Gender Differences in the Motivation of Entrepreneurs in Modern Countries

Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika ◽

10.15688/ek.jvolsu.2020.3.8 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 88-97

Author(s):

Iuliia Pinkovetskaia ◽

Keyword(s):

Well Being ◽

Business Sector ◽

Men And Women ◽

Gender Policy ◽

Family Tradition ◽

Start Up ◽

Foreign Countries ◽

The Family ◽

Different Types ◽

Global Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is important in most countries today. One of the main goals of government bodies is to develop and implement measures that ensure an effective gender policy in the development of the business sector, including business motivation. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the values of indicators that characterize the following four options for motivating start-up entrepreneurs, men and women, namely: changing the world for the better, improving well-being and earning higher incomes, continuing the family tradition, the need to earn a living. The study used economic and mathematical modeling based on the development of eight density functions of the normal distribution. The information provided in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring Project was considered as initial empirical data. Indicators describing the proportion of different types of motivation typical for men and women who create their own business are studied. The average values of the indicators, as well as their ranges for most countries are determined. A comparative analysis of the values of indicators for Russia and foreign countries is given. The study has a scientific novelty and originality, because it uses economic and mathematical models to evaluate the values of indicators of four variants of entrepreneurial motivation, sets the average values and ranges of changes in the indicators of motivation of start-up entrepreneurs, determines the countries that are characterized by high and low values of the indicators under consideration. The obtained research results have a certain theoretical and applied significance.

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Sexual scripts of persons with different types of sex education

EUROPEAN HUMANITIES STUDIES: State and Society ◽

10.38014/ehs-ss.2020.2.05 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 55-73

Author(s):

Вікторія ГУПАЛОВСЬКА ◽

Ольга АВРАМЕНКО

Keyword(s):

Sex Education ◽

Well Being ◽

Sexual Scripts ◽

Sexual Education ◽

Sexual Relations ◽

Powerful Factor ◽

Lack Of Information ◽

The Family ◽

Different Types ◽

Healthy Relationship

Thanks to the chosen methods we were able to investigate the features of three types of sexual education in the family: repressive, avoidant and expressive. Persons with a repressive type of sex education are the least sexually well-off, and their sexual scenarios are geared to compliance with existing rules (religious, ethical) and exclude pleasure. Respondents with the avoidant type of upbringing try to know everything in their own experience, thus filling in the lack of information, overestimating the number of sexual relations and their presence, they are dominated by a hedonistic and playful approach to sex without burdening themselves to build a healthy relationship, as well as the level of sex. Individuals with the expressive type are most capable of building a harmonious relationship, the most sexual well-being, and their sexual scenarios are flexible and diverse. Sex education is a powerful factor in shaping one's own sexuality and the way it is realized, which is reflected in the sexual scenarios chosen by the person.

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The Early Entrepreneurial Stage in Finnish Family and Nonfamily Firms

Family Business Review ◽

10.1111/j.1741-6248.2000.00041.x ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 41-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

Hannu Littunen ◽

Kimmo Hyrsky

Keyword(s):

Family Business ◽

Manufacturing Industry ◽

Family Firms ◽

Well Being ◽

Business Owners ◽

Strategic Choices ◽

Business Services ◽

Start Up ◽

The Family ◽

Unrealistic Expectations

This study examined factors influencing the survival and success of 200 Finnish family and nonfamily firms in the metal-based manufacturing industry and business services over the first three years of their operation. The features that this study reviewed include owner-manager personality attributes, entrepreneurial competence, and motives for the start-up. Strategic choices of the firms were also examined. The study found that family firms were better equipped to survive beyond the early entrepreneurial stage than were nonfamily businesses. The entrepreneurial abilities and resources of the family business owners enabled them to operate relatively successfully in the nearby market, often with one unique product. The family firms were more conscious of survival and family well-being than profitability or market position. A higher mortality rate was discovered among the nonfamily firms. Failed firms were often established with unrealistic expectations, and their performance deteriorated rapidly after their early success.

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Gender Features of Time Allocation, Gender Stereotypes and Labour Supply

Equilibrium ◽

10.12775/equil2011.022 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 85-102

Author(s):

Tamila Arnania-Kepuladze

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Economic Development ◽

Labor Market ◽

Labor Supply ◽

Time Allocation ◽

Well Being ◽

Working Time ◽

Allocation Model ◽

Men And Women ◽

Different Types

Securing the well-being, protection of human rights and equality on the ground of age, gender, race, nationality etc along with sustainable economic development becomes the most important goal for any country. Gender differences in labor market are a problem of many countries. Being a larger demographic group, women have played a vital role in employment and economic development. Despite longstanding striving for gender equality, the inequality manifests itself in labor markets around the world. There is no common opinion on the reasons of the existence of gender differences in economic literature. After decades of research most investigators would agree that there can be no single-factor explanation for gender inequality in the labor market. One of the conventional explanations of gender gap in employment sphere includes the differences in men’s and women’s preferences in working hours due their stereotypical roles in the private and public life. This paper is focused on the study of gender feature of time allocation and its impact on the labor supply by men and women. For this purpose, based on the different types of activity, particular: income getting or income increasing promote activity, non-monetary income obtain activity, income-make activity, non-income-make activity, indirect-receipts activity, the author introduces the time allocation model which includes parameters such as working time, leisure, non-working time, using time, free time and time for satisfying an individual’s physiological needs. For the attribution of different types of practice to certain kinds of activity the “principle of dominant purpose of activity” was offered. According to given time allocation model, the pattern of features of labor supply by men and women is offered in the paper.

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The Effects of Teleworking on Housework Division and Well-Being of Couples

10.20944/preprints201701.0020.v1 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Eleftherios Giovanis

Keyword(s):

Fixed Effects ◽

Well Being ◽

British Household Panel Survey ◽

Panel Survey ◽

Men And Women ◽

Household Chores ◽

The Family ◽

Family Demands ◽

Using Data ◽

The Relationship

This study examines the relationship between teleworking, gender roles and happiness of couples using data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) and the Understanding Society Survey (USS) during the period 1991-2012. Various approaches are followed, including Probit-adapted fixed effects, multinomial Logit and Instrumental variables (IV). The results support that both men and women who are teleworkers spend more time on housework, while teleworking increases the probability that the household chores examined in this study, such as cooking, cleaning ironing and childcare, will be shared relatively to those who are non-teleworkers. In addition, women are happier when they or their spouse is teleworker, as well as, both men and women are happier when they state that the specific household chores are shared. Thus, women teleworkers may be happier because they can face the family demands and share the household chores with their spouse, increasing their fairness belief about the household division allocation and improving their well-being, expressed by happiness.

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GENDER ROLES AND DIMENSIONS OF FAMILY FUNCTIONING AS PREDICTORS OF SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING IN MEN AND WOMEN

TEME ◽

10.22190/teme200310052s ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 681

Author(s):

Miljana Spasić Šnele ◽

Jelisaveta Todorović ◽

Miroslav Komlenić

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Family Functioning ◽

Positive Attitude ◽

Well Being ◽

Subjective Well Being ◽

Positive Affectivity ◽

Men And Women ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Masculinity And Femininity ◽

The Family

Subjective well-being (a positive attitude towards life and positive affectivity) as an important indicator of mental health attracts a lot of attention in the field of positive psychology. For the sake of improving mental health, research was mainly focused on identifying factors related to it. So far, findings indicate there is a need for a better understanding of the characteristics of both individual and family environments. To that end, the aim of this study was to examine gender differences and what contributes to the subjective well-being of men and women. The study examined gender roles, masculinity and femininity, aspects of family functioning, education and the number of children. The sample included 1417 respondents who are married or in a relationship (586 men, 802 women), and the following questionnaires were used: a shorter versions of the Subjective Well-Being Scale, the Masculinity and Femininity Scale and the Family Functioning Scale, as part of the larger PORPOS2 battery. The results showed that masculinity and femininity, and adequate communication in the family are important indicators of a positive attitude towards the life of both genders. Masculinity and satisfaction with communication play a significant role when it comes to the positive affectivity in both men and women. The level of cohesiveness also plays an important role in the subjective well-being of men, and the number of children is a negative predictor of both dimensions of subjective well-being in women. Based on these results, we can conclude that a better understanding of the subjective well-being of men and women requires a more focused approach, which can be important in both research and psychotherapeutic work.

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PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSISTANCE TO FAMILIES IN SELF-ISOLATION DURING THE COVID-19 CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC

Scientific Review Series 2 Human sciences ◽

10.26653/2076-4685-2020-3-4-08 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 84-94

Author(s):

Elena A. Sorokoumova ◽

◽

Elena I. Cherdymova ◽

Elena B. Puchkova ◽

Dmitri S. Fadeev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Everyday Life ◽

Social Situation ◽

Well Being ◽

Psychological Support ◽

Psychological Consequences ◽

Men And Women ◽

The Family ◽

Psychological Assistance ◽

Two Stages

The article presents the results of the study of the possibility of providing psychological assis-tance to the population through information psychological support in the form of videos containing psychological recommendations to families in forced isolation during the COVID 19 coronavirus pandemic. Forced self-isolation creates emotional tension in the family, as this social situation is new for all family members and the possibilities of adaptation to it have not yet been formed. In this regard, the role of psychological assistance to families to optimize psychological well-being and minimize the negative psychological consequences caused by self-isolation is increasing. The study was conducted according to the author's method and contained two stages: 1) viewing three videos on the relevant topics ("Children at home" "Conflict is right", "How to behave in quarantine"); 2) Google-form questionnaires for each video to get feedback on the effectiveness of understanding, assimilation and the use of psychological information contained in the videos. Respondents were men and women between the ages of 25 and 50 who were married and had children in their families. The authors found that the majority of respondents recognize the importance and usefulness of the information contained in the videos, more often do not consider it new and are ready to use it in everyday life. It has been established that the method of information psychological support proposed by the authors is relevant for Russian families in conditions of forced self-isolation during the pandemic, and can also be used on a regular basis in the practice of providing psychological assistance to these.

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Gender and Perception of Justice in Housework Division between Unemployed Spouses

Journal of Family Issues ◽

10.1177/0192513x20942823 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 0192513X2094282

Author(s):

Joyce Aguiar ◽

Claudia Filipa Sequeira ◽

Marisa Matias ◽

Susana Coimbra ◽

Anne Marie Fontaine

Keyword(s):

Gender Roles ◽

Gender Attitudes ◽

Equal Division ◽

Men And Women ◽

The Family ◽

Different Types

Division of family tasks between the members of a couple often reflects gender (in)equality in the family. Identifying how couples with different unemployment configurations divide family tasks may contribute to a better understanding of the process. In this study, we evaluated how unemployed couples (only husbands, only wives, and both; n = 291) distributed different types of family tasks (domestic, maintenance/repair, and childcare), the effects of this division on the perception of justice, and the influence of attitudes towards gender roles in their perception of justice. We verified that unemployment introduces some changes, for both men and women. Namely, individuals when unemployed start performing more family tasks. However, division is still unequal, with wives performing more domestic and childcare tasks than their husbands. Nevertheless, men and women have a greater perception of justice towards a more equal division, even after we control the effect of traditional gender attitudes.

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