ja sealt kadusid koos mitmete teiste toonaste tavaliste nimedega ka piirkonna tunnuseesnimed Mehka ja Hipp. Abstract. Taavi Pae: “We used Mehka instead Mihkel and his wife’s name was Hipp” – On the characteristic first names of Hargla parish. In this article, I analyse first names in the Hargla parish (Võru county in Southern Estonia), focusing on two historically typical first names for the region: Mehka and Hipp. The first of these has been used to identify the whole area (Mehkamaa) as well as an ethnonym (mehkad). The author compiled a firstname corpus based on the Hargla parish register kept in the Estonian National Archives. One motive for the analysis was to verify the folklore of only two people in the area – a Mehka and a Hipp – surviving the Great Northern War, with the full population of the area descending from this partnership. The archive materials indicate that Mehka appeared in the parish register only in the late 18th century. There are several references to the earlier use of that name, but in the parish record they were marked as Mihkel. Nonetheless, the ‘folklore’ can be considered artificial with its spread primarily related to the Mõniste Museum founded in 1957. The general change in the name system of Hargla parish coincided with the social changes in the late 19th century. The regional first names Mehka and Hipp disappeared and the names became longer and more German-like.

scholarly journals Food, Mobility, and Health in a 17th and 18th Century Arctic Mining Population in Silbojokk, Swedish Sápmi

ARCTIC ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-226
Author(s):  
Markus Fjellström ◽  
Åsa Lindgren ◽  
Olalla López-Costas ◽  
Gunilla Eriksson ◽  
Kerstin Lidén
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Isotopic Analysis ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Silver Mine ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Mining Population

Established in 1635, the silver mine of Nasafjäll and the smeltery site in Silbojokk in Swedish Sápmi were used during several phases until the late 19th century. Excavations in Silbojokk, c. 40 km from Nasafjäll, have revealed buildings such as a smeltery, living houses, a bakery, and a church with a churchyard. From the beginning, both local and non-local individuals worked at the mine and the smeltery. Non-locals were recruited to work in the mine and at the smeltery, and the local Sámi population was recruited to transport the silver down to the Swedish coast. Females, males, and children of different ages were represented among the individuals buried at the churchyard in Silbojokk, which was used between c. 1635 and 1770. Here we study diet, mobility, and exposure to lead (Pb) in the smeltery workers, the miners, and the local population. By employing isotopic analysis, δ13C, δ15N, δ34S, 87Sr/86Sr and elemental analysis, we demonstrate that individuals in Silbojokk had a homogenous diet, except for two individuals. In addition, both local and non-local individuals were all exposed to Pb, which in some cases could have been harmful to their health. 

The Problem of Fire in the American City, 1750–Present

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Rose Alexander
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Flight Period ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Rapid Urbanization

Fires have plagued American cities for centuries. During the 18th century, the Great Fire of Boston (1760), the First Great Fire of New York City (1776), the First Great New Orleans Fire (1788), and the Great Fire of Savannah (1796) each destroyed hundreds of buildings and challenged municipal authorities to improve safety in an increasingly risky environment. Beginning in the 19th century, with increasing commerce, rapid urbanization, and the rise of industrial capitalism, fires became more frequent and destructive. Several initiatives sought to reduce the risk of fire: volunteer fire companies emerged in all major cities, fire insurance developed to help economic recovery, and municipal infrastructure like fire hydrants became ubiquitous to combat blazes. Despite significant efforts to curb this growing urban problem, fire dangers increased in the late 19th century as cities became epicenters of industry and the populations boomed. The “great” fires of the late 19th century, like those that took place in Chicago (1871), Boston (1872), Seattle (1889), Baltimore (1904), and San Francisco (1906), fundamentally altered cities. The fires not only destroyed buildings and took lives, but they also unearthed deep-rooted social tensions. Rebuilding in the aftermath of fire further exacerbated inequalities and divided cities. While fire loss tapered off after 1920, other issues surrounding urban fires heated up. The funneling of resources to suburbs in the post-war white-flight period left inner cities ill-equipped to handle serious conflagrations. In last few decades, suburban sprawl has created exurban fire regimes, where wildfires collide with cities. Extreme weather events, dependence on fossil fuels, deregulation of risky industries, and a lack of safe and affordable housing has put American metropolitan areas on a path to experience another period of “great” fires like those of the late 19th and 20th centuries.

El rol de la inmigración alemana en el proceso de formación de la nación chilena

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 35-51
Author(s):  
Gerardo Ojeda Ebert
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Military Organization ◽  
German Immigrants ◽  
Abstract Description ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Great Complexity

The article describes the role of German immigrants in the formation of the Chilean nation in the 19th Century. The processes and problems related to Chile's emergence are of great complexity. The role of German immigrants was also very complex and important. According to Ebert they had great influence on economic, socio-political and military organization, and as well as on shaping of democratic institutions of the state. The presence of Germans in the late 19th Century also facilitated international relations, as it resulted in improved relations with the newly united Germany, which had official policies supporting foreign based Germans. English abstract/description written by Michał Gilewski

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