scholarly journals Investigation of the Durability of Nanomarkings Applied to Steel Products Using a Scanning Probe Microscope Under the Influence of Operational Factors

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Tatyana Kislova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Operational Factors ◽  
Counterfeit Products ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

The criminogenic situation in Russia today is characterized by a high level of crime. This is evidenced by the official data of the Federal State Statistics Service and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. In January 2020 alone, 496 crimes related to the use of weapons were committed. One of the problems that law enforcement agencies face when investigating crimes is establishing the authenticity or verification of items found during operational investigative actions. To increase the probability of verification of items, a number of preventive measures are necessary. As such a preventive measure, the protective marking of items of increased interest from criminal structures can act. The application of marking marks can be used to protect property rights, protect against counterfeit products, as well as by various law enforcement agencies for marking weapons. The protective properties of the marking are increased if it is latent, that is, it is not perceived visually, including with the help of available magnifying devices. In this work, the impact of operational factors on the dynamics of changes in the parameters of nanomarkings applied to steel parts is studied using a new innovative technology-scanning probe microscopy, which provides one hundred percent verification of subjects and objects.

scholarly journals Forensic researches at National Academy of Internal Affairs: heritage of scientific schools (Review Article)

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-44
Author(s):  
S. Cherniavskyi ◽  
V. Yusupov
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Scientific Schools ◽  
Legal Science ◽  
Science And Education ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
High Level

The Article purpose is to disclose the process of the formation of forensic scientific schools in the National Academy of Internal Affairs on the basis of the study of its historical development; to emphasize the role of heads of departments and leading professors of the National Academy of Internal Affairs in formation of forensic scientific schools, identify the main research directions of forensic scientific schools of the National Academy of Internal Affairs, highlight their contribution in training of highly qualified scientific and pedagogical staff; to emphasize achievements of forensic scientific schools of the National Academy of Internal Affairs and their significance for advancement of legal science and education in Ukraine. When covering the article content, historical, historiographic, terminological, systemic-structural, formal-logical, comparative-legal and statistical methods have been applied.  It is substantiated that the center for the development of forensic scientific schools in the National Academy of Internal Affairs is the Department of Criminalistics. Main directions of research of forensic scientific schools in the National Academy of Internal Affairs have been systematized and shown. It has been proved that forensic scientific schools of the National Academy of Internal Affairs are developing according to two scientific directions: innovative research of non-traditional traces of crime (the school of Professor M. V. Saltevskij); advancement of investigative activities and methods of investigating criminal offenses based on studying tactics applied by criminals, current achievements in science and technology (school of Professor V. P. Bahin). Scientific links between forensic schools of the National Academy of Internal Affairs and other forensic schools and centers of research institutions, higher educational institutions, law enforcement agencies have been demonstrated. Forensic scientific schools of the National Academy of Internal Affairs play a crucial role in the development of legal science and education, contribute to the formation of the high level of professionalism in law enforcement agencies and lawyers, ensure the unity of law enforcement practice and educational-scientific activity in higher education institutions.

scholarly journals The Protection of the Rights to Life and Health in Emergencies: An Examination of the Handling of Covid-19 Pandemic in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-279
Author(s):  
BONTUR LUGARD Sunday
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Continuous Training ◽  
Moral Duties ◽  
Entire Society ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is inarguably the most disrupting occurrence in human affairs since the World War II. This virus left governments, communities and systems with the legal, social and moral duties to protect from its impacts. However, some of the approaches adopted towards protecting the victims, potential victims, and the entire society, especially in Nigeria, caused more harm than the disease itself. This work reviews the impact of the curtailment measures adopted by governments in Nigeria and their adverse bearing on human rights, especially the right to life as a sacrosanct and universal right. It further examines how law enforcement agencies’ operations - within the confines of the institutional and international best practices - their non-adherence to the rules of engagement or principles of ethical operations have resulted in the violation of human rights, rather than protecting them. It also analyses the impact of the virus on the right to health and access to medical facilities in times of emergencies in Nigeria and concludes that both rights were either violated or not realized within the context of the ‘war’ against the COVID-19 pandemic. This work advocates for the continuous training on human rights responsibilities of law enforcement agents, a more rigorous recruitment process with a minimum qualification from school certificate to ordinary national diploma, the use of video camera in the course of operations, among others that would help safeguard the rights of citizens in times of emergencies like the COVID-19.

scholarly journals Criminal networks analysis in missing data scenarios through graph distances

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255067
Author(s):  
Annamaria Ficara ◽  
Lucia Cavallaro ◽  
Francesco Curreri ◽  
Giacomo Fiumara ◽  
Pasquale De Meo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Incomplete Data ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Criminal Networks ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Edge Removal ◽  
Graph Distances ◽  
Intentional Deception ◽  
Node Removal ◽  
The Impact

Data collected in criminal investigations may suffer from issues like: (i) incompleteness, due to the covert nature of criminal organizations; (ii) incorrectness, caused by either unintentional data collection errors or intentional deception by criminals; (iii) inconsistency, when the same information is collected into law enforcement databases multiple times, or in different formats. In this paper we analyze nine real criminal networks of different nature (i.e., Mafia networks, criminal street gangs and terrorist organizations) in order to quantify the impact of incomplete data, and to determine which network type is most affected by it. The networks are firstly pruned using two specific methods: (i) random edge removal, simulating the scenario in which the Law Enforcement Agencies fail to intercept some calls, or to spot sporadic meetings among suspects; (ii) node removal, modeling the situation in which some suspects cannot be intercepted or investigated. Finally we compute spectral distances (i.e., Adjacency, Laplacian and normalized Laplacian Spectral Distances) and matrix distances (i.e., Root Euclidean Distance) between the complete and pruned networks, which we compare using statistical analysis. Our investigation identifies two main features: first, the overall understanding of the criminal networks remains high even with incomplete data on criminal interactions (i.e., when 10% of edges are removed); second, removing even a small fraction of suspects not investigated (i.e., 2% of nodes are removed) may lead to significant misinterpretation of the overall network.

scholarly journals Research of the Possibility of Applying Nanomarking on Steel Surfaces with a Scanning Probe Microscope

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
Tatyana Kislova
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Scanning Probe Microscopy ◽  
Metal Layer ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Micro Milling ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Probe Microscope ◽  
Metal Products ◽  
Steel Surfaces ◽  
Counterfeit Products

Recently, an increasing number of products are subject to protective labeling-application of digital and letter designations, barcodes that individualize the product. This has become especially relevant with the release of counterfeit products and mass theft of vehicles. The number usually individualizes a specific instance of the product. In the case of manufacturing cars, weapons, and precious items, this makes it possible to register and strictly account for these items. Marking numbers can be applied directly to the material they are made of, or to attached metal or polymer plates. Marking symbols are applied in various ways. They are applied to steel products by stamping, micro-milling or laser engraving. As expert practice shows, such markings on metal products are either completely removed by milling, cutting or sawing the metal layer with various tools and devices, or changed, or new markings are applied to the place of destroyed marks. The paper studies the possibility of creating protective markings of the nanometer level of spatial resolution on steel products of different hardness using a new innovative technology-scanning probe microscopy, which provides one hundred percent verification of items and objects.

scholarly journals THE PLACE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW STANDARDS IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM PRINCIPLES OF INTERACTION OF JUDICIAL EXPERT INSTITUTIONS WITH LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 258-264
Author(s):  
А. О. Полянський
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Forensic Institutions ◽  
The Impact

The relevance of the article is that the effectiveness and efficiency of interaction between forensic agencies and law enforcement agencies depends on many factors, one of which is a properly "constructed" system of legal acts. At the same time, the special nature of the interaction of these entities, the attraction of its content to the administrative and legal sphere, as well as the specifics of forensic institutions and law enforcement agencies in general necessitates a detailed review of legal principles in this area and determining the place of administrative and legal regulation. The purpose of the article is to establish a system of legal bases for the interaction of forensic institutions with law enforcement agencies, as well as to determine the place of administrative and legal regulation among them. It is established that the legal basis of interaction of forensic institutions with law enforcement agencies is a system of regulations and their provisions governing the legal status of forensic institutions and law enforcement agencies, as well as the content and procedure of interaction of these entities. It is proved that administrative-legal regulation is a type of branch of the general-legal category of legal regulation, which occurs with the help of administrative law and determines the impact of law on public relations of a special nature arising from the activities of public administration. That is, we are talking about the relationship of power and management influence that prevails in the work of public authorities, local governments and so on. This is a purposeful, comprehensive, streamlining impact of law on public relations in the sphere of government, which occurs through the rules of administrative law, which are part of the system of legal principles outlined above. It is emphasized that the legal basis for the interaction of forensic institutions and law enforcement agencies have an administrative and legal basis, which is expressed in a large number of rules of administrative law, enshrined in regulations of various legal force. This situation is due to the fact that the norms of this branch of law determine: the administrative and legal status of forensic institutions and law enforcement agencies; functions, powers and tasks assigned to law enforcement agencies and forensic institutions; mechanisms of interaction of forensic institutions and law enforcement agencies in performing their functions defined by law; organizational and practical goals of this interaction; etc.

Cloudy days ahead: Cross-border evidence collection and its impact on the rights of EU citizens

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-250
Author(s):  
Lawrence Siry
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Cloud Storage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Assistance ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Evidence Collection ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, the development of cloud storage and the ease of cross-border communication have rendered the area of evidence collection particularly difficult for law enforcement agencies (LEAs), courts and academics. Evidence related to a criminal act in one jurisdiction might be stored in a different jurisdiction. Often it is not even clear in which jurisdiction the relevant data are, and at times the data may be spread over multiple jurisdictions. The traditional rules related to cross-border evidence collection, the mutual legal assistance treaty (MLAT) regimes, have proved to be out-dated, cumbersome and inefficient, as they were suited for a time when the seeking of cross-border evidence was more infrequent. In order to tackle this problem, the United States has enacted the Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act, which gives extraterritorial e-evidence collection powers to US courts. Simultaneously, the European Union (EU) has proposed similar sweeping changes which would allow for LEAs in Member States to preserve and collect cloud-based evidence outside of the MLAT system. This article critically evaluates these developments from the perspective of the impact on the rights of EU citizens.

Illicit Market for Counterfeit Products at Small Businesses in Michigan

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 1289-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon A. Sullivan ◽  
Jeremy M. Wilson ◽  
Ross S. Militz
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Crime Problem ◽  
Illicit Markets ◽  
Illicit Market ◽  
Incident Reports ◽  
Counterfeit Products

Research on small businesses facilitating illicit markets and the efforts of nonfederal law enforcement agencies to identify these small business offenders has been scant. This exploratory study examines the illicit market for counterfeit products sold through small businesses in the State of Michigan. We used police incident reports of counterfeit products identified during administrative tobacco inspections of small businesses to provide a unique look at this crime problem and the efforts of law enforcement to curtail it. We analyzed the content of these incident reports to explore characteristics of the incidents, businesses and suspects selling counterfeit products, how the counterfeit products were identified and verified, and the origin of the counterfeits. Implications for law enforcement efforts to address counterfeit criminal enterprises and directions for future research are discussed.

The Role of Covert Policing and the Use of Its Results in Criminal Proceedings Involving Unlawful Restraint for Ransom

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-0
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Niemczyk
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
The State ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ultimate Objective ◽  
High Level

The article is concerned with the subject matter of covert policing involving cases where a hostage is unlawfully taken and detained with the purpose of forcing other persons to act in a specific manner. Such activities, being among the most difficult procedures relevant to the work of law enforcement agencies, are usually conducted in conditions determined by a rapidly changing factual situation, high level of criminal conspiracy and the state of permanent risk to the hostage’s life, the saving of which is the ultimate objective of public officers. Due to these factors, covert policing related to this kind of cases — given its nature and its investigative potential — becomes extremely important. The author’s aim is to determine the essence and functions of covert policing, and in particular to present conditions which must be met to adequately process covertly obtained intelligence for the needs of criminal proceedings.

scholarly journals State Service in the Prosecutor’s Office in the System of State Service in the Law Enforcement Sphere

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-209
Author(s):  
ANDREI V. SMIRNOV
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The State ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
State Service ◽  
Moral Principles

Introduction: the paper analyzes current Russian legislation regulating the functioning of the institute of state service. Aim: to study federal legislative acts containing provisions that define the list of state bodies that are classified as law enforcement agencies, and to look into the reasons why the legislator abandons the term “law enforcement service”. Methods: general scientific and special methods, including comparative legal, comprehensive, logical methods, analysis and synthesis. Results: we reveal certain inconsistencies in the regulatory framework that make it difficult to establish common features and specifics of administrative and legal status of such bodies; these inconsistencies also impede further development of the theory of administrative law when studying the institution of state service. Conclusion: based on the analysis of the types of functional activities of state bodies, we conclude that the service in the prosecutor’s office is classified as the state service related to law enforcement activity; we note its similarity and difference in relation to the service in other state bodies that perform law enforcement functions, including institutions and bodies of the penal system. In line with the methodology of integrative legal understanding, we define the service in the prosecutor’s office as the professional activity carried out on behalf of the state by employees holding positions in authorized federal state bodies and empowered by law to apply state enforcement measures aimed at protecting law and order, human rights and freedoms, public and state interests, combating crimes and other offenses, or the professional activity related to the performance of the functions of internal administration and staffing of these bodies. We emphasize that such service is implemented in strict accordance with the rules established by administrative and legal norms, and on the basis of ethical principles and moral principles that form the orientation of employees toward achieving socially useful goals and interests of the state itself. Scientific and practical significance of the article lies in the fact that the conclusions made in it can be used in scientific, educational and law-making activities. Key words: state service; law enforcement agencies; law enforcement activities; control and supervisory activities; human rights activities; prosecutor’s office agencies; prosecutor’s office employees.

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