scholarly journals Evolution of the “Industrial Revolution” Phenomenon: Prerequisites and Factors

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Irina Averina
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Institutional Aspects ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolutions

The article analyzes the evolution of the “Industrial Revolution” phenomenon, which makes it possible to form the author’s position on the phenomenon under study, contributing to the transformation of the economic system of society at similar stages of its development as a whole. Four Industrial Revolutions are analyzed in terms of the existing prerequisites for the transition in accordance with the time intervals of each of them, as well as the factors that influenced the analyzed phenomenon. The main features of the first (18th – 19th centuries), second (second half of the 19th century – early 20th century), third (1960 – the first decade of the 21st century), fourth (2011 – up to the present time) industrial revolutions are defined. Based on the system analysis, the components of each of the industrial revolutions are identified, as well as the factors (hindering their development or having a beneficial effect on it) that have had a different impact on them. The economic and institutional aspects of all industrial revolutions are reflected, as well as their impact on economic systems on a global and national scale is shown. As a result of the study, the features of the development of economic systems at various levels that accompany the “entry” of states into the realities of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 were revealed, and the possibilities of their further adaptation and transformation in the future were indicated.

scholarly journals Industrial Revolution and Technological Pattern: Essential Characteristics, Similarities and Distinctive Features

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-63
Author(s):  
Irina Averina
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Differential Development ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Stage Development ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolutions

The article analyzes the evolution of the phenomena “technological order” and “industrial revolution”, which made it possible to form the author’s model for the phenomena under study. As a result of considering these characteristics of the designated economic indicators, groups of features were formulated that characterize the concepts from the point of view of identity, as well as groups of features indicating their main distinctive and specific characteristics. The study of the origin of these terms also influenced the possibility of defining these phenomena from the standpoint of the dynamic nature (origin, formation, development, transformation, adaptation) of each of the components within their stage-by-stage development. The indicated evolutionary character can be traced within the framework of the change of each of the technological orders (the first (1785– 1835), second (1830–1890), third (1880–1940), fourth (1930–1990), fifth (1985–2035), sixth (2010–2060)) and industrial revolutions (First (18th – 19th centuries), Second (second half of the 19th century – early 20th century), Third (1960 – the first decade of the 20th century, Fourth (2011 – up to the present time), which predetermines the differential development of national economic systems as a whole.

scholarly journals The prerequisites for the emergence of industrial revolutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (54) ◽  
pp. 264-290
Author(s):  
Oksana Kushnirenko ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Industrial Revolutions

Global technological challenges facing humanity have increased the importance of understanding the prerequisites for the emergence of industrial revolutions. The purpose of the article is the development and improvement of scientific and theoretical basics of industrial revolutions origins and consideration for their impact on the economic development for a comprehensive understanding of modern industrial and innovation transformations. In order to achieve the objective, the system analysis, induction and deduction methods are used to describe the evolution of economic thinking towards a theoretical and methodological framework; historical, logical and dialectical methods for revealing the relationship between the system of socio-economic relations and technological methods of production; and methods of summarization and classification to determine the patterns of development of industrial revolutions and the drivers that cause it. Based on the systematization of the scientific work of foreign and domestic scientists to study the prerequisites of technological transformations under the influence of industrial revolutions, the article provides a historical analysis of their occurrence. This made it possible to identify the prerequisites for the emergence of industrial revolutions and reveal the main factors that determine the transformation of production methods. In particular, this is a combination of factors: the accumulation of knowledge and the seeking for new methods of processing raw materials at lower costs; concentration of capital; the availability of resources (human, raw-material, and financial ones), and the formation of a unified information space and an innovative institutional system. In this process, emphasis should be laid on creation of an enabling environment in which the transformation of society towards a next industrial revolution can take place. This is accomplished by a certain mechanism of technological transformations, including a set of factors, processes, stages (phases) and resources for their implementation. The following key characteristics of the industrial revolutions are identified: the reduction in the time periods between them; changing role and place of the human; and strengthening the creative and innovative activities of employees. The examination revealed that industrial revolution is not an incidental phenomenon in the development of human civilization, but a natural process conditioned by internal and external factors, and regularities of socio-economic cyclical dynamics. The emergence of the next industrial revolution is accompanied by a change in the technological order, manifested in the alternation of successive generations of devices and technologies as the material basis of human civilization. Deepening scientific approaches to substantiating the conceptual foundations of the emergence of industrial revolutions is the basis for assessing the possibilities and consequences of their impact on socio-economic development, which can facilitate adaptation to technological challenges.

scholarly journals The comparative analysis of Lithuanian manorial-serf economy and hacienda economic system of Latin America in the context of capitalist world system: from the second half of the 18th to the second half of the 19th centuries

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-65
Author(s):  
Darius Žiemelis
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
World System ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Capitalist World ◽  
Method Of Production ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The paper compares for the first time in historiography the Lithuanian manorial-serf economy and Latin American hacienda economic systems of the second half of the 18th century to the second half of the 19th century in the context of the capitalist world system (CWS). The main focus will be on the explication in macro level of similarities and differences of structures and development trends of these systems. The analyzed period corresponds to the stage of both the dominance and intensification of manorial-serf economy in Lithuania and predominance and intensification of hacienda economy in Latin American countries and it was determined by the same factor of the industrial revolution. The study confirms the thesis that these economic systems belonged to typologically closed economic kind (they were focused on the serfdom method of production) in the global division of labor. It shows that both Lithuanian manorial-serf economy and haciendas of Latin America were not typical feudal enterprises, but displayed only peripheral (agrarian) capitalism features.

scholarly journals Próba analizy porównawczej litewskiej gospodarki folwarczno-pańszczyźnianej i latynoamerykańskiej gospodarki hacjendowej od II połowy XVIII do II połowy XIX wieku w kontekście kapitalistycznego systemu-świata

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 135-160
Author(s):  
Darius Žiemelis Darius Žiemelis
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Capitalist World ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Method Of Production ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Latin American Countries

The paper for the first time in historiography compares the Lithuanian manorial-serf economy and Latin American hacienda economic systems in the second half of the 18th century – the second half of the 19th century in the context of the capitalist world system (CWS). The main focus will be on the explication in macro level of similarities and differences of structures and development trends of these systems. The analyzed period – is the stage of both the dominance and intensification of manorial-serf economy in Lithuania and predominance and intensification of hacienda economy in Latin American countries and it was determined by the same factor of the industrial revolution. The study confirms the thesis that these economic systems belonged to typologically close economic type (were focused on the serfdom method of production) in the global division of labor. It shows that both Lithuanian manorial-serf economy and haciendas of Latin America were not typical feudal enterprises, but had only peripheral capitalism features.

The Third Industrial Revolution: on the issue of definition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Konstantinovich Kolin
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Economy ◽  
The Third ◽  
New Type ◽  
Third Industrial Revolution ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the features of the Third Industrial Revolution. The need for a coordinate consideration of this concept, associated with a number of other phenomena that are similar in their content characteristics, determines the relevance of the article. The work shows that the Third Industrial Revolution has been unfolding essentially since the 1970s following the First Industrial Revolution (late 18th — early 19th centuries), the content of which was the transition from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy, as well as the Second Industrial Revolution (second half of the 19th century — early 20th century), based on the use of a new type electrical energy and conveyor production. The author shows the foundations of the third industrial revolution that are associated with network energy, "green economy" and examines the socio-economic consequences of the Third Industrial Revolution.

"Marketocentric" Economics Is Obsolete

2004 ◽  
pp. 36-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Buzgalin ◽  
A. Kolganov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
Post Market ◽  
Market Relations ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Universe

The "marketocentric" economic theory is now dominating in modern science (similar to Ptolemeus geocentric model of the Universe in the Middle Ages). But market economy is only one of different types of economic systems which became the main mode of resources allocation and motivation only in the end of the 19th century. Authors point to the necessity of the analysis of both pre-market and post-market relations. Transition towards the post-industrial neoeconomy requires "Copernical revolution" in economic theory, rejection of marketocentric orientation, which has become now not only less fruitful, but also dogmatically dangerous, leading to the conservation and reproduction of "market fundamentalism".

THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (INDUSTRY 4.0) A SOCIAL INNOVATION PERSPECTIVE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Socioeconomic Impact ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
Sustainable System ◽  
Industrial Revolutions

The rapid pace of technological developments played a key role in the previous industrial revolutions. However, the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) and its embedded technology diffusion progress is expected to grow exponentially in terms of technical change and socioeconomic impact. Therefore, coping with such transformation require a holistic approach that encompasses innovative and sustainable system solutions and not just technological ones. In this article, we propose a framework that can facilitate the interaction between technological and social innovation to continuously come up with proactive, and hence timely, sustainable strategies. These strategies can leverage economic rewards, enrich society at large, and protect the environment. The new forthcoming opportunities that will be generated through the next industrial wave are gigantic at all levels. However, the readiness for such revolutionary conversion require coupling the forces of technological innovation and social innovation under the sustainability umbrella.

Industrial archaeology: a thematic or a period discipline?

Antiquity ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (243) ◽  
pp. 275-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Industrial Archaeology ◽  
Part Time ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
University Expansion ◽  
Ancient Monument ◽  
The 19Th Century

A thematic or a period discipline?Industrial archaeology has generally been defined as a thematic discipline, concerned with only one aspect of man’s past activity. Although the term ‘archaeology of industry’ was used in the 19th century, it was Michael Rix who used the phrase ‘industrial archaeology’ in print for the first time (Rix 1955). He later defined industrial archaeology as ‘recording, preserving in selected cases and interpreting the sites and structures of early industrial activity, particularly the monuments of the Industrial Revolution’ (Rix 1967: 5). The emphasis on the term ‘industrial monument’ followed a need to define an industrial class of Ancient Monument so that some examples would be scheduled. Industrial archaeology, then, grew from the need to record and preserve standing structures threatened with demolition rather than an inherent desire to understand more about the historical period of the monuments. It was perhaps felt that understanding of the industrial revolution period was more readily arrived at by other means, particularly written historical evidence. During the ‘rescue’ years of the 1960s and 1970s, archaeology was one of the two areas of fastest university expansion and very popular in extra-mural teaching. But none of the archaeology departments took up industrial archaeology, although many of the extra-mural departments did; it is largely as a part-time, amateur interest that industrial archaeology has flourished ever since. The author’s post as an industrial archaeologist in the Leicester archaeology department is one of the first occasions on which the specialism has been given a place in full-time undergraduate archaeology courses.

The Ismaili Tradition in Iran: 13th Century to the Present

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Beben
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Minority Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
To Receive

The Ismailis are a minority community of Shiʿi Muslims that first emerged in the 8th century. Iran has hosted one of the largest Ismaili communities since the earliest years of the movement and from 1095 to 1841 it served as the home of the Nizārī Ismaili imams. In 1256 the Ismaili headquarters at the fortress of Alamūt in northern Iran was captured by the Mongols and the Imam Rukn al-Dīn Khūrshāh was arrested and executed, opening a perilous new chapter in the history of the Ismailis in Iran. Generations of observers believed that the Ismailis had perished entirely in the course of the Mongol conquests. Beginning in the 19th century, research on the Ismailis began to slowly reveal the myriad ways in which they survived and even flourished in Iran and elsewhere into the post-Mongol era. However, scholarship on the Iranian Ismailis down to the early 20th century remained almost entirely dependent on non-Ismaili sources that were generally quite hostile toward their subject. The discovery of many previously unknown Ismaili texts beginning in the early 20th century offered prospects for a richer and more complete understanding of the tradition’s historical development. Yet despite this, the Ismaili tradition in the post-Mongol era continues to receive only a fraction of the scholarly attention given to earlier periods, and a number of sources produced by Ismaili communities in this period remain unexplored, offering valuable opportunities for future research.

SEKOLAH DASAR ABAD-21 DENGAN METODE BAHASA POLA DAN METAFORA DALAM PENCIPTAAN RUANG BELAJAR KREATIF DI KELAPA GADING

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 757
Author(s):  
Natasha Kurnia Tishani ◽  
Rudy Trisno
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Soft Skills ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Pattern Language ◽  
School Buildings ◽  
The Future ◽  
The 19Th Century

The advancement of technology in the world is marked by the industrial revolution event. Indonesia has entered the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. This incident affects the way society dwell, slowly our lives have been dominated by technology and it is possible that in the future humans will be replaced by robots. We must developing soft skills that cannot be replaced by robots through our education. Indonesia’s education itself does not prepare the next generation to deal with this event. Starting from outdated curriculum,  teachers who are afraid to explore in teaching to school buildings that still adhere to the school system in the 19th century. The study of the discussion is how human dwell in the future in this case is to study, namely primary school buildings, which can accommodate teaching and learning activities with a curriculum that suits future needs. The design method used is in form of design stages, starting from Area Analysis; Investigation of selected sites; Proposed Program;  Design Analysis: Composition of mass and the concept of mass of buildings using the Metaphor Method; Project Zoning; Application of Pattern Language Methods and Structure and Building Materials. The result of this research is an elementary school architectural building that accmodate 21st century learning. Keywords:  creativity; education; metaphorical architecture; pattern langugae;primary school  Abstrak Kemajuan teknologi didunia ditandai dengan adanya peristiwa revolusi industri. Indonesia telah memasuki era revolusi industri 4.0. Peristiwa ini memengaruhi cara masyarakat berhuni, secara perlahan kehidupan kita telah didominasi dengan teknologi dan tidak menutup kemungkinan dimasa depan manusia akan digantikan dengan robot. Lalu, bagaimana kita sebagai manusia menghadapi ini ? yaitu mengembangkan softskill yang tidak bisa digantikan oleh robot melalui pendidikan kita. Pendidikan Indonesia tidak menyiapkan generasi selanjutnya untuk menghadapi perisitiwa ini. Berawal dari kurikulum yang sudah usang, lalu para guru yang takut untuk bereksplorasi dalam mengajar hingga bangunan sekolah yang masih menganut sistem sekolah di abad-19. Lingkup pembahasan laporan ini adalah bagaimana wadah berhuni manusia dimasa depan yaitu kegiatan menuntut ilmu, yaitu bangunan sekolah dasar, yang dapat mewadahi kegiatan pembelajaran dengan kurikulum masa depan. Metode perancangan yang digunakan adalah; a) Analisis Kawasan; b) Investigasi tapak terpilih; c) Usulan program; d) Analisis Perancangan : Gubahan massa dan Konsep Massa bangunan dengan Metode Arsitektur Metafora; d) Penzoningan Pada Proyek; e) Penerapan Metode Bahasa Pola dan f) Struktur dan Material Bangunan. Hasil akhir dari penelitian ini berupa bangunan arsitektur sekolah dasar yang mewadahi kegiatan pembelajaran abad-21.

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