scholarly journals Effects of humic substances with urea on protozoal population and fermentation in the rumen of sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-69
Author(s):  
A. Marcin ◽  
L. Bujňák ◽  
T. Mihok ◽  
P. Nad
Keyword(s):  
Humic Substances ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
And Control

The aim was to investigate the effects of humic substances (HS) combined with urea, on pH, ammonia, total volatile fatty acids (∑VFA), protozoal population, amylolytic and cellulolytic activities in rumen fluid (RF) of 12 female crossbred merino sheep (n = 6 in experimental EG and control CG groups). The basic daily ration consisted of 1.25 kg grass hay, 0.25 kg cereal grains – equally wheat and barley (daily intake of crude protein 113.45 g, crude fibre 394.19 g, crude fat 17.27 g and ash 71.85 g) and 10 g urea. HS were applied at 20 g.day-1 per animal in EG on day 2–18. Increased protozoal cells (P<0.05) of Entodinium spp. by 243.19, of Diplodinium spp. by 5.11 and of Ophryoscolex spp. by 2.06 103.mL-1 were observed in EG on day 3. The effects on the amylolytic and cellulolytic activities as well as pH values were not significant. Ammonia was higher (P<0.05) in EG by 5.78 at 3 h and by 12.75 at 6 h on day 2, by 10.62 at 9 h on day 3, and by 7.84 mg.100 mL-1 at 6 h on day 4 after feeding. ∑VFA were increased (P<0.05) by 3.89 mmol.L-1 at 3 h on day 18 after feeding. The feed intake of HS combined with urea had significantly positive effects on the course of ammonia and protozoal population in RF.

scholarly journals The effect of phosphate and carbonate-bicarbonate supplements on the rumen buffering systems of sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijan Emmanuel ◽  
M. J. Lawlor ◽  
D. McAleese
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Mineral Supplements ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Ph Range

1. Two wethers fitted with permanent rumen cannulas were used to study the effect of two mineral supplements, Na2HPO4 and a 1:1 mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3, on the buffering system in the rumen of sheep given a pelleted roughage-concentrate diet.2. Measurements were made of rumen pH, buffering capacity value (β), total volatile fatty acids (VFA), CO2 and inorganic phosphorus concentrations as well as rumen cellulase activity.3. The addition of either mineral supplement to the diet significantly (P < 0.001) increased the rumen pH values during the critical post-feeding period, there was a difference of only 0.5 pH unit between the minimum and maximum pH values.4. Both mineral supplements significantly increased the concentrations of CO2 in the rumen fluid and rumen cellulase activity. They resulted in a general reduction in total VFA concentrations. It is suggested that this may possibly arise from increased absorption of VFA associated with increased CO2 tension in the rumen fluid.5. The Na2HPO4 supplement significantly ( P < 0.001) increased the β values in the pH range 6–8, whereas the bicarbonate supplement contributed to raising the β values in the pH range 5–6.6. The bicarbonate supplements raised cellulose digestibility from 39.7% for the control diet to 45.6% and the addition of Na2HPO4 further raised the digestibility to 51.1%. It would appear that low rumen pH impairs rumen cellulase activity and this could be offset by the addition of mineral supplements.

Voluntary intake and nutrient digestibility of low-grade roughage by ruminants

1977 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Sharma ◽  
N. K. Rajora
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Vitamin Supplement ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SUMMARYFour young females of four ruminant species, namely cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat, were fed, in chopped form, a mixture of species of dry grass (Apluda aristata and Themada quadvivalvis; 3·85% crude protein) during a 28-day experimental period. Voluntary intake of grass was determined during the last 10 days and digestibility of feed nutrients during the last 6 days.The digestibility coefficients of dry matter (D.M.) and crude fibre were higher for goats than other species, of organic matter, crude protein (CP) and ether extract were higher for goats and sheep than cows and buffaloes and of nitrogen-free extract higher for goats than cows and buffaloes and for sheep and buffaloes than cows. The daily intake of D.M., digestible CP and total digestible nutrients (TDN) is discussed in relation to body weight (BW) and kg W0·75.Dry grass fed with mineral and vitamin supplement was adequate to sustain the body weights of buffaloes and goats but not of cows and sheep. Buffaloes utilized the dry grass better than other species as is evident from the highest feed and TDN intakes and marginal gain in weight.

scholarly journals Influence of intraruminal infusion of propionic acid and forage to concentrate levels on intake, digestibility and rumen characteristics in young bulls

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 948-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinaldo Divino Ribeiro ◽  
José Carlos Pereira ◽  
Augusto César de Queiroz ◽  
Vitor Pereira Bettero ◽  
Hilário Cuquetto Mantovani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Milk Whey ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Reconstituted Milk

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of intraruminal infusion of propionic acid (RPA) associated to two (80:20 and 60:40) forage:concentrate ratios (FCR), for young bulls. Four Holstein × Zebu crossbred young bulls with average age of 7 months and 160 kg of body weight (BW) were distributed to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. A total mixed ration, isonitrogenous diets, was ad libitum fed to animals. The propionic acid was obtained by fermentation of reconstituted milk whey by the consortium of bacteria Enterococcus sp. and Veillonella sp.. Daily and along with the supply of solid feeds, 2 L of the compound containing propionic acid were intrainfused in the rumen. There was no RPA × FCR interaction for the intake of nutrients, except for total digestible nutrients (TDN). The organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and TDN intakes were influenced by the FCR. There was no RPA × FCR interaction on the total digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF and TC. However, the digestibility of DM, OM, EE and CT were influenced by the FCR. There was no RPA × FCR interaction for the mean N-NH3 concentration and pH of the rumen fluid; however, RPA provided effect on the pH measured 4 hours after meal. There was no interaction or effect of the main factors on volatile fatty acids concentrations in the rumen fluid, or on glucose levels and serum urea nitrogen.

The voluntary intake and digestibility of oat straw by pregnant beef cows as influenced by urea and phosphorus supplementation contained in molassed sugar-beet pulp

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Fishwick ◽  
J. Fraser ◽  
R. G. Hemingway ◽  
J. J. Parkins ◽  
N. S. Ritchie
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Total Intake ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Oat Straw

SUMMARYPregnant beef heifers allowed ad libitum access to oat straw were given 2·7 kg molassed sugar-beet pulp alone or with additional dicalcium phosphate or urea or a combination of both materials in a Latin square design involving four feeding periods each of 21 days. Supplementation with urea to increase the total daily intake of digestible crude protein from about 130 to 290 g/day increased straw consumption by 20%. This increased the total intake of metabolizable energy from about 13 to 15 Meal/day. Increasing the total intake of phosphorus from about 6 to about 17 g P/day did not increase straw intake or digestibility or the total intake of metabolizable energy in either the presence or absence of additional urea.Supplementation with urea increased the concentration of urea and glucose in the blood plasma and the concentration of ammonia in the rumen liquor, but did not increase the concentrations or alter the proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids. Addition of urea tended to increase the digestibility of the dry matter and crude fibre of the straw. Phosphorus supplementation increased the concentration of phosphorus in the blood plasma.

The effect of two feeding levels of diets containing field-cured or frozen Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana), on digestibility and rumen metabolites in sheep

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tagari ◽  
D. Ben Ghedalia ◽  
Y. Shtern
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid Concentration ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
High Level ◽  
Awassi Lambs

SummaryA digestibility and metabolism experiment was carried out to study the effect of two levels of feeding Rhodes grass-concentrate mixed diets when the grass had been preserved as hay or as frozen grass. Twenty Awassi lambs were used.The method of preserving the Rhodes grass did not affect the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein or nitrogen-free extract. However, the digestibility of energy and crude fibre was lower with the hay treatments.A consistent trend towards higher digestibility of the diets' constituents was observed with the high level of feeding.Acetic acid concentration in the rumen was lower with the hay than with frozen grass. Feeding the high level resulted in higher concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen.A highly significant effect of the level of feeding on the C2/C3 ratio was observed; the high level of feeding resulted in a lower C2/C3 ratio

EFFECT OF TANNIN CONTENT IN TWO ISOSYNTHETIC STRAINS OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (Lotus corniculatus L.) ON FEED DIGESTIBILITY AND RUMEN FLUID COMPOSITION IN SHEEP

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1031-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. CHIQUETTE ◽  
K.-J. CHENG ◽  
L. M. RODE ◽  
L. P. MILLIGAN
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Feed Digestibility

Low tannin (LT) and high tannin (HT) isosynthetic strains of birdsfoot trefoil containing 1 and 3% condensed tannins on a dry matter (DM) basis were cut fresh daily and fed to eight ruminally cannulated Suffolk wethers. Rumen fluid samples were collected before feeding and 3 and 6 h after feeding for pH, chlorophyll, supernatant protein nitrogen (N), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) determinations, and protozoa counts. Daily samples of the forage fed to the animals, and of feces, were analyzed for crude protein (CP) content, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and organic matter (OM). Results from rumen fluid analyses indicated that sheep receiving the HT strain had lower (P < 0.01) supernatant protein N and NH3-N concentrations, and consistently but not significantly lower VFA and chlorophyll concentrations. Animals fed HT showed higher (P < 0.05) protozoa counts than LT-fed animals, but only in the samples taken 3 h postfeeding. Ruminal pH was similar on LT and HT diets. Apparent digestibility of CP was 9% less (P < 0.05) in sheep fed the HT strain. However, apparent digestibilities of DM, OM and ADF were not affected by the tannin level. Key words: Lotus corniculatus L., birdsfoot trefoil, tannin, digestibility, rumen, sheep

scholarly journals 413 Effect of chitosan inclusion and dietary crude protein level on rumen fermentation in beef heifers fed a total mixed ration

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 166-167
Author(s):  
Stuart Kirwan ◽  
Tommy Boland ◽  
Eleonora Serra ◽  
Gaurav Rajauria ◽  
Karina Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Chitosan (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine polymer) is a natural biopolymer, which is the second most abundant organic compound on earth, found in lower plants and some arthropods and crustaceans. Studies with ruminants have shown that supplementing with chitosan can alter ruminal fermentation, including higher propionate concentration and lower acetate to propionate ratio, improving the energy efficiency within the rumen though data on nitrogen metabolism is lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chitosan with different dietary crude protein (CP) inclusion on rumen fermentation in beef heifers. Eight ruminally cannulated Belgian Blue x Holstein Friesian heifers (752 ± 52Kg BW) were allocated one of four dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial Latin Square design (n = 8). Diets were offered as total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of grass silage plus concentrate. Diets were offered once daily ad libitum. Dietary treatments were as follows: high CP (16%) +/- chitosan (10g kg-1 DMI) supplementation (HP+) or (HP-) and low CP (12%) +/- chitosan supplementation (LP+) or (LP-). Experimental periods were 25d in duration (14 d dietary adaptation and 10 d sampling). Rumen fluid was collected via cannula every 2 h post feeding for analysis of ruminal pH, ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) over a 48-hour period. Data was analysed using Proc Mixed procedure in SAS. Significant differences were considered when P &lt; 0.05. Dietary treatment had no effect on ruminal pH (P &gt; 0.05). Chitosan supplementation had no effect on ruminal NH3 and VFA concentrations (P &gt; 0.05), whereas, animals offered 16% CP had higher concentrations of ruminal NH3 (P &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, supplementing a TMR diet fed to beef heifers with chitosan had no effect on rumen fermentation. However, reducing dietary CP concentration fed to beef animals resulted in lower rumen NH3 concentrations.

Uromol as a source of dietary nitrogen for ruminants: metabolic and rumen fermentation studies on buffalo calves

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Malik ◽  
P. N. Langar ◽  
A. K. Chopra
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Buffalo Calves ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Groundnut Meal

SUMMARYThe nutritive value of uromol, a heated product of urea and molasses, was compared with raw urea–molasses and groundnut meal in three metabolic trials on buffalo calves. The non-protein nitrogen (NPN) as urea or uromol contributed about 65, 48 and 30% of the nitrogen in the experimental concentrate mixtures, replacing partially or completely the groundnut meal of the control diets. The results showed that at 65% nitrogen replacement, the crude fibre and cellulose digestibilities and the nitrogen retention of the uromol diet was similar to that of the control but was significantly (P < 0·05) higher than the urea–molasses diet. At 48% nitrogen replacement the nitrogen retention in the uromol-fed animals was still significantly (P < 0·05) higher than the urea–molasses fed group. At 30% nitrogen replacement, the differences between the control, urea–molasses and uromol groups were not significant.In vivo rumen studies with the diets containing 50% NPN replacement showed lower but sustained ammonia-N with uromol than the urea–molasses diet. The total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) in rumen fluid, though initially higher in the control and uromol groups, were not significantly different from the urea–molasses group. Abomasal studies with diets containing 65% N as urea or uromol indicated a higher total nitrogen content in the abomasal fluid of the control and uromol-fed animals than the urea-fed animals. The 24 h abomasal passage of total-N/100 g nitrogen consumed was 95·5, 93·5 and 77·9 g in control, uromol and urea groups, respectively. The TCA-precipitatable-N (TCA-N) was also higher in the first two groups. These studies suggest that uromol is safer and has a better feeding value than urea–molasses at high rates of nitrogen replacement.

A note on the use of whole, moist barley treated with ammonia as a feed supplement for sheep

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Laksesvela
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Feed Supplement ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Female Sheep

ABSTRACTWhole, moist barley treated with ammonia (A), whole, untreated barley (WU) and ground barley (G) were fed with hay and a little high protein, mixed concentrate. Digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter and crude fibre, assessed with young adult female sheep, were highest in diet A and lowest in diet G. The digestibilities of dry matter and crude fibre were also higher in diet WU than in diet G. Digestibility coefficients for dry matter and organic matter in barley, calculated by difference, appeared higher in A and in WU than in G. Young female sheep fed on the above diets from the age of 7 to 11 months ate more hay and gained more weight on A than on G; again diet WU was intermediate. Differences also occurred between the three groups as regards volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid. Sheep on A or WU had a higher pH in the rumen fluid than those on G. Finally, sheep on A gave birth to more offspring than those on WU or G. All these differences were significant.

scholarly journals Volatile fatty acid production in the rumen of cattle given an all-concentrate diet

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Whitelaw ◽  
J. Hyldgaard-Jensen ◽  
R. S. Reid ◽  
Moird G. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Vitamin Supplement ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Major Alteration

1. Short-term in vitro incubations of whole rumen contents have been used to measure the rate of production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in two heifers given a diet containing 85% barley and 15% protein-mineral-vitamin supplement. Daily intake of the diet was restricted to 5.1 kg which was given in three equal feeds. In one heifer (no. 794), VFA production was measured over a 24 h feeding cycle; in the other (no. 832), a single 6 h feeding period was examined.2. The feeding schedule outlined above was found in previous work to result in a major alteration in the rumen environment and in the end-products of rumen fermentation relative to findings in animals given the same diet ad lib. Some of these earlier observations have been confirmed and extended in the present work.3. In heifer 794, the rate of VFA production reached a maximum (52–62 m-moles/l. h) 15 minafter each feed and then declined steadily throughout the remainder of the feeding period. Consistent changes with time were observed in rumen pH and in the concentration of VFA and dry matter in rumen contents during each feeding period.4. Simultaneous measurements of rumen fluid volume and outflow allowed estimates to be made of VFA production and absorption in the entire rumen during each feeding period. In heifer 794, total VFA production amounted to 18.2 moles/day of which approximately 85 % was absorbed directly from the reticulo-rumen. On a caloric basis, total daily production accounted for 36. 5% of the digestible energy intake.5. In heifer 832 there were significant differences in the rate of VFA production and in rumen pH and VFA concentration between two sets of observations made some 8 weeks apart. These differences appeared to be related to changes in the rumen microbial population and particular to a marked alteration in the numbers of ciliate protozoa. The possible role of rumen ciliates in modifying both the rate of VFA production and the environment within the rumen is discussed.

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