Antimicrobial activity of mouth rinses against bacteria that initially colonizes dental’s surface

Abstract Introduction Much advertising in mouthwash is conveyed in all media appealing to the anti-plaque effect and rendering a disservice to the community. Mouth rinses are available over-the-count and differ on their compositions and antimicrobial effectiveness. Objective In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of 35 widely available mouth rinses against bacterial species involved in initiation of dental biofilm – Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus sanguinis. Material and method The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the evaluated mouth rinses were determined according to the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute protocols. Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney post hoc (α=0.05). Result About 70% of the mouth rinses achieved high antibacterial activity and 30%, a low antibacterial activity against all the species tested. The most ineffective mouth rinse showed antibacterial activity (MIC) at 1:1 dilution, while the most effective showed activity even at 1:2048 dilution, which may imply prolonged effect in the mouth. About 51% of mouth rinses showed bactericidal activity, and it was verified that cetylpyridinium chloride or chlorhexidine digluconate containing in the formulation were associated with the highest activity. Conclusion Most - but not all - mouth rinses commercially available are effective in inhibiting in vitro initial colonizers of dental surfaces.

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Antimicrobial Effect of Newly Formulated Toothpastes and a Mouthrinse on Specific Microorganisms: An In Vitro Study

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1695655 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (02) ◽

pp. 172-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yeliz Guven ◽

Nilufer Ustun ◽

Elif Bahar Tuna ◽

Oya Aktoren

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Vitro Study

Abstract Objective The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the antimicrobial properties of newly formulated toothpastes (four toothpastes for adults and two toothpastes for kids/babies) and a mouthrinse. Materials and Methods Newly formulated six different toothpastes and one mouthrinse of a single brand and commercially available five toothpastes and three mouthrinse were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against two oral pathogens, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans, by agar well diffusion assay. After incubation, the inhibition zone diameters were measured in millimeters and statistical analyses were performed. Results All experimental adult toothpastes exhibited good antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and C. albicans except the experimental toothpaste D. Experimental toothpaste B exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against C. albicans and S. mutans. Experimental toothpaste for kids showed the best antimicrobial activity against S. mutans when kids’ toothpastes were compared. None of the tested toothpastes for kids/babies showed antibacterial effects for C. albicans. Among the mouthrinse tested, Sensodyne mouthrinse showed the best results. Experimental mouthrinse showed significantly lower antibacterial activity against S. mutans then Sensodyne, Eludril, and chlorhexidine mouthrinse. Conclusion Although experimental toothpaste and mouthrinse formulations revealed good results in terms of antimicrobial activity to some specific microorganisms, further studies involving more bacterial species or analyzing the quality and efficacy of these products by other in vitro or in vivo tests are needed.

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An In Vitro Study on the Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oil Modified Resin Composite against Oral Pathogens

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13194383 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (19) ◽

pp. 4383

Author(s):

Barbara Lapinska ◽

Aleksandra Szram ◽

Beata Zarzycka ◽

Janina Grzegorczyk ◽

Louis Hardan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Resin Composite ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Oral Pathogens

Modifying the composition of dental restorative materials with antimicrobial agents might induce their antibacterial potential against cariogenic bacteria, e.g., S.mutans and L.acidophilus, as well as antifungal effect on C.albicans that are major oral pathogens. Essential oils (EOs) are widely known for antimicrobial activity and are successfully used in dental industry. The study aimed at evaluating antibacterial and antifungal activity of EOs and composite resin material (CR) modified with EO against oral pathogens. Ten EOs (i.e., anise, cinnamon, citronella, clove, geranium, lavender, limette, mint, rosemary thyme) were tested using agar diffusion method. Cinnamon and thyme EOs showed significantly highest antibacterial activity against S.mutans and L.acidophilus among all tested EOs. Anise and limette EOs showed no antibacterial activity against S.mutans. All tested EOs exhibited antifungal activity against C.albicans, whereas cinnamon EO showed significantly highest and limette EO significantly lowest activity. Next, 1, 2 or 5 µL of cinnamon EO was introduced into 2 g of CR and microbiologically tested. The modified CR showed higher antimicrobial activity in comparison to unmodified one. CR containing 2 µL of EO showed the best antimicrobial properties against S.mutans and C.albicans, while CR modified with 1 µL of EO showed the best antimicrobial properties against L.acidophilus.

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Development of a Cavity Disinfectant Containing Antibacterial Monomer MDPB

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/0022034516663465 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 95 (13) ◽

pp. 1487-1493 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

N. Hirose ◽

R. Kitagawa ◽

H. Kitagawa ◽

H. Maezono ◽

A. Mine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Bond Strength ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Resin Cement ◽

Resin Cements ◽

Adhesive Resin ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Adhesive Resin Cement

An experimental cavity disinfectant (ACC) that is intended to be used for various direct and indirect restorations was prepared by adding an antibacterial monomer 12-methacryloyloxydodecylpyridinum bromide (MDPB) at 5% into 80% ethanol. The antibacterial effectiveness of ACC and its influences on the bonding abilities of resin cements were investigated. To examine the antibacterial activity of unpolymerized MDPB, the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) were determined for Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei, Actinomyces naeslundii, Parvimonas micra, Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Antibacterial activities of ACC and the commercial cavity disinfectant containing 2% chlorhexidine and ethanol (CPS) were evaluated by agar disk diffusion tests through 7 bacterial species and by MIC and MBC measurement for S. mutans. The effects of ACC and CPS to kill bacteria in dentinal tubules were compared with an S. mutans–infected dentin model. Shear bond strength tests were used to examine the influences of ACC on the dentin-bonding abilities of a self-adhesive resin cement and a dual-cure resin cement used with a primer. Unpolymerized MDPB showed strong antibacterial activity against 7 oral bacteria. ACC produced inhibition zones against all bacterial species similar to CPS. For ACC and CPS, the MIC value for S. mutans was identical, and the MBC was similar with only a 1-step dilution difference (1:2). Treatment of infected dentin with ACC resulted in significantly greater bactericidal effects than CPS ( P < 0.05, analysis of variance and Tukey’s honest significant difference test). ACC showed no negative influences on the bonding abilities to dentin for both resin cements, while CPS reduced the bond strength of the self-adhesive resin cement ( P < 0.05). This study clarified that the experimental cavity disinfectant containing 5% MDPB is more effective in vitro than the commercially available chlorhexidine solution to eradicate bacteria in dentin, without causing any adverse influences on the bonding abilities of resinous luting cements.

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Function-adaptive clustered nanoparticles reverse Streptococcus mutans dental biofilm and maintain microbiota balance

Communications Biology ◽

10.1038/s42003-021-02372-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fatemeh Ostadhossein ◽

Parikshit Moitra ◽

Esra Altun ◽

Debapriya Dutta ◽

Dinabandhu Sar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Reactive Oxygen Species Generation ◽

Biofilm Inhibition ◽

16S Rrna Analysis ◽

Dental Biofilm ◽

Dental Plaques

AbstractDental plaques are biofilms that cause dental caries by demineralization with acidogenic bacteria. These bacteria reside inside a protective sheath which makes any curative treatment challenging. We propose an antibiotic-free strategy to disrupt the biofilm by engineered clustered carbon dot nanoparticles that function in the acidic environment of the biofilms. In vitro and ex vivo studies on the mature biofilms of Streptococcus mutans revealed >90% biofilm inhibition associated with the contact-mediated interaction of nanoparticles with the bacterial membrane, excessive reactive oxygen species generation, and DNA fragmentation. An in vivo examination showed that these nanoparticles could effectively suppress the growth of S. mutans. Importantly, 16S rRNA analysis of the dental microbiota showed that the diversity and richness of bacterial species did not substantially change with nanoparticle treatment. Overall, this study presents a safe and effective approach to decrease the dental biofilm formation without disrupting the ecological balance of the oral cavity.

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Polymeric Nanoparticles Active against Dual-Species Bacterial Biofilms

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26164958 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (16) ◽

pp. 4958

Author(s):

Jessa Marie V. Makabenta ◽

Jungmi Park ◽

Cheng-Hsuan Li ◽

Aritra Nath Chattopadhyay ◽

Ahmed Nabawy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽

Confocal Laser ◽

Bacterial Biofilms ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Bacterial Strains

Biofilm infections are a global public health threat, necessitating new treatment strategies. Biofilm formation also contributes to the development and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. Biofilm-associated chronic infections typically involve colonization by more than one bacterial species. The co-existence of multiple species of bacteria in biofilms exacerbates therapeutic challenges and can render traditional antibiotics ineffective. Polymeric nanoparticles offer alternative antimicrobial approaches to antibiotics, owing to their tunable physico-chemical properties. Here, we report the efficacy of poly(oxanorborneneimide) (PONI)-based antimicrobial polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) against multi-species bacterial biofilms. PNPs showed good dual-species biofilm penetration profiles as confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity was observed, with reduction in both bacterial viability and overall biofilm mass. Further, PNPs displayed minimal fibroblast toxicity and high antimicrobial activity in an in vitro co-culture model comprising fibroblast cells and dual-species biofilms of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study highlights a potential clinical application of the presented polymeric platform.

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Anti-bacterial activity of three essential oils - An in vitro study

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.380 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 1049-1053 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Geetha RV ◽

John Rozar Raj B ◽

Lakshmi Thangavelu

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Thyme Oil ◽

Rosemary Oil

To conduct a study regarding the antibacterial activity of essential oils against bacteria causing Caries. Essential oils are distillates of the volatile compounds of a plant’s secondary metabolism and may act as photoprotective agents. Their curative effect has been known since antiquity. It is based on a variety of pharmacological properties which are specific for each plant species. The mouth contains a variety of oral bacteria, but only a few species of bacteria are believed to cause dental caries. Antibacterial activity of the three essential oils, Rosemary oil, Holy basil oil, Thyme oil was screened against Streptococcus mutans, using disc diffusion technique. The rosemary oil was more effective against Streptococcus mutans with a zone of inhibition of 52 mm diameter (at concentration 200 µl), Rosemary oil showed a zone of inhibition of 44 mm diameter and with thyme oil, the zone diameter was 30 mm. The results of this study showed that the essential oils at different concentrations exhibited antibacterial activity against the bacterial species tested.

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A new group of compounds derived from 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-aminoindoles with antimicrobial activity

Research Results in Pharmacology ◽

10.3897/rrpharmacology.4.29905 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 27-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Irina Stepanenko ◽

Semen Yamashkin ◽

Yuliya Kostina ◽

Alyona Batarsheva ◽

Mikhail Mironov

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Significant Activity ◽

Clinical Strains ◽

Causative Agents ◽

New Compounds

Introduction. The problem of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms is becoming more urgent in the twenty-first century. Microorganisms possess an evolutionary adaptive capacity. Non-adherence to the basic principles of rational antibiotic therapy leads to menacing consequences. More and more pathogenic microbes are becoming resistant to two or more antibiotics. The search for new compounds with antimicrobial activity is one of the principles for overcoming the antibiotic resistance of microorganisms. Materials and methods. Eighteen test-strains of microorganisms and more than 2000 clinical strains of microorganisms, representating the families Micrococcaceae, Streptococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Moraxellaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Xanthomonadaceae were studied for sensitivity to the compounds derived from 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-aminoindoles. A method of serial dilutions to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the compounds under study was used in the study, as well as a disc diffusion method. Results and discussion. Sensitivity of the test-strains and of clinical strains of microorganisms to the resulting compounds was studied. The compounds based on substituted 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-aminoindoles showed different activity against the test strains and experimental strains of microorganisms in vitro. It was found that the marked antibacterial activity was exhibited by the compounds containing a trifluoromethyl group. The most significant activity was noted in amides and pyrroloquinolones based on 4-aminoindole, 6-aminoindole and 7-aminoindole.The most effective compounds with laboratory codes 5D, 7D, 39D, S3, HD, 4D showed a pronounced antibacterial activity. Conclusion. Antimicrobial activity of the substituted amides and pyrroloquinolines on the basis of 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-aminoindoles was etermined in our study, as well as the spectra of their action against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms, which are causative agents of non-specific and certain specific human infectious diseases. Moreover, we evaluated the synthetic potentials of the substituted 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-aminoindoles as the starting compounds for synthesizing a series of indolylamides and pyrroloquinolines. Also, the prospects for targeted synthesis of biologically active compounds based on indole-type aromatic amines were determined.

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Synthesis and Antibacterial Activities of Amidine Substituted Monocyclic β-Lactams

Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1573406417666210830122954 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Lijuan Zhai ◽

Lili He ◽

Yuanbai Liu ◽

Ko Ko Myo ◽

Zafar Iqbal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Lead Target ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Microdilution Method ◽

Broth Microdilution Method ◽

Clinical Interest

Background: Mononcyclic β-lactams are regarded as the most resistant class of β-lactams against a series of β-lactamases though possess limited antibacterial activity. Aztreonam being the first clinically approved monobactam needs broad-spectrum efficacy through structural modification. Objective: We strive to synthesize a number of monocyclic β-lactams by varying the substituents at N1, C3 and C4 positions of azetidinone ring and study the antimicrobial effect on variable bacterial strains. Methods: Seven new monobactam derivatives 23a-g, containing substituted-amidine moieties linked to the azetidinone ring via thiazole linker, were synthesized through multistep synthesis. The final compounds were investigated for their in vitro antibacterial activities using broth microdilution method, against ten bacterial strains of clinical interest. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of newly synthesized derivatives were compared with aztreonam, ceftazidime and meropenem, existing clinical antibiotics. Results: All compounds 23a-g showed higher antibacterial activities (MIC 0.25 µg/mL to 64 µg/mL) against tested strains as compared to aztreonam (MIC 16 µg/mL to >64 µg/mL) and ceftazidime (MIC >64 µg/mL). However all compounds, except 23d, exhibited lower antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains as compared to meropenem. Conclusion: Compound 23d showed comparable or improved antibacterial activity (MIC 0.25 µg/mL to 2 µg/mL) to meropenem (MIC 1 µg/mL to 2 µg/mL) in case of seven bacterial species. Therefore, compound 23d may be valuable lead target for further investigations against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria.

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Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Some Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants against Human Pathogenic Bacteria

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/265425 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Bishnu P. Marasini ◽

Pankaj Baral ◽

Pratibha Aryal ◽

Kashi R. Ghimire ◽

Sanjiv Neupane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Inhibitory Action ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Chloroform Fraction ◽

Ethanolic Extracts

The worldwide increase of multidrug resistance in both community- and health-care associated bacterial infections has impaired the current antimicrobial therapy, warranting the search for other alternatives. We aimed to find thein vitroantibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of 16 different traditionally used medicinal plants of Nepal against 13 clinical and 2 reference bacterial species using microbroth dilution method. The evaluated plants species were found to exert a range ofin vitrogrowth inhibitory action against the tested bacterial species, andCynodon dactylonwas found to exhibit moderate inhibitory action against 13 bacterial species including methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus, imipenem-resistantPseudomonas aeruginosa, multidrug-resistantSalmonella typhi, andS. typhimurium. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of tested ethanolic extracts were found from 31 to >25,000 μg/mL. Notably, ethanolic extracts ofCinnamomum camphora, Curculigo orchioides, andCurcuma longaexhibited the highest antibacterial activity againstS. pyogeneswith a MIC of 49, 49, and 195 μg/mL, respectively; whereas chloroform fraction ofCynodon dactylonexhibited best antibacterial activity againstS. aureuswith a MIC of 31 μg/mL. Among all,C. dactylon, C. camphora, C. orchioides, andC. longaplant extracts displayed a potential antibacterial activity of MIC < 100 μg/mL.

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Antimicrobial Mechanism of pBD2 against Staphylococcus aureus

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25153513 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (15) ◽

pp. 3513 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kun Zhang ◽

Heng Zhang ◽

Chunyu Gao ◽

Ruibo Chen ◽

Chunli Li

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽

Bacterial Membranes ◽

Qrt Pcr ◽

High Antibacterial Activity ◽

Therapeutic Substance

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) show high antibacterial activity against pathogens, which makes them potential new therapeutics to prevent and cure diseases. Porcine beta defensin 2 (pBD2) is a newly discovered AMP and has shown antibacterial activity against different bacterial species including multi-resistant bacteria. In this study, the functional mechanism of pBD2 antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was investigated. After S. aureus cells were incubated with different concentrations of pBD2, the morphological changes in S. aureus and locations of pBD2 were detected by electron microscopy. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were also analyzed. The results showed that the bacterial membranes were broken, bulging, and perforated after treatment with pBD2; pBD2 was mainly located on the membranes, and some entered the cytoplasm. Furthermore, 31 DEGs were detected and confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The known functional DEGs were associated with transmembrane transport, transport of inheritable information, and other metabolic processes. Our data suggest that pBD2 might have multiple modes of action, and the main mechanism by which pBD2 kills S. aureus is the destruction of the membrane and interaction with DNA. The results imply that pBD2 is an effective bactericide for S. aureus, and deserves further study as a new therapeutic substance against S. aureus.

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