scholarly journals HEALTH SURVEILLANCE AND PAP TEST COVERAGE: INTEGRATIVE REVIEW

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janara Caroline Ribeiro ◽  
Selma Regina de Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
Test Coverage ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Papanicolaou Test ◽  
Cervix Neoplasm

ABSTRACT This integrative review aimed to evidence in the literature health surveillance activities that contribute to the increased coverage of the cervical Pap smear. The search was undertaken between April and May 2014 in the databases LILACS, CINAHL, MEDLINE and Scopus, using the keywords health surveillance, cervix neoplasm prevention, and Papanicolaou test, in Portuguese, English and Spanish. We selected 341 articles, of which 33 met the inclusion criteria. In studies, the actions have been identified and grouped according to two main control practices of cervical cancer adopted in Brazil: primary prevention and secondary prevention, with emphasis on health promotion and prevention actions that contributed to the increased coverage of the cervical Pap smear.

scholarly journals ThinPrep Pap Test for Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer in Early Stages

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
Siamak Sabour ◽  
Ommolbanin Abbasnezhad ◽  
Ali Dastranj Tabrizi ◽  
Amir Vahedi ◽  
Elmira Mostafidi
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion ◽  
Papanicolaou Test ◽  
Observer Reliability ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Intraepithelial Lesion

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the world’s deadliest forms of cancer and Pap smear is the most popular screening test for diagnosis in early stages. The aim of our study was to assess potential screening rule of ThinPrep Pap test. Methods: In this cross sectional, study Cervical samples were collected from all women who referred to a pathology center for Papanicolaou test and all samples were prepared with ThinPrep process. To assess validity, biopsy was selected as gold standard. 131 women who had ThinPrep Pap test and biopsy were considered for the analysis. The participants were selected purposeful. Three thresholds were used to define test positivity: 1) Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (Asc-us) 2) Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) 3) High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and worse. Inter and intra observer reliability were evaluated using kappa (simple and weighted) as well as Fleiss kappa and validity were assessed by the well-known validity estimates for qualitative variables. Results: Intra observer reliability was moderate for pathologists with low and moderate experience (kappa was 0.44 and 0.46 respectively) and was good for experienced pathologist [kappa (WK) = 0.64]; however, inter observer reliability was poor (Fliess kappa=0.12). For diagnosis of ASCUS and worse, the sensitivity was 96.3% and for diagnosis of HSIL and worse the sensitivity and specificity were 86.6% and 95.1%, respectively.Conclusion: ThinPrep pap is an acceptable screening test for diagnosis of cervical cancer in early stages. However, experience and specialty have effect on reliability’s results.

'Have a Pap smear!' – doctors, their clients, and opportunistic cervical cancer screening

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
L C Chingang ◽  
U Bischof ◽  
G Andall-Brereton ◽  
O Razum
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
High Incidence

In many middle-income countries with a high incidence of cervical cancer, organized screening programmes with the Pap test are being planned. We assessed the knowledge of, and attitudes towards, cervical screening among 63 doctors and 102 randomly selected community members in Trinidad where screening is still opportunistic. Doctors were well informed about cervical cancer, but not all knew the approximate specificity of the Pap test. Many did not routinely discuss the benefits and disadvantages of screening with their clients. Most women had heard of the Pap test, but only 56% knew its purpose; 25% would not participate in screening, stating reasons such as being in menopause or not having symptoms. More information about the aim of screening and the purpose of the Pap test must be communicated. Doctors need to keep their knowledge on screening up-to-date, and offer counselling that helps women to make an informed decision whether or not to participate in screening.

scholarly journals Cervical cytochemistry: a potential adjunct to cytomorphology for detection of abnormal cells in cervical cancer screening

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1639-1644
Author(s):  
Indrani Krishnappa ◽  
Kalyani R. ◽  
Raja Parthiban ◽  
Abhishek Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Cancer Detection ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Smear Examination ◽  
Intraepithelial Lesion

Background: Pap smear examination has been universally used as an effective screening tool for early detection of cervical carcinoma. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of Cervical Acid Phosphatase staining as an adjunct to routine Pap smear testing to improvethe sensitivity and specificity of routine Pap smear examination for cervical cancer detection. Materials and Methods: Cervical smears were taken from patients attending the gynecology department and a few cervical cancer screening programmes. One set of slides were alcohol fixed and stained with rapid pap stain and another set of slides were fixed in a special fixative and stained with Cervical Acid Phosphatase -Pap stain. The nuclear features of these Cervical Acid Phosphatase stained dysplastic cells was studied on Pap stain to diagnose cervical intraepithelial lesion/ malignancy. Results: Out of 489 cases included in the study 6 cases were diagnosed with intraepithelial lesion/ malignancy. On Cervical Acid Phosphatase -Pap stain 2 of the cases diagnosed as inflammatory smears on pap stain showed Cervical Acid Phosphatase positivity and thus were re evaluated. Mild nuclear atypia was observed in the Cervical Acid Phosphatase positive cells and these cases were diagnosed as Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and later biopsy proven to be Cervical intraepithelial Neoplasia I. Therefore Cervical Acid Phosphatase -Pap test was 100% sensitive and specific for cervical cancer detection. Conclusions: With 100% sensitivity Cervical Acid Phosphatase -Pap test satisfies the criteria of an efficient screening test.

scholarly journals A community based study to determine incidence of cervical cancer and willingness of women to participate in cervical cancer screening program in Navsari, Gujarat, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 3954
Author(s):  
Parth H. Vyas ◽  
Kanchan Dhadwe ◽  
Harsha A. Shah ◽  
Hiral M. Dave ◽  
Ashwin A. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Cytological Examination ◽  
Major Health Problem

Background: Carcinoma of the uterine cervix is a major health problem faced by the Indian women. Regular cervical cytological examination by all sexually active women can prevent the occurrence of carcinoma cervix. Early detection of cervical cancer is possible with Pap smear tests. Methods: Women above 25 years of age, living in study area and want to participate in study were included. Total 2352 women were enrolled in study. House to house visits were conducted in all the village area by using simple random sampling method. Information about cervical cancer was given. Pap test for cervical cancer screening was carried out by gynaecologist. Cytological examination and confirmation was done by pathologists.Results: A total of 3001 women had attended village level IEC session and out that, 2352 (78.4%) women took part in the screening program. Out of these 2352 women, 2007 women (85.3% compliance) had given consent for physical cervical examination and Pap smear. The incidence of cervical cancer was 0.2% on the basis of clinical examination and biopsy.Conclusions: Higher compliance for undergoing vaginal examination and Pap test shows the positive health seeking behaviour of the women but for that, strong IEC and sensitization about the disease must be done to improve the participation. Sensitivity of Pap test was poor and couldn’t find true positive cases.

scholarly journals Knowledge of human papillomavirus and Pap test among Brazilian university students

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 625-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimée Denzeler Baptista ◽  
Carolina Xavier Simão ◽  
Vitoria Carvalho Guimarães dos Santos ◽  
Juliana Gil Melgaço ◽  
Silvia Maria Baeta Cavalcanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
University Students ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Cancer Information ◽  
Papanicolaou Test ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Increased Risk

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted virus in the world and is associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer. The most effective approach to cervical cancer control continues to be screening through the preventive Papanicolaou test (Pap test). This study analyzes the knowledge of university students of health science programs as well as undergraduate courses in other areas of knowledge on important questions regarding HPV. METHOD: Four hundred and seventy-three university students completed a questionnaire assessing their overall knowledge regarding HPV infection, cervical cancer, and the Pap test. A descriptive analysis is presented, and multivariate analysis using logistic regression identified factors associated with HPV/cervical cancer information. RESULTS: Knowledge was higher for simple HPV-related and Pap test questions but was lower for HPV interrelations with genital warts and cervical cancer. Being from the health science fields and having high income were factors associated with greater knowledge. Only the minority of the participants recognized all the situations that increased the risk of virus infection presented in the questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the need for educational campaigns regarding HPV infection, its potential as a cervical cancer agent and the forms of prevention available.

scholarly journals Breakthroughs and Issues in HPV Genital Infections in relation to Cervical Cancer

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Farhat Hussain ◽  
Khairun Nahar ◽  
Kaniz Fatema ◽  
Mahbuba Khan
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Related Condition ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Hpv Test ◽  
Neoplastic Process

The field of cervical cancer prevention is rapidly evolving because of identification of the cause of disease. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been recognized as a necessary cause of cervical cancer, and the association applies equally to both squamous cell and adenocarcinoma and is consistent worldwide. HPV 16 and 18 together attribute 70% of world's cervical cancer. HPV is highly prevalent among sexually active women and traceable in its natural history with technology that can detect HPV DMA at all stages of infection and neoplastic process. HPV DMA testing represents the scientifically obvious next step after Pap test for secondary prevention. A clinically validated and FDA approved HPV test has proven a substantial gain in sensitivity with a limited loss in speciality as compared to the standard Pap smear. We are now in the fortunate position of having two highly promising HPV vaccines in the pipeline. These vaccines today represent new hope for protection against cervical cancer, pre-cancerous cervical lesions and other HPV related condition for the current generation of adolescents, for the young and middle aged women as well as for the future generations. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v1i2.12163 Journal of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Vol.1, No.2, December 2009 p.27-30

Health Risk Appraisals With Aging Adults: An Integrative Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1049-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki Simpson ◽  
Lindsey Pedigo
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
Support Network ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Healthy Working ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Aging Adults ◽  
Risk Appraisals

Identification of risk factors unique to the aging experience is vital to support health promotion efforts and prevent loss of independence for the increasing aging population. Health risk appraisals are tools capable of identifying a broad range of factors that affect health; however, these tools were designed for use with predominantly healthy working-age adults. The purpose of this integrative review was to describe uses and adaptations of health risk appraisals with aging adults. A total of 43 articles met inclusion criteria, identifying multiple adaptations necessary to effectively identify the risks faced by aging adults, including those related to activities of daily living, pain, depression, social support/network, vision, hearing, and cognitive status. Uses included support for health promotion efforts and to determine risk for depression, falls, and loss of independence. Further research needs to be done to evaluate impact when used as a health promotion and prevention tool for aging adults.

Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Barriers regarding cervical cancer and its screening using Pap smear, in rural women of Ba, Lautoka and Nadi, Fiji.

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swaran Naidu ◽  
Gillian Heller ◽  
George Qalomaiwasa ◽  
Sheetal Naidu ◽  
Rajat Gyaneshwar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

<p><strong>Background</strong>: Fiji has a high rate of cervical cancer, which is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in women in the country. Less than 10% of women are screened for cervical cancer in Fiji.In this paper we report the result of a study on Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Barriers (KAPB) to cervical cancer and its screening with Pap smears, conducted on 1505 rural women in Fiji.</p><p><strong>Objectives:</strong> To assess the knowledge, attitudes, practice and barriers to cervical cancer and it’s screening with Pap smears in rural women of Ba, Lautoka and Nadi, in Fiji.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: Structured questionnaires were administered to women presenting to a rural outreach Reproductive Health education and clinics, by trained health educators to ascertain their Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice and Barriers to cervical cancer and its screening with Pap smears.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: Seventy two percent of rural women had no knowledge of cervical cancer and 80% had no knowledge of the risk factors of cervical cancer. Lack of knowledge was significantly different for age groups (p=0.006), education levels and employment status(p&lt;0.001) and ethnicity  (p=0.022). Those groups with lowest knowledge were teenagers (18 to 19 years); those with less education; and iTaukei respondents. Of the respondents who had at least some knowledge of the Pap smear, 75% had had a Pap test. Of those who had no knowledge of the Pap smear, only 45% had had the test (p&lt;0.001). Of those who did not have a Pap smear the commonest barrier was lack of knowledge at 46.3% and fear of procedure was 29.4%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: More education is required to acquaint women in rural Fiji about cervical cancer, its associated risk factors as well as the benefits of cervical cancer screening programs and other prevention strategies. </p>

The power of the biomarker for cervical cancer control

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 11001-11001
Author(s):  
N. S. Markovic ◽  
O. Markovic ◽  
E. S. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
Papanicolaou Test ◽  
New Device ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Digital Evaluation ◽  
In Vitro Diagnostic

11001 Background: At ASCO 2001, the Cervical Acid Phosphatase - Papanicolaou Test (CPT) was introduced as a biomarker-based technology as a potential in vitro diagnostic device. At ASCO 2004 and 2005, we reported results from clinical trials on 2,000 subject/specimens. In a setting of standard cervical cancer screening, the safety and effectiveness of CPT (MarkPap® Test) was compared with control Pap smear and LBP. The favorable results motivated us to expand this translational research in areas where this biomarker is crucial: self-sampling and digital evaluation. We report a pilot study designed to assess whether upgrading CPT with digital image processing (IT technology) could create a new device for an effective telecytopathology. Methods: Material: Cervical specimens self-obtained by volunteers, specimens collected in prior clinical trials (Library of MarkPap slides), and control slides. Instruments and methods: We have assembled a set of instruments and procedures to create images from microscopic slides, to convert analog into digital images, to capture and store digital images and clinical data in computer files, to transfer image files via Internet to a central server for evaluation by cytotechnologist/pathologists, and to return the reports within hours. At the end, the results of reading digital and direct images were available for comparison. Results: Since each instrument was “fit-for-use”, we have tested different “conditions-for-use” for providing digital images comparable to direct images. Images of self-sampled specimens, controls and existing slides were processed through a new setup of five modules: image acquisition, image and data transferring, image evaluation, results reporting and quality control. It was made possible by upgrading software. There was no difference between results obtained after evaluation of digital or direct images. Conclusion: Using CPT and available instruments and software, we have developed a prototype in vitro diagnostic medical device, which could permit expert evaluation of cervical specimens to be performed rapidly and at affordable cost for developing countries. This device should be able to use self-obtained specimens, field laboratory personnel and equipment, but to provide high-qualified evaluation within hours for an easy affordable cost. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals A study on cervical cancer screening using pap smear in urban area in state of Meghalaya, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 3113
Author(s):  
Priti Mishra ◽  
Ragini Thapa ◽  
Arvind Kumar Dinkar
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Invasive Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Normal Cytology ◽  
Pap Smear Test ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
Bethesda System ◽  
Preinvasive Lesion

Background: Cancer cervix is fourth most common cancer in world second most common in India. The objective of the study is to identify abnormal pap smear cytology in women undergoing the test.Methods: This retrospective study conducted in 200 women attending gynae OPD of Military Hospital, Shillong, Meghalaya, India between January 2016 to December 2017. Pap smear test was done, and classification was done as per Bethesda system 2014.Results: 105 women had normal cytology findings and 23 had abnormal cytology.Conclusions: Cervical cancer is the most common cancer for which screening is done. If pap smear is done every 3 years as per the guidelines mortality due to cervical cancer can be reduced. Every woman should undergo pap test at least once in her life before the age of 45 years. Timely screening of preinvasive lesion allows prevention from invasive cervical cancer.

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