scholarly journals Gender Features of Time Allocation, Gender Stereotypes and Labour Supply

Equilibrium ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-102
Author(s):  
Tamila Arnania-Kepuladze
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Different Types

Securing the well-being, protection of human rights and equality on the ground of age, gender, race, nationality etc along with sustainable economic development becomes the most important goal for any country. Gender differences in labor market are a problem of many countries. Being a larger demographic group, women have played a vital role in employment and economic development. Despite longstanding striving for gender equality, the inequality manifests itself in labor markets around the world. There is no common opinion on the reasons of the existence of gender differences in economic literature. After decades of research most investigators would agree that there can be no single-factor explanation for gender inequality in the labor market. One of the conventional explanations of gender gap in employment sphere includes the differences in men’s and women’s preferences in working hours due their stereotypical roles in the private and public life. This paper is focused on the study of gender feature of time allocation and its impact on the labor supply by men and women. For this purpose, based on the different types of activity, particular: income getting or in­co­me increasing promote activity, non-monetary inco­me obtain activity, income-make activity, non-income-make activity, indirect-receipts activity, the author introduces the time allocation model which includes parameters such as working time, leisure, non-working time, using time, free time and time for satisfying an individual’s physiological needs. For the attribution of different types of practice to certain kinds of activity the “principle of dominant purpose of activity” was offered. According to given time allocation model, the  pattern of features of labor supply by men and women is offered in the paper.

Implications of higher retirement age for the labor market

2017 ◽  
pp. 22-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivanova ◽  
A. Balaev ◽  
E. Gurvich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Demographic Projections ◽  
The Impact

The paper considers the impact of the increase in retirement age on labor supply and economic growth. Combining own estimates of labor participation and demographic projections by the Rosstat, the authors predict marked fall in the labor force (by 5.6 million persons over 2016-2030). Labor demand is also going down but to a lesser degree. If vigorous measures are not implemented, the labor force shortage will reach 6% of the labor force by the period end, thus restraining economic growth. Even rapid and ambitious increase in the retirement age (by 1 year each year to 65 years for both men and women) can only partially mitigate the adverse consequences of demographic trends.

EMPLOYMENT IN SCIENCE: GENDER CONTEXT

2021 ◽  
pp. 218-230
Author(s):  
Irina O. Shevchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Scientific Field ◽  
Formal Description ◽  
Average Salary ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gender Asymmetry ◽  
Women Researchers

The article considers the position of men and women researchers in the labor market in the precarization context. It is revealed that from the viewpoint of formal signs of the work precarity, researchers are in a safe situation. Most of them work under an indefinite contract, having a set of social guarantees secured by the Labor Code, and rarely change jobs. But the social well-being of scientists indicates that the formal description of the situation is at odds with reality. Gender context of science is the following: there are fewer women than men among researchers; there are more men among those holding the academic degrees of doctors, so men occupy positions more preferable in terms of status than women; the average salary of male scientists is higher than the female; men have more opportunities to influence decision-making in their organization. Gender asymmetry in the scientific field persists in Russia.

A Context-Robust Measure of the Disincentive Cost of Unemployment Insurance

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes F. Schmieder ◽  
Till von Wachter
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Unemployment Insurance ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Different Types

This paper proposes a new measure of the disincentive cost of unemployment insurance (UI): the ratio of the behavioral cost (BC) to the mechanical cost (MC) of a UI reform. This measure represents the labor supply distortion relative to the additional (mechanical) transfer from the UI reform. We show the BC/MC ratio naturally arises from a model of optimal UI and can be readily computed and compared across different types of reforms and labor market contexts. We summarize the evidence regarding the BC/MC ratio for existing studies and relate it to typical measures of employment effects of UI.

Salaries of Recent Male and Female College Graduates: Educational and Labor Market Effects

ILR Review ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lois Joy
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Academic Variables ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Market Effects ◽  
Male College ◽  
Market Variables ◽  
Using Data

Why do recent male college graduates earn more than their female counterparts? The author explores this question by estimating several salary regressions using data from the 1993–94 NCES Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study. The results suggest that labor market variables outweighed academic variables in their contribution to the gender salary gap. Of the academic variables, gender differences in total credits accounted for more of the salary gap than did gender differences in majors, grades, or institution attended. Of the labor market variables, gender differences in job sector, industry, and hours worked had the largest effect on gender differences in salaries. Differences in how men and women searched for and selected first jobs appear to have had little impact on gender differences in salary. Most important, as much as 75% of the wage gap remains unexplained by both the academic and labor market variables.

scholarly journals Labor Supply and Well-Being During the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Crisis in the Netherlands: Lessons from Microdata

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Hans-Martin von Gaudecker ◽  
Bettina Siflinger
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Well Being ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Personal Lives ◽  
Work From Home

AbstractLike many other countries, the Netherlands shut down large parts of economic and social life in the spring of 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Between late March and early May, schools and childcare facilities as well as restaurants, cafes, and bars were shut down; contact-related occupations were closed; gatherings were prohibited; and employees were advised to work from home as much as possible. While these regulations represented a sharp cut in individuals’ personal lives, they were more relaxed in the Netherlands than in many other European countries. At the same time, the Netherlands has enacted large-scale economic relief programs.This chapter gives an overview of how labor supply and well-being have changed in the Netherlands in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. We show that changes in the labor market have affected different groups of people differently and we discuss reasons for these differences. In addition, we illustrate how the consequences of the lockdown have altered the well-being of Dutch workers.

Gender Differences in the Psychological Well-Being of Married Men and Women: An Asian Case

2004 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-378
Author(s):  
Theodore D. Fuller ◽  
John N. Edwards ◽  
Sairudee Vorakitphokatorn ◽  
Santhat Sermsri
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Married Men

scholarly journals Prosociality predicts labor market success around the world

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Kosse ◽  
Michela M. Tincani
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
The World ◽  
Labor Market Success ◽  
Geographical Context ◽  
Market Success

Abstract A large literature points to the importance of prosociality for the well-being of societies and individuals. However, most of this work is based on observations from western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies, questioning the generalizability of these findings. Here we present a global investigation of the relation between prosociality and labor market success. Our analysis uses experimentally validated measures of prosociality and is based on about 80,000 individuals in 76 representative country samples. We show a sizable and robust positive relation between prosociality and labor market success around the world that does not systematically differ across continents or by countries’ economic development. These findings generalize the positive relation between prosociality and labor market success to a wide geographical context.

scholarly journals LABOR MARKET AS AN OBJECT OF REGULATION IN THE CONDITIONS FOR FORMATION OF SOCIAL-ORIENTED ECONOMY

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-120
Author(s):  
Гульшат Мусаева ◽  
Gulshat Musaeva
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
State Of The Economy ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
Income Development ◽  
Definition Of

The article deals with the theoretical and methodological foundations of the labor market, its social and economic content, in particular, the subjects, the structure of the labor market and features, that distinguish it not only from the markets of goods and services, but also from the markets of other factors of production. An important feature of the labor market is that, like all other types of the market, it directly depends on the market situation, i.e. the ratio of supply and demand, which is formed depending on the state of the economy (rise or fall); branch structure of the economy; level of technical base development; well-being (income level of the population, including per capita income), development of the market for goods and services, housing, securities; state of social infrastructure; the development degree of the multistructure of the economy; measures to develop integration links (sectoral and territorial). In addition, it is influenced by demographic, ethno-social, political, environmental and some other factors. Depending on the relationship between supply and demand, the labor market situation can be of the following types: labor-deficit, when the labor market lacks labor supply; labor surplus, when there is a large number of unemployed in the labor market and, correspondingly, an excess of labor supply; equilibrium, when the demand for labor corresponds to his proposal. Various theoretical and practical approaches to the definition of the essence of the concept of “labor market” of domestic and foreign researchers are analyzed. The concept of “social and economic content of the labor market” is formulated and the author’s interpretation of the economic category “labor market” as an object of regulation under the conditions of the formation of a socially-oriented economy is scientifically grounded.

scholarly journals The emotion of disgust in Italian students: a measure of the synthetic disgust index

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Salvatore Settineri ◽  
Massimo Mucciardi ◽  
Valentina Leonardi ◽  
Domenico Mallamace ◽  
Carmela Mento
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Maximum Score ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Synthetic Indicator ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Age And Sex

Research in the field of emotions has highlighted that men and women differ as regards the perception and reaction to disgust. The aim of our study was to analyse, by means of a questionnaire on disgust, any gender differences regarding this feeling in its various dimensions, viewed both individually and globally. For this purpose a synthetic indicator was developed to evaluate the expression of disgust and identify any individual differences. The sample of 1587 subjects were given a questionnaire on disgust that contained items to elicit disgust. Statistical analysis was performed on the items and on the scores via a synthetic indicator, the Synthetic Disgust Index (SDI).The analysis revealed a different trend in different types of disgust for age and sex. In males. The oral disgust and contamination showed a reduction of SDI in the age group between 18 and 39 years (p<0.05) and a maximum score in the group of subjects 40-64 years. In females the maximum score was present in the first group (0-17 ) for all dimensions of disgust except for disgust for aggressive content (p<0.05). The oral disgust and contamination showed a reduction of SDI in the age group between 18 and 39 years (p<0.05) with a general tendency to decrease with age.

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