scholarly journals Phenotypic and genotypic characterization and compatibility among genotypes to select elite clones of cupuassu

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Moysés ALVES ◽  
Carlos Rogério de Sousa SILVA ◽  
Paulo Sérgio Bevilaqua de ALBUQUERQUE ◽  
Vinicius Silva dos SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Production ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Ongoing Activity ◽  
Dissimilarity Matrix ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Theobroma Grandiflorum ◽  
Distance Analysis ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Genetic Distance Analysis ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT The expansion of the genetic base of cultivated materials is an ongoing activity of the cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) breeding program. However, the parents involved need to be genotypically and phenotypically characterized to ensure compatibility of crossings, as well as to assist in the selection of more promising individuals for hybridization. This study aimed to identify and select T. grandiflorum clones that are compatible and genetically divergent using tools such as the estimates of genotypic, phenotypic, and combined distances, as well as the compatibility rates among clones. The genetic distance analysis of the clones was performed with 14 heterologous microsatellite primers of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) that amplify the DNA of cupuassu. Phenotypic characterization was based on 14 variables related to fruit production. The joint dissimilarity matrix was obtained by means of the sum of the phenotypic and molecular dissimilarity matrices. The intra- and inter-clonal compatibility was estimated through controlled crossings. A low correlation was noted between the dissimilarity matrices based on the molecular and agronomic data. As for compatibility, all clones were self-incompatible, with different compatibility rates when crossed. The compatibility index was strongly influenced by the degree of relationship of the clones. It was possible to identify and select the most promising sets of cupuassu clones to be used in breeding programs, despite their genetic relationship.

scholarly journals Theobroma grandiflorum breeding optimization based on repeatability, stability and adaptability information

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saulo Fabrício da Silva Chaves ◽  
Rafael Moysés Alves ◽  
Rodrigo Silva Alves ◽  
Alexandre Magno Sebbenn ◽  
Marcos Deon Vilela de Resende ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Moniliophthora Perniciosa ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Theobroma Grandiflorum

The cultivation of Theobroma grandiflorum in the Brazilian Amazon is mainly conducted by family farmers who use a range of different management strategies. Thus, breeding programs of the species must address the challenge of developing cultivars that are adapted to and stable in a variety of cultivation environments. In this context, this study aimed to estimate the optimum number of harvests for genetic selection of T. grandiflorum progenies and identify the most promising ones in terms of productivity, stability, and adaptability. The trials were implemented in three environments, using a randomized complete block design, with 25 full-sib progenies, five replications, and three plants per plot. The traits mean number of fruits/plant, mean fruit production/plant, and rate of infection with witches’ broom (Moniliophthora perniciosa) were evaluated over 11 harvests. The Restricted Maximum Likelihood/Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (REML/BLUP) mixed model method was used to estimate genetic parameters and predict genetic values, which were then applied to assess stability and adaptability. The results show that there is genetic variability among the studied T. grandiflorum progenies and that accurate genetic selection aiming at recombination is effective after three harvests, for recombination, or eleven harvests for identification of recommended progenies. Six progenies were selected that met the requirements for productivity, stability, and adaptability to different cultivation environments. These results can be used to optimize and advance T. grandiflorum breeding programs.

scholarly journals Phenotypic characterization of açai palm germplasm from the Marajó’s archipelago and Baixo Tocantins territories

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1737 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Thiago Rodrigues de Sousa ◽  
Milene Moara Reis Costa ◽  
Aline Dos Santos Pereira ◽  
Milton Guilherme Da Costa Mota
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Cluster Method ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Euterpe Oleracea ◽  
Mother Plants ◽  
Selection Of

The açai palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), a native of the Amazon region, is a food of great importance. Recently, due to the discovery of its nutraceutical properties, the rational production in upland areas has been encouraged. However, to support the rational implementation of its cultivation for fruit production, which is a sort of domestication process, it is necessary to identify its germplasm. The aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify the genetic diversity based on phenotypic characters among açai palm mother plants derived from 11 areas of the Amazonian estuary. Twenty-nine phenotypic descriptors were used: (i) 9 from the plant, (ii) 7 related to the fruit, and (iii) 13 of agronomic nature. Principal component analysis was used to assess the phenotypic variability from standardized data obtained from selected açai palm mother plants. In the selection of the descriptors, the methods of direct selection and selection with re-analysis were used. The disposal efficiency was estimated by comparing dissimilarity groups formed by 11 origins of the açai palms based on 29 original characters and 23 selected characters. The groups were formed using the average standardized Euclidean distance and Tocher’s optimization method. All the analyses were performed using the GENES program. The selection of 79.31% of the descriptors used was significant and was considered sufficient for the evaluation of the açai palm germplasm for fruit production. The selected descriptors were shown to be capable of quantifying the phenotypic diversity of mother plants of this species, consistently grouping them using the optimization method. The cluster method showed small differences in the number and composition of the groups due to variability among the selected mother plants.

scholarly journals ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FALLING NUMBER AND GRAIN CHARACTERISTICS TO EVALUATE PREHARVEST SPROUTING IN WHEAT

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 758-764
Author(s):  
Okuyama LA ◽  
◽  
CR Riede ◽  
MM Kohli ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Preharvest Sprouting ◽  
Path Coefficient ◽  
Falling Number ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

The falling number (FN) is a widely used parameter to evaluate sprouting damage in wheat. Despite its importance, many breeding programs lack facilities to determine the FN routinely. This study was conducted to elucidate the relationship of the falling number with germination percentage, visual sprouting score, hectoliter weight and the grain weight per spike, to improve the selection criteria in the pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) trials. Thirteen genotypes differing in PHS tolerance were evaluated in a rain simulator. The statistical analysis was conducted to understand the relationship of FN with grain characteristics. The path coefficient analysis revealed the highest association of the FN with the percentage of sprouted grains. Also, regression analysis determined that samples with more than 46% of sprouted grains had FN below 200s. The grains with 32 to 46% of germination resulted in FN values between 200 and 250s, and those with 19 to 32% of germination had FN between 250 and 300 s. Only those samples with less than 19% of germination resulted in FN values higher than 300s. The strong association between the germination percentage and the FN allows the selection of promising lines and the elimination of undesirable ones at an early stage of breeding.

scholarly journals Theobroma Grandiflorum Breeding Optimization Based on Repeatability, Stability and Adaptability Information

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saulo Fabrício da Silva Chaves ◽  
Rafael Moysés Alves ◽  
Rodrigo Silva Alves ◽  
Alexandre Sebbenn ◽  
Marcos Deon Vilela de Resende ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Moniliophthora Perniciosa ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Theobroma Grandiflorum ◽  
Family Farmers

Abstract The cultivation of Theobroma grandiflorum in the Brazilian Amazon is mainly conducted by family farmers who use a range of different management straegies. Thus, breeding programs of the species must address the challenge of developing cultivars that are adapted to and stable in a variety of cultivation environments. In this context, this study aimed to estimate the optimum number of harvests for genetic selection of T. grandiflorum progenies and identify the most promising ones in terms of productivity, stability, and adaptability. The trials were implemented in three environments, using a randomized complete block design, with 25 full-sib progenies, five replications, and three plants per plot. The traits mean number of fruits/plant, mean fruit production/plant, and rate of infection with witches’ broom (Moniliophthora perniciosa) were evaluated over 11 harvests. The Restricted Maximum Likelihood/Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (REML/BLUP) mixed model method was used to estimate genetic parameters and predict genetic values, which were then applied to assess stability and adaptability. The results show that there is genetic variability among the studied T. grandiflorum progenies and that accurate genetic selection aiming at recombination is effective after three harvests, for recombination, or eleven harvests for identification of recommended progenies. Six progenies were selected that met the requirements for productivity, stability, and adaptability to different cultivation environments. These results can be used to optimize and advance T. grandiflorum breeding programs.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Characterization of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) for the Selection of Promising Materials for Breeding Programs

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1339
Author(s):  
Elsa Helena Manjarres-Hernández ◽  
Diana Marcela Arias-Moreno ◽  
Ana Cruz Morillo-Coronado ◽  
Zaida Zarely Ojeda-Pérez ◽  
Agobardo Cárdenas-Chaparro
Keyword(s):  
Grain Quality ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Selection Of

Quinoa is an ancestral crop in the Andean region, characterized by its adaptability to different agroclimatic conditions, great nutritional value, and broad genetic variability. A preliminary approach for understanding the genetics of quinoa materials entails a morphologic characterization, which can provide the basis for the selection of materials that satisfy the needs of farmers and consumers. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the phenotypic characteristics of thirty genetic C. quinoa accessions for the selection of outstanding accessions in terms of yield and grain quality. A randomized complete block design was used, with nine replications for each accession under greenhouse conditions. Nine quantitative and twelve qualitative descriptors were evaluated with descriptive analysis, Spearman correlation variance, and multivariate and cluster analysis. The results showed that the accessions with heights greater than the average (>176.72 cm) and long panicles (>57.94 cm) presented lower yields and smaller seed sizes, thus decreasing the grain quality. The multivariate and cluster analyses established groups of accessions with good yields (>62.02 g of seeds per plant) and stable morphological characteristics. The proposed selection index, based on yield components and morphological descriptors, indicated four accessions as potential parents for quinoa breeding programs in Colombia.

scholarly journals Parthenocarpy and Self-Incompatibility in Mandarins

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2023
Author(s):  
Rafael Montalt ◽  
María Carmen Vives ◽  
Luis Navarro ◽  
Patrick Ollitrault ◽  
Pablo Aleza
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Pollen Performance ◽  
Fruit Setting ◽  
Induced Mutagenesis ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Selection Of

Citrus reproductive biology is complex. One of its characteristic features is parthenocarpy that enables seedless fruit production. Citrus parthenocarpy and self-incompatibility knowledge is only partial and sometimes discrepant. Increasing such knowledge is relevant for better managing cultivated varieties and improving the selection of parents in breeding strategies to recover seedless varieties such as mandarins. This work develops an efficient protocol to characterize self-incompatibility and different parthenocarpy types based on emasculation, hand self-pollination, and hand cross-pollination. It analyzes fruit setting and seed production coupled with histological pollen performance observations. We analyzed the reproductive behavior of nine mandarin varieties with relevant characteristics as parents for seedless mandarin breeding. ‘Clemenules’ clementine and ‘Moncada’ mandarins were strictly self-incompatible with facultative and vegetative parthenocarpy; ‘Imperial’ mandarin and ‘Ellendale’ tangor displayed no strict self-incompatibility associated with facultative and vegetative parthenocarpy; ‘Fortune’ mandarin was self-incompatible with facultative and stimulative parthenocarpy; ‘Campeona’ and ‘Salteñita’ mandarins were self-compatible with vegetative parthenocarpy; ‘Serafines’ satsuma was associated with male sterility together with facultative and vegetative parthenocarpy; and ‘Monreal’ clementine was self-compatible and nonparthenocarpic. Our protocol can be applied for screening of mandarin germplasm and to characterize new parents. Reproductive behavior knowledge is important for optimizing seedless mandarin breeding programs based on diploidy, triploidy, or induced mutagenesis.

scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of a Portable, Handheld Mechanical Shaker to Study Fruit Detachment in Blueberry

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anish Malladi ◽  
Tripti Vashisth ◽  
Scott NeSmith
Keyword(s):  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Vaccinium Ashei ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Southern Highbush ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Mechanical Shaker ◽  
Selection Of

A portable, handheld, mechanical shaking device was developed and its effects on fruit detachment in rabbiteye bluebbery (Vaccinium ashei Reade) and southern highbush blueberry (hybrids of mostly Vaccinium corymbosum L. and Vaccinium darrowi Camp.) were evaluated. The instrument facilitated effective detachment of fruit within a branch, especially in rabbiteye blueberry (greater than 75%). Approximately 3 to 4 seconds of shaking was sufficient to detach the majority of the fruit. Differences in the extent of fruit detachment were observed across the genotypes, especially among southern highbush blueberry genotypes. The majority of fruit detachment in rabbiteye blueberry and most of the southern highbush blueberry genotypes occurred at the point of attachment of the pedicel to the berry, although a significant portion detached with the stem intact, resulting in stemmy fruit. Although only a small proportion of the detached fruit was immature in the rabbiteye blueberry genotypes, up to 23% of the detached fruit was immature in the southern highbush blueberry genotypes. Application of the abscission agents methyl jasmonate (MeJa; 20 mm) and ethephon (1000 mg·L−1) reduced the time required for fruit detachment on mechanical shaking by up to 5-fold. Together, these data indicate that the mechanical shaking device developed here is an effective tool for studying fruit detachment in blueberry. This instrument has potential applications in blueberry research programs evaluating fruit production. It can be used in breeding programs to aid in the selection of genotypes with fruit detachment characteristics that are potentially better suited for mechanical harvesting, and also in programs involving the screening and evaluation of abscission agents in blueberry.

scholarly journals Parental selection of wheat lines based on phenotypic characterization and genetic diversity

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Casassola ◽  
Sandra Patussi Brammer ◽  
Márcia Soares Chaves ◽  
Paula Wiethölter ◽  
Eduardo Caierão
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Parental Selection ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
Selection Of

Parental selection is an important step in breeding programs, and genetic variability increases the chances of obtaining variance in progenies. The objectives of this study were to phenotype 29 wheat genotypes and determine the genetic variability among them, in order to identify potential parental lines for breeding programs at Embrapa Wheat. For phenotyping, traits such as plant height, cycle and grains characteristics were assessed and the data were analyzed by the Euclidean distance. The genetic distance was estimated using 97 microsatellite molecular markers and the data were analyzed by Nei72 coefficient. The average distance observed for phenotyping was 10.1, and the genetic distance was 31 %. SSR markers were efficient for selecting genetically diverse genotypes despite their phenotypic similarity, and lines PF 9027, PF 950351, PF 030132, PF 979002, PF 040488 and IWT 04019 can be used as parental for future crosses, since they have genetic diversity and suitable agronomic traits.

ESTIMASI NILAI HERITABILITAS BOBOT IKAN MAS VARIETAS PUNTEN DALAM PROGRAM SELEKSI INDIVIDU

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Estu Nugroho ◽  
Budi Setyono ◽  
Mochammad Su’eb ◽  
Tri Heru Prihadi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Base Population ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Body Weight Trait ◽  
Population Selection ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Weight Trait ◽  
Selection Of

Program pemuliaan ikan mas varietas Punten dilakukan dengan seleksi individu terhadap karakter bobot ikan. Pembentukan populasi dasar untuk kegiatan seleksi dilakukan dengan memijahkan secara massal induk ikan mas yang terdiri atas 20 induk betina dan 21 induk jantan yang dikoleksi dari daerah Punten, Kepanjen (delapan betina dan enam jantan), Kediri (tujuh betina dan 12 jantan), Sragen (27 betina dan 10 jantan), dan Blitar (15 betina dan 11 jantan). Larva umur 10 hari dipelihara selama empat bulan. Selanjutnya dilakukan penjarangan sebesar 50% dan benih dipelihara selama 14 bulan untuk dilakukan seleksi dengan panduan hasil sampling 250 ekor individu setiap populasi. Seleksi terhadap calon induk dilakukan saat umur 18 bulan pada populasi jantan dan betina secara terpisah dengan memilih berdasarkan 10% bobot ikan yang terbaik. Calon induk yang terseleksi kemudian dipelihara hingga matang gonad, kemudian dipilih sebanyak 150 pasang dan dipijahkan secara massal. Didapatkan respons positif dari hasil seleksi berdasarkan bobot ikan, yaitu 49,89 g atau 3,66% (populasi ikan jantan) dan 168,47 g atau 11,43% (populasi ikan betina). Nilai heritabilitas untuk bobot ikan adalah 0,238 (jantan) dan 0,505 (betina).Punten carp breeding programs were carried out by individual selection for body weight trait. The base population for selection activities were conducted by mass breeding of parent consisted of 20 female and 21 male collected from area Punten, eight female and six male (Kepanjen), seven female and 12 male (Kediri), 27 female and 10 male (Sragen), 15 female and 11 male (Blitar). Larvae 10 days old reared for four moths. Then after spacing out 50% of total harvest, the offspring reared for 14 months for selection activity based on the sampling of 250 individual each population. Selection of broodstock candidates performed since 18 months age on male and female populations separately by selecting based on 10% of fish with best body weight. Candidates selected broodstocks were then maintained until mature. In oder to produce the next generation 150 pairs were sets and held for mass spawning. The results revealed that selection response were positive, 49.89 g (3.66%) for male and 168.47 (11.43%) for female. Heritability for body weight is 0.238 (male) and 0.505 (female).

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