Alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters for weanling pigs

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the addition of sodium butyrate, plant extracts and nucleotides on weanling pig performance, digestive content pH, organ morphometry, and intestinal epithelial histology. A total of 90 piglets at 21 days of age and an average initial weight of 6.35±0.34kg were used. The piglets were distributed in a randomized complete block design with five treatments, six replicates, and three animals per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of the following: Control: basal diet without antibiotic; Antibiotic: basal diet with 40mg kg-1 colistin sulfate and Additive: 1000, 1500 and 2000mg kg-1 of a combination of sodium butyrate + plant extracts + nucleotides. The experiment lasted 35 days, at which time one animal was slaughtered to assess pH of the digestive contents, morphometry of the organs and histology of the intestinal epithelium. No differences were found (P>0.05) in the performance, pH of the digestive contents, morphometry of the organs or histology of the intestinal epithelium by the analysis of orthogonal polynomials or contrasts. The combination of sodium butyrate, plant extracts and nucleotides not improved the productive characteristics of weanling pigs.

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Organic acids in diets of weaned piglets: performance, digestibility and economical viability

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/1678-4162-8501 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 1015-1022 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A.D.C.V. Boas ◽

F.E.L. Budiño ◽

M.A. T. Neto ◽

A. Schmidt ◽

J.C. Dadalt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Acids ◽

Sodium Butyrate ◽

Block Design ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Weaned Piglets ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Male Hybrid

ABSTRACT Organic acids are used as feed additives to promote growth of weaned piglets since they prevent the occurrence of diarrhea. Thus, performance and digestibility assays were conducted and economic viability of diets was evaluated. In the performance assays, 64 hybrid piglets weaned with a mean weight of 5.87±0.31kg were divided in a randomized block design consisting of 4 treatments, 8 repetitions and 2 piglets per experimental unit (1 castrated male and 1 female). In the digestibility assay, 24 castrated male hybrid piglets with a mean weight of 8.21±0.79kg were individually assigned to 4 treatments and 6 repetitions. The treatments in the two assays were as follows: control, basal diet without addition of an acidifier; blend: inclusion of 0.5% of a mixture of organic acids; butyrate: inclusion of 0.1% of sodium butyrate; blend+butyrate: inclusion of 0.5% of a mixture of organic acids and 0.1% sodium butyrate. There was no effect (P>0.05) of the acidifiers on animal performance during the period studied. Organic acids exerted no effect (P>0.05) on the apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients. Diets supplemented with sodium butyrate had an economic advantage for the period of 10-24 days. No episode of diarrhea was observed. This study demonstrated no effect of acidifier feed additives as growth promoters in complex diets for weaned piglets.

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Method of using increasing levels of substitution of the basal diet by test feedstuffs in pig digestibility trials

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s0102-09352012000500026 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 64 (5) ◽

pp. 1265-1274

Author(s):

L.M. Piano ◽

I. Moreira ◽

C. Scapinello ◽

P.L.O. Carvalho ◽

J.B. Toledo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Control Diet ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Pig Performance

Two experiments were carried out to study the methodology of using increasing levels of substitution of the basal diet with fibrous test feedstuffs (sticky coffee hull - SCH) in digestibility trials with pigs. In Experiment 1, a digestibility trial was conducted using 30 crossbred barrows, allotted in a randomized block design. In Experiment 2, 42 growing and 42 finishing pigs were used, allotted in a completely randomized design, with six diets and seven replicates, with one animal per experimental unit. The six diets consisted of: a control diet, four diets using SCH ME values as obtained in Experiment 1 plus a diet using SCH ME value estimated by linear regression equation for 15% substitution. The digestibility study indicated that the use of increasing levels of substitution (7, 14, 21 and 28%) reduced SCH digestibility. ME values, as-fed basis, were 2,456, 2,377, 2,247 and 1,945kcal/kg. The overall results indicate that higher levels of substitution overestimate the energy value and that the method of increasing levels of substitution of the basal diet with feedstuffs test can be used to more accurately estimate the energy values of fibrous feedstuffs for pigs. For growing and finishing pigs respectively, up to 28% and 15% of sticky coffee hull can be used without impairing pig performance and economic feasibility.

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Standardized ileal digestible (SID) isoleucine requirement of barrows (15- to 30- kg) fed low crude protein diets

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n5p3283 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 3283

Author(s):

Doglas Batista Lazzeri ◽

Leandro Dalcin Castilha ◽

Patrícia Barcellos Costa ◽

Ricardo Vianna Nunes ◽

Magali Soares dos Santos Pozza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Block Design ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Optimum Level ◽

Initial Weight ◽

Protein Deposition ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Protein Diets

This study aimed to determine the SID isoleucine (Ile) requirement of starting barrows fed low crude protein. Two experiments were carried out. Experiment 1: Ten crossbred barrows were used in order to determine the SID AA of the basal diet (treatment with the lowest SID Ile level used in the growth performance experiment), averaging 15.00 ± 0.27 kg of initial weight, individually housed in metabolic cages and allotted in a complete randomized design, with two treatments, five replicates and one animal per experimental unit. Treatments consisted of a basal (14.13% CP and 0.450% of SID Ile) and a free protein diet. Experiment 2: A performance experiment was carried out to determine the SID Ile requirement when using low crude protein diets. Forty crossbred barrows were used, averaging 15.00 ± 0.87 kg of initial weight and distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments (0.450, 0.520, 0.590, 0.660 and 0.730% of SID Ile) and two animals per experimental unit. The average daily gain (ADG) (P=0.049) and protein deposition (P=0.01) were affected by the studied SID Ile levels. The daily need of SID Ile was estimated at 5.9 g when considering 0.61% as the optimum level of SID Ile in the diet for an improved ADG and protein deposition.

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139 Bioavailability of valine in a fermentation biomass product relative to the bioavailability in crystalline L-valine when fed to weanling pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.144 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 78-79

Author(s):

Maryane S Faria de Oliveira ◽

John K Htoo ◽

Caroline J González-Vega ◽

John E Thomson ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression ◽

Block Design ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Relative Bioavailability ◽

Feed Ratio ◽

Weanling Pigs ◽

Final Body Weight ◽

Quadratic Effects ◽

Daily Gain

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Val from a Val-containing fermentation biomass product (Val-FB; 64.4% L-Val) has a bioavailability of 100% relative to L-Val (98% Val) when fed to weanling pigs. A Val-deficient basal diet containing 0.63% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Val was formulated. Six additional diets were prepared by supplementing the basal diet with 0.08, 0.16, or 0.24% L-Val or 0.12, 0.25, or 0.37% Val-FB to create experimental diets containing 0.71, 0.79, or 0.87% SID Val. A total of 224 weanling pigs (6.87 ± 0.64 kg) were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 7 diets and 8 replicate pens per diet. Diets were fed for 21 d and growth performance was measured on a pen basis. Orthogonal-polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of L-Val and Val-FB levels on performance and the effect of Val sources. A linear regression model based on performance was used to estimate the relative bioavailability (RBV) of Val in Val-FB relative to L-Val. The final body-weight (BW) and average-daily-gain (ADG) were greater (P < 0.01) for pigs fed diets supplemented with Val-FB than pigs fed diets supplemented with L-Val (Table 1). The average-daily-feed-intake (ADFI) decreased linearly (P < 0.01), whereas gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) increased (P < 0.01) by supplementing graded levels of both Val sources to the diets. The RBV of Val in Val-FB as determined by ADG, G:F, and final BW was 146, 135, and 143%, respectively, with 95% confidence intervals of 99 to 191%, 83 to 187%, and 70 to 217%, respectively. In conclusion, the linear regression estimated a RBV of at least 100% for Val-FB relative to L-Val, and pigs fed diets supplemented with Val-FB had greater ADG and final BW than pigs fed diets supplemented with the same amount of L-Val.

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Effect of Dietary Symbiotic and Acidifier on Growth Performance and Nutrients Digestibility in Growing Pigs Crossbreed

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Indonesia (JITPI) Indonesian Journal of Animal Science and Technology ◽

10.29303/jitpi.v6i2.75 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

Danung Nur Adli ◽

Osfar Sjofjan

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Block Design ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Nutrients Digestibility

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of dietary probiotic enhanced liquid acidifier combined with mannan-rich fraction on growth performance, nutrients digestibility in growing pigs. Thirty [(Duroc×Yorkshire)×Landrace] pigs with the average initial BW of 36.75±1.57 kg were allocated into three treatments by a randomized complete block design. There were five pens per treatment with six pigs per pen. Dietary treatments include: 1) CON (basal diet); 2) T1 (basal diet+probiotic 0.1%) and 3) T2 (basal diet+probiotic+mannan rich fraction 0.2%). the data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using of SAS University Version 4.0. The model included the effects of block (replication) and treatment. Pen served as the experimental unit. During the entire experimental period of 6 weeks, results showed that addition of complex probiotic at the level of 0.2% to diet increased ADG significantly (p<0.05). Also, digestibility of DM and N tended to increase. To sum up, results in this experiment indicated that dietary [(probiotik×acidifier)×mannan-rich-fraction] supplementation had a positive effect on growing pigs performance and nutrient digestibility

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PSVI-12 Phosphorous digestibility of corn ethanol co-products, from Brazil and USA, in growing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.347 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 200-200

Author(s):

Vinicius R C Paula ◽

Natália C Milani ◽

Cândida P F Azevedo ◽

Gabriel A G Casarotti ◽

Leonardo A Granja ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Distillers Grains ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Corn Ethanol ◽

P Values ◽

Dried Distillers Grains ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Corn Coproducts

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P, and their respective digestible values, of two high protein (HP) corn dried distillers’ grains (DDG) and of two corn DDG with solubles (DDGS), from Brazil and USA, in pigs. Fifty crossbred barrows (38.3±5.2kg BW) were fed a semi-purified P-free basal diet (BD), used to determine endogenous P losses, or four diets composed of 40% of each ingredient, as the only source of P, substituting for starch in BD: Brazilian HP DDG (BHP); USA HP DDG (UHP); Brazilian DDGS (BDG) and USA DDGS (UDG). Animals were fed at 2.8 x maintenance (110 kcal of DE per kg of BW0.75) for 9 d (7 d adaptation and 2 d of partial feces collection). Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker (0.3%) for digestibility calculations. A randomized block design was used, with 10 replicates, using the pig as the experimental unit. Results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey’s test (P< 0.05). The ATTD of P of UHP and UDG were 47% greater (P< 0.05) than those verified in BHP and BDG. The STTD of P of UHP and UDG were 45% higher (P < 0.05) than that of BDG. The STTD of BHP was similar (P >0.05) to the values of BDG and UDG. The total and standardized digestible P of UDG (0.40-0.44%, respectively) were greater (P< 0.05) than those of BDG (0.33-0.38 %, respectively) and of UHP (0.28-0.32%, respectively), which were similar (P > 0.05), and higher than that of BHP (0.22-0.27%, respectively). In conclusion, corn distiller’s co-products from Brazil and USA presented different ATTD and STTD P values, and USA DDGS (UDG) showed the highest apparent total tract and standardized digestible P among all corn coproducts evaluated.

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The administration of diets contaminated with low to intermediate doses of deoxynivalenol and supplemented with antioxidants and binding agents slightly affects the growth, antioxidant status and vaccine response in weanling pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab238 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Luca Lo Verso ◽

Kristina Dumont ◽

Martin Lessard ◽

Karoline Lauzon ◽

Chantale Provost ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Antioxidant Status ◽

Block Design ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

Vaccine Response ◽

Weanling Pigs ◽

Tocopherol Concentration ◽

Reducing Ability ◽

The Impact

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the impact of grading levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) in the diet of weaned pigs, as well as the effects of a supplementation with antioxidants (AOX), hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates (HSCAS) and their combination on the growth, antioxidant status, immune and vaccine response against the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2). At weaning, 336 piglets were allocated to six dietary treatments according to a randomized complete block design. Treatments were as follows: basal diet (CTRL); basal diet containing DON at 1.2 mg/kg (DON1.2); basal diet containing DON at 2.4 mg/kg (DON2.4); DON2.4 diet + a mix of AOX which included vitamins A and E at 20,000 IU and 200 IU/kg feed respectively, selenized yeast at 0.3 mg/kg and a grape seed extracts at 100 mg/kg feed (DON2.4+AOX); DON2.4 diet + modified HSCAS at 1 g/kg (DON2.4+HSCAS); DON2.4+AOX+HSCAS. Pigs were vaccinated against PRRSV and PCV2 at 7 d; at 0, 14 and 35 d growth performance were recorded, and blood samples were collected in order to evaluate the oxidative status, inflammatory blood markers, lymphocyte blastogenic response and vaccine antibody response. Increasing intake of DON resulted in a quadratic effect at 35 d in the lymphocyte proliferative response to Concanavalin A and PCV2 as well as in the anti-PRRSV antibody response, whereas the catalase activity decreased in DON2.4 pigs compared to the CTRL and DON1.2 groups (P ≤ 0.05). Compared to the DON2.4 diet, the AOX supplementation slightly reduced G:F ratio (P = 0.026) and increased the ferric reducing ability of plasma as well as α-tocopherol concentration (P < 0.05), whereas the association AOX+HSCAS increased the anti-PRRSV IgG (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the HSCAS supplement reduced haptoglobin levels in serum at 14 d compared to the DON2.4 group; however, its concentration decreased in all the experimental treatments from 14 d to 35 d and particularly in the DON2.4+AOX pigs, whereas a different trend was evidenced in the DON2.4+HSCAS group, where over the same period haptoglobin concentration increased (P < 0.05). Overall, our results show that the addition of AOX and HSCAS in the diet may alleviate the negative effects due to DON contamination on the antioxidant status and immune response of vaccinated weanling pigs.

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PSIII-14 The influence of dietary barley supplementation on American Wagyu feedlot performance

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.531 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 289-289

Author(s):

Briana V Tangredi ◽

Meghan P Thorndyke ◽

Octavio Guimaraes ◽

Rebecca K Barrington ◽

Shaniece M Borgerding ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Control Diet ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Feedlot Performance ◽

Once Daily ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Distillers Grain ◽

Corn Distillers ◽

Corn Grain

Abstract Eighty-nine American Wagyu steers were used to evaluate the effects of dietary barley supplementation on feedlot performance. We hypothesized that barley supplementation would increase ADG compared to non-supplemented control animals. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design. Steers were blocked by initial body weight (BW) and randomly assigned within block to one of two treatments. Treatments consisted of 1) Control (no supplemental barley) and 2) Control diet + 0.9 kg∙animal-1∙d-1 of supplemental barley. Steers were housed in feedlot pens (all pens contained n = 4 steers/pen with the exception of one Control pen that contained n=5 steers; 11 replicates/treatment; experimental unit = pen) and fed a traditional American Wagyu finishing diet (DM basis: 68.42% DM, 14.33% CP; TDN: 74.76%, NEg: 1.16 Mcal/kg, 5.25% EE) for 270d. The basal diet consisted of grass hay, corn silage, cracked corn grain, soybean meal, corn distillers grain, white salt, ground limestone, and olive byproduct. Diets were fed once daily in the morning and barely was top dressed to the appropriate pens, immediately after the basal diet was delivered. Steers were individually weighed on d -1 and 0, and approximately every 28 days throughout the 270d experiment. Data were analyzed using a mixed effects model (PROC MIXED, SAS) for a completely randomized block design. Initial pen BW was used as a covariate in the statistical analysis of all performance data and significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05. Initial and final BW, ADG, DMI, and feed:gain were similar across treatments. Therefore, under the conditions of this experiment, these data suggest that barley supplementation for 270d to American Wagyu cattle did not impact overall animal performance.

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PSIV-20 A 6-phytase, Natuphos® E, target dosing energy release compared with fat in corn, soy diets fed to pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.330 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 187-188

Author(s):

Michael Coelho ◽

Robert Jones ◽

Frank Parks

Keyword(s):

Energy Release ◽

Block Design ◽

Random Effect ◽

Fixed Effect ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Phase 3 ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Pig Performance

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the metabolizable energy (ME)-releasing efficacy of a 6-phytase, Natuphos E, on pig performance compared with fat. A total of 1750 weaned, (PIC 337 x Camborough) pigs were used in a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit, treatment as the fixed effect, and block as the random effect (25 pig/rep x 7 treatments x 10 replications). Pigs were blocked by sex and weight. Treatments consisted of PC, NC1=PC- 0.17% Ca, - 0.15% aP, -80 Kcal/kg, NC2=PC- 0.17% Ca, - 0.15% aP, -100 Kcal/kg, NC3=PC- 0.17% Ca, - 0.15% aP, -120 Kcal/kg, NC1 + 1000, NC2 + 1750 and NC3 + 2500 FTU/kg. Pigs were fed mash corn/soy diets formulated to meet or exceed current NRC (2012) recommendations. Least significant difference was used to compare means of treatments. In phase 3, ADG was 655, 650, 642, 632, 697, 911 and 724 g, P < 0.05, respectively. FI was 968, 1000, 1004, 1010, 1028, 1023 and 1052,P < 0.05, respectively. FCR was 1.48, 1.54, 1.56, 1.60, 1.47, 1.44 and 1.45, P < 0.05, respectively. NC1, NC2 and NC3 decreased (P < 0.05) ADG and increased (P < 0.05) FCR compared to PC. NC1 + 1000, NC2 + 1750 and NC3 + 2500 FTU/kg Natuphos E, increased (P < 0.05) ADG, and decreased (P < 0.05) FCR compared to PC. ADG, FI and FCR of NC1 + 1000, NC2 + 1750 and NC3 + 2500 had a better performance (P < 0.05) than NC1, NC2 and NC3, respectively. In conclusion, 1000, 1750 and 2500 FTU/kg phytase, Natuphos E, met or exceeded (P < 0.05) the performance of 80, 100 and 120 Kcal/kg. 2500 FTU/kg Natuphos E phytase could compensate, performance wise, the reduction of 0.17% Ca, 0.15% aP and 120 Kcal/kg ME in the diet.

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PSVI-20 Evaluating the productive energy content of high-protein distillers dried grains in swine diets

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.371 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 211-212

Author(s):

Henrique S Cemin ◽

Mike D Tokach ◽

Steve S Dritz ◽

Jason C Woodworth ◽

Joel M DeRouchey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Content ◽

Block Design ◽

Random Effect ◽

High Protein ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Net Energy ◽

Distillers Dried Grains ◽

Caloric Efficiency ◽

Quadratic Response ◽

Pig Performance

Abstract A total of 300 pigs (DNA 400×200; initially 11.1 kg) were used in a 21-d trial to determine the effects of increasing levels of high-protein distillers dried grains (HP DDG) on pig performance and to estimate the productive energy of HP DDG. Pens with 5 pigs each were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design with 12 replicates per treatment. Treatments included diets with 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40% HP DDG formulated by changing corn and feed-grade amino acid levels. Caloric efficiency was obtained by multiplying ADFI by dietary net energy (NE) and dividing by ADG. The NE of HP DDG was estimated at 1,914 kcal/kg by using Noblet et al. (1994) equation and NRC (2012) values were used for corn. Productive energy was estimated based the average caloric efficiency of the HP DDG diets relative to the diet without HP DDG. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit and block as random effect. Pigs fed diets with increasing HP DDG had a linear decrease (P < 0.01) in ADG and ADFI and a tendency (P = 0.051) for a quadratic response in G:F. There was a linear improvement (P < 0.01) in caloric efficiency with increasing HP DDG (3,876, 3,753, 3,676, 3,520, and 3,300 kcal/kg, respectively). The productive energy of HP DDG was estimated as 2,686 kcal/kg or 97.3% of corn NE. In summary, high levels of HP DDG negatively impacted growth performance. The equation used to estimate NE of HP DDG resulted in underestimated values. The productive energy of HP DDG is approximately 97% of corn NE.

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