scholarly journals Relationship between root exudation of organic carbon and physiological variables of irrigated rice cultivars

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janielly Silva Costa Moscôso ◽  
Leandro Souza da Silva ◽  
Camila Peligrinotti Tarouco ◽  
Fernando Teixeira Nicoloso ◽  
Fabiane Figueiredo Severo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Root Exudation ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Irrigated Rice ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Anoxic Environments ◽  
Full Flowering ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Santa Maria

ABSTRACT: Rhizospheric carbon resulting from root exudation is one of the substrates used by the soil microbiota, and reflects methane (CH4) emissions in anoxic environments such as irrigated rice cultivation. With the increase of the photosynthetic capacity of the plant in the reproductive period, there is greater accumulation of biomass which, in turn, increases the rate of root exudation. However, genotypic variations in the physiological aspects of rice plants may be related to the amount of root exudates. Ten cultivars of irrigated rice were evaluated for the exudation rate of total organic carbon (EXRToc), shoot dry matter (SDM), and physiological variables related to photosynthesis during the full flowering (blooming) period. Two experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of the Department of Soils of the UFSM (University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil) in a completely randomized experimental design. The cultivars presented significant differences in EXRToc, SDM, and all physiological variables as well as positive and significant correlations between EXRToc and physiological variables. Early cultivars were more inefficient in the physiological variables reflecting reduced values of EXRToc and SDM whereas medium-cycle cultivars were more efficient with larger EXRToc and SDM reflections.

scholarly journals An update of new flood-irrigated rice cultivars in the SimulArroz model

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovana Ghisleni Ribas ◽  
Nereu Augusto Streck ◽  
Ary José Duarte Junior ◽  
Bruna San Martin Rolin Ribeiro ◽  
Isabela Bulegon Pilecco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Reasonable Accuracy ◽  
Yield Gap ◽  
Irrigated Rice ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
Rice Phenology

Abstract: The objective of this work was to model, in the SimulArroz model, the three flood-irrigated rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars currently most grown in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The experiments to calibrate and validate the model were conducted in the municipalities of Cachoeirinha, Santa Maria, Uruguaiana, Santa Vitória do Palmar, and Cachoeira do Sul during four crop seasons. The number of leaves, phenology, aboveground dry matter biomass, and yield of each cultivar were evaluated. The results showed a slight overestimate of the R1, R4, and R9 stages; however, overall, the SimulArroz model had a good performance in simulating rice phenology for the three studied genotypes. Furthermore, the model had a reasonable accuracy in simulating aboveground dry matter and yield. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) for aboveground dry matter (leaves, stems, panicles, and grains) ranged from 0.5 to 3.0 Mg ha-1. For yield, the RMSE ranged from 0.8 to 1.3 Mg ha-1. The calibration of the SimulArroz model is efficient in simulating the growth, development, and grain yield of the most important flood-irrigated rice cultivars in Southern Brazil and can be used to estimate harvest forecast and yield potential, as well for yield gap studies.

scholarly journals The Performance of Steers Fed on Sugarcane in natura or Ensiled with Concentrate

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Dheynne Alves Vieira ◽  
Andréia Santos Cezário ◽  
Wallacy Barbacena Rosa dos Santos ◽  
Jeferson Corrêa Ribeiro ◽  
Tiago Neves Pereira Valente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Average Daily Weight Gain ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of crossbred Holstein × Zebu steers fed on the diets containing sugarcane in natura or ensiled with two levels of concentrate (30% and 70%). A total of 32 males of 394 kg of body weight were used in a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments and seven repetitions. The animals reported a high dry matter intake (DMI) (P < 0.05) when fed on the high concentrate levels. The increase in concentrate levels resulted in an approximately 25% to 60% higher DMI as compared to the lowest level offered by silage-based diets and sugarcane in natura. The highest apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter were observed in the diets based on sugarcane in natura (P < 0.05). The sugarcane based diets also affected (P > 0.05) the digestibility of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, crude protein, ether extract, and non-fiber carbohydrates. There were no differences (P > 0.05) between the diets for average daily weight gain, carcass dressing, carcass gain, and feed conversion. The diets based on sugarcane in nature or ensiled with 30% and 70% concentrates do not influence the performance of crossbred Holstein × Zebu cattle.

Accumulation, organic carbon and dry matter concentration of sediment in commercial channel catfish ponds

2004 ◽  
Vol 30 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Steeby ◽  
John A. Hargreaves ◽  
Craig S. Tucker ◽  
Sue Kingsbury
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Channel Catfish ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Concentration ◽  
Catfish Ponds ◽  
Matter Concentration

scholarly journals Soil compaction and eucalyptus growth in response to forwarder traffic intensity and load

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 921-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sérgio Ricardo da Silva ◽  
Nairam Félix de Barros ◽  
Liovando Marciano da Costa ◽  
Fernando Palha Leite
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Traffic Intensity ◽  
Number Of Passes

During timber exploitation in forest stands harvesting machines pass repeatedly along the same track and can cause soil compaction, which leads to soil erosion and restricted tree root growth. The level of soil compaction depends on the number of passes and weight of the wood load. This paper aimed to evaluate soil compaction and eucalyptus growth as affected by the number of passes and wood load of a forwarder. The study was carried out in Santa Maria de Itabira county, Minas Gerais State - Brazil, on a seven-year-old eucalyptus stand planted on an Oxisol. The trees were felled by chainsaw and manually removed. Plots of 144 m² (four rows 12 m long in a 3 x 2 m spacing) were then marked off for the conduction of two trials. The first tested the traffic intensity of a forwarder which weighed 11,900 kg and carried 12 m³ wood (density of 480 kg m-3) and passed 2, 4, and 8 times along the same track. In the second trial, the forwarder carried loads of 4, 8, and 12 m³ of wood, and the machine was driven four times along the same track. In each plot, the passes affected four rows. Eucalyptus was planted in 30 x 30 x 30 cm holes on the compacted tracks. The soil in the area is clayey (470 clay and 440 g kg-1 sand content) and at depths of 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm, respectively, soil organic carbon was 406 and 272 g kg-1 and the moisture content during the trial 248 and 249 g kg-1. These layers were assessed for soil bulk density and water-stable aggregates. The infiltration rate was measured by a cylinder infiltrometer. After 441 days the measurements were repeated, with additional analyses of: soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, N-NH4+, N-NO3-, porosity, and penetration resistance. Tree height, stem diameter, and stem dry matter were measured. Forwarder traffic increased soil compaction, resistance to penetration and microporosity while it reduced the geometric mean diameter, total porosity, macroporosity and infiltration rate. Stem dry matter yield and tree height were not affected by soil compaction. Two passes of the forwarder were enough to cause the disturbances at the highest levels. The compaction effects were still persistent 441 days after forwarder traffic.

scholarly journals Soil resistance to penetration and least limiting water range for soybean yield in a haplustox from Brazil

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amauri Nelson Beutler ◽  
José Frederico Centurion ◽  
Alvaro Pires da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Least Limiting Water Range ◽  
Dry Matter Weight ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

The objective of this study was determine the resistance to penetration (PR), least limiting water range (LLWR) and critical bulk density (Db-crit) for soybean yield in a medium-textured oxisol (Haplustox). The treatments represented the soil compaction by passing a tractor over the site 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 times, with 4 replications in a randomized experimental design. Samples were collected from 0.02-0.05, 0.07-0.10 and 0.15-0.18 m depths. Soybean (Glycine max cv. Embrapa 48) was sowed in December 2002. Plant height, number of pods, aerial dry matter, weight of 100 seeds, and the yield in 3.6 m² plots were recorded. Soybean yield started reduction at the PR of 0.85 MPa and Db of 1.48 Mg m-3. The LLWR was limited in highest part by water content at field capacity (0.01 MPa tension) and in lowest part by water content at PRcrit, achieved the Db-crit to yield at 1.48 Mg m-3.

Comparison of supplemental cobalt form on fibre digestion and cobalamin concentrations in cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 155 (5) ◽  
pp. 832-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. WATERMAN ◽  
W. L. KELLY ◽  
C. K. LARSON ◽  
M. K. PETERSEN
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Forage Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
To Receive

SUMMARYCobalt (Co) is essential for rumen microbial metabolism to synthesize methane, acetate and methionine. It also serves as a structural component of vitamin B12(cobalamin), which functions as a coenzyme in energy metabolism. A study was conducted to determine if Co form (carbonatev. glucoheptonate) supplemented above the National Research Council requirements would improve digestibility of a low-quality forage diet and change serum cobalamin concentrations. Nineteen ruminally cannulated cows (577 ± 13 kg) were fed individually in a completely randomized experimental design. Cows were fed a grass hay diet that contained (79·2 g/kg crude protein, 565 g/kg total digestible nutrients, 633·2 g/kg neutral detergent fibre (NDF), 874·2 g/kg dry matter) at a rate of 0·02% of body weight on a as fed basis for a 62-day study, which consisted of three periods; acclimation (AC), treatment (TR) and residual (RE). Measurements taken in the AC period were used as covariates for analysis in the TR and RE periods. Cows were stratified by age (5 ± 0·4 years) and lactational history, and assigned to receive 12·5 mg supplemental Co in one of two forms: (1) 27·2 mg of Co carbonate (CC,n= 11 cows) or (2) 50 mg of Co glucoheptonate (CGH,n= 8 cows). Supplement was administered daily via a gelatin capsule placed directly into the rumen 2 h after feeding. During the last 96 h of each period, forage digestibility was measured using anin situnylon bag technique. Blood samples were collected 4 and 6 h following feeding, and 24 h before the end of each period. A treatment × period interaction was detected forin situorganic matter (OM) disappearance at 96 h; (TR period: 684 and 708 ± 81 g/kg; RE period: 676 and 668 ± 75 g/kg, for CC and CGH, respectively). Once inclusion of Co in the CGH group was removed, OM disappearance was reduced by 4·01% compared with 0·82% in the CC cows. The NDF disappearance (OM basis) was less for the TR compared with the RE at 48 h (629 and 652 ± 39 g/kg, respectively). However, by 96 h NDF disappearance was greater for TR than the RE (704 and 689 ± 44 g/kg; respectively). No differences were detected for cobalamin serum concentrations or rate of fibre fermentation. The outcomes of the current research signify that there may be a slight residual effect of Co supplementation on fermentation; there was also an indication that Co source may enhance the overall extent of fermentation.

scholarly journals Co-inoculation of rhizobia, azospirilla and cyanobacteria for increasing common bean production

2020 ◽  
pp. 2015-2028
Author(s):  
Eduardo Hélder Horácio ◽  
Claudemir Zucareli ◽  
Freddy Zambrano Gavilanes ◽  
João Sarkis Yunes ◽  
Alisson Wilson dos Santos Sanzovo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Azospirillum Brasilense ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Anabaena Cylindrica ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
The Common ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

The combined inoculation of Rhizobium (R. tropici+R. freirei), Azospirillum brasilense, and Anabaena cylindrica, a diazotrophic cyanobacterium, is a technology that has not yet been tested and established in the production of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The inoculation may be a promising strategy for increasing crop productivity by combining the benefits of biological nitrogen fixation with the production of plant growth phytohormones. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the co-inoculation of Rhizobium, Azospirillum brasilense, and Anabaena cylindrica as an alternative method for optimizing the symbiotic performance and development of the common bean at greenhouse conditions. The treatments were as follows: (T1) control without N and inoculation, (T2) N addition (100 kg N ha-1), (T3) Riz (addition of R. tropici+R. freirei), (T4) Azo (Azospirillum brasilense addition), (T5) Ana (Anabaena cylindrical addition), (T6) Riz+Azo, (T7) Riz+Ana, (T8) Azo+Ana, (T9) Riz+Azo+Ana. We used a completely randomized experimental design with four replications. The co-inoculation of Riz+Azo+Ana promoted plant height, root length and volume, shoot dry matter, accumulated shoot N, number and dry matter of nodules at flowering, number of grains per pod, hundred seed weight, and grain production of the common bean, contributing to increased yield per plant. We observed an increase in common bean grain yield ranging from 62 to 84% after double and triple co-inoculation of rhizobia with azospirilla and/or cyanobacteria, with the highest yield observed in the plants inoculated with Riz+Azo+Ana (84%), similar to those observed in plants after N addition. However, field experiments are necessary to elucidate the performances of the inoculated beneficial microorganisms.

scholarly journals Manipulation of Chemical Properties in Soil under Wetland Rice through Industrial Effluents

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Md. Rafiqul Islam ◽  
Golam Kibria Muhammad Mustafizur Rahman ◽  
Md. Abu Saleque
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Irrigated Rice

A laboratory experiment was conducted in Soil Science Division of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) during 2010-11 aimed to determine the effects of different industrial effluents on some soil chemical properties under long-term industrial wastewater irrigated rice field. Effluents irrigation created some differences in soil pH, electrical conductivity and organic carbon. The pH in all soil depth was higher with wastewater irrigated rice field. Irrigation with wastewater increased in all the effluents irrigated rice fields; the electrical conductivity (EC) was remarkable higher with  all soil depth than the control field. In all the rice fields soil (Control + effluents irrigated fields), the organic carbon content (%) started to decrease sharply with the increase in soil depth. Organic carbon content was slightly higher with wastewater irrigated rice soils. Exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K and Na), trace elements (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni) were increased through irrigation with wastewater in rice–rice cropping pattern.

scholarly journals Modes of application with Cobalt and Molybdenum fertilizations in different stages of soybean development and yield of soybean

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
A. G. Comiran ◽  
C. S. Pereira ◽  
I. V. A. Fiorini ◽  
P. L. F. Galdino ◽  
F. G. Moraga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Atmospheric Nitrogen ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Full Flowering ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Soybean Nodulation

The elements cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) are micronutrients of great importance for legumes, since they play a fundamental role in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen assimilated by bacteria of the genus Bradyrhizobium. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the yield components of soybean as a function of different doses and time of application of cobalt and molybdenum via leaf. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Vera - Mato Grosso. The treatments consisted of the combination of five doses of the micronutrient (0, 50, 100, 150 and 300 mL ha-1) with two phenologicals stages of application periods (V5, fifth node and fourth trifoliate flower and R2, full flowering)). The characteristics evaluated: dry mass of the nodules, number of nodules, number of pods per plant, grains per pod, mass of 100 grains and productivity. It is concluded that under the conditions of this experiment, the application of cobalt and molybdenum via leaf in V5 and R2 does not alter soybean nodulation. The application in the reproductive period (R2) provides a greater number of pods per plant and number of grains per pod, but does not affect productivity

scholarly journals Characterization of Ethoxysulfuron Herbicide Selectivity in Common Bean Cultivars

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
F.B. PAGNONCELLI JR ◽  
R.A. VIDAL ◽  
M.M. TREZZI ◽  
M. GALLON ◽  
A.P. BRUSAMARELLO
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design

ABSTRACT: In literature, there are few studies evaluating the response of different bean cultivars to herbicides, particularly the ALS enzyme inhibitors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of common bean cultivars to the herbicide ethoxysulfuron and to select cultivars that are more tolerant to it. An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized experimental design with four replications. Factors consisted in 20 bean cultivars (IPR Eldorado, IPR Siriri, IPR Gralha, IPR 81, IPR Uirapuru, IPR Colibri, IPR Tuiuiú, BRS Esplendor, IPR Tangará, IPR Juriti, IPR Corujinha, IPR Andorinha, IPR Curió, BRS Campeiro, BRS Pérola, BRS Notável, BRS Estilo, UTF 3, UTF 5 e UTF 6), and four doses of ethoxysulfuron (0, 50, 100 and 200 g ha-1) were used. At the dose of 200 g ha-1, the reduction of the shoot dry matter of plants ranged from 30 to 80%, indicating that there was high variability in the response of bean cultivars to the herbicide. The bean cultivars classified as more tolerant to ethoxysulfuron are: IPR 81, IPR Uirapuru, BRS Estilo, IPR Gralha and BRS Pérola, while the less tolerant cultivars are: IPR Eldorado, IPR Tuiuiú, IPR Tangará, IPR Curió, UTF 3, UTF 5 and BRS Esplendor.

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