ESTIMATING PRECISION OF SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING IN FOREST INVENTORIES

The sampling technique commonly used in forest inventories is the systematic sampling. This study aimed to evaluate the estimator of the variance of the mean proposed by Cochran for a systematic sampling technique in forests with high and low percentages of the sampled area. The study areas comprised native vegetation in Minas Gerais. To assess the efficiency of the estimators in situations involving high sampling rates (determined as the percentage of the area sampled), a fragment where a census was conducted was used. The remaining fragments comprised situations involving low sampling rates, and for these fragments, inventory accuracy was determined using the Cochran estimator. As a result it was observed, in the fragment where the census was conducted, that the structure of the correlation coefficient proposed by Cochran remained approximately constant for the area, and to the extent that sampling rate reduced, the impact of the Cochran estimator on the inventory accuracy decreased. For the fragments with a low sampling rate, it could be inferred that the sampling rate was a key factor for the correlation proposed by Cochran to have an impact on the forest inventory accuracy. The use of this estimator is indicated for fragments with a sampling rate greater than 10% of the area.

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Use of the correlation coefficient between plots in order to improve the accuracy of forest inventories

CERNE ◽

10.1590/s0104-77602013000400007 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 575-580

Author(s):

Daniela Cunha da Sé ◽

José Márcio de Mello ◽

João Domingos Scalon ◽

Joel Augusto Muniz ◽

Marcelo Silva de Oliveira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Forest Inventory ◽

Environmental Variables ◽

Sampling Procedure ◽

Systematic Sampling ◽

Native Forest ◽

Forest Inventories ◽

Area Of Interest ◽

The Mean

Forest inventories are usually compiled without taking into account the existing correlations between sampling units, which is debatable particularly where the calculations involve environmental variables. When the potential correlations between sampling units are overlooked, the accuracy of such inventories becomes distorted in terms of the confidence interval range for the variable of interest, which is volume in cubic meters. The magnitude and form of such distortion will vary according to the correlation intensity between sampling units. This study aimed to present an analysis of the addition of the correlation coefficient to the calculation of the variance of the mean in a systematic sampling procedure of a native forest population or area, as well as its impact on the accuracy of the resulting estimates, with the assumption of independence between sampling units and with the addition of a correlation between sampling units as suggested by Cochran. Results revealed that, where the correlation coefficient was added to the variance of the mean formula, it increased inventory accuracy by about 14.3%, leading to the conclusion that such an effect will occur in any forest inventory being compiled for any forest population or area of interest.

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KUALITAS HIDUP REMAJA YANG MENGALAMI DISMENORE DI SMK NEGERI 2 SUMEDANG

Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung ◽

10.51352/jim.v4i2.192 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 129

Author(s):

Nadya Puspita Dewi ◽

Tetti Solehati ◽

Nur Oktavia Hidayati

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Mean Value ◽

Social Dimension ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

School Activities ◽

Emotional Dimension ◽

The Mean ◽

The Impact

Dysmenorrhea is a pain before or during the menstrual period. The impact of dysmenorrhea are the disruption on physical function, emotional, social and school activities and disruption of quality of life. The study purpose is to detect the quality of life of adolescents with dysmenorrhea.The research method was a quantitative descriptive with total sampling technique to 195 students which selected using dysmenorrhea screening. The data were collected using the pediatric quality of life 4.0 generic module (PedsQL) teens report in Indonesian version which the validity and reliability have been tested. Analysis of data has been done to find out the mean value in each dimension and frequency distribution. The results showed that the mean value of the quality of life of adolescents with dysmenorrhea in general was 62,04 ± 8,15 and 51,8% was in the low. The mean value in physical dimension was 49,36 ± 9,19, emotional dimension was 57,62 ± 13,16, social dimension was 86,38 ± 13,28, and in the school dimension was 62,41 ± 14,77. The quality of life in high categories were in the emotional dimension (60,0%), social dimension (64,1%), and school dimension (60,5%). Meanwhile, the quality of life in low category was in the physical dimension (57,4%). It showed that the quality of life of adolescents with dysmenorrhea in SMK Negeri 2 Sumedang were low. It was recommended to the school and the health office in Sumedang district to provide the reproductive health education, specifically about the prevention and the treatment of dysmenorrhea on adolescents.

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HUBUNGAN ANTARA AKTIVITAS BELAJAR SISWA DAN HASIL BELAJAR PADA MATA PELAJARAN KIMIA KELAS X SMA NEGERI 5 PONTIANAK

AR-RAZI Jurnal Ilmiah ◽

10.29406/arz.v6i1.939 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nuraini Nuraini ◽

Fitriani Fitriani ◽

Raudhatul Fadhilah

Keyword(s):

Learning Outcomes ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Learning Process ◽

Positive Relationship ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Learning Outcome ◽

Learning Activities ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Learning Activity ◽

The Mean

Learning activity was a student’s activeness in learning process to achieve outcome and aim of learning which had been determined. This research aimed to describe the degree of student’s learning activity, its outcome and the correlation between them. Collecting data used purposive sampling technique which used 36 students of class XB as a sample. The data of student’s learning activity was analyzed by using observation checklist. The observation result showed that the mean of student’s learning activity was 51,76 % with the category of active enough. The result of second term examination 2016/2017 showed that the mean of student’s score was 40,42 as less good category. The correlation between students’ learning activity and its outcome was analyzed by the correlation of product moment formula. The result of analyzing data showed that there was positive correlation between students’ learning activity and outcome in chemistry X class at SMA Negeri 5 Pontianak with correlation coefficient 0,67 as high category. The contribution of students’ learning activity and outcome was obtained coefficient of determination (r2) equal to 0,451. Thus, it could be concluded that there was a influence and positive relationship with the strong category between student learning activities and learning outcomes in chemistry class X at SMA Negeri 5 Pontianak.Keywords : Students’ learning activity, Students’ learning outcome, Chemistry

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Impact of Gender and Locality Differences upon Professional Attitude of Physical Education Professionals

Global Physical Education & Sports Sciences Review ◽

10.31703/gpessr.2020(iii-i).04 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol III (I) ◽

pp. 21-26

Author(s):

Faheemullah Khan ◽

Abdurrehman

Keyword(s):

Physical Education ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Natural Attitude ◽

Education Professionals ◽

Professional Attitude ◽

Demographic Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Gender Based ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact

Professional attitude has a key role in performing any duty. If a person lacks positive professional attitude or has natural attitude towards his/her profession then it creates many problems. So there for positive professional attitude has fruitful results in performing any task. This study was initiated to know the impact of demographic difference, locality and gender upon professional attitude of physical education professionals. Total 125 participants participated in this study which was selected through purposive sampling technique. Consents of 77 male and 48 female were taken for the purpose of gender based difference impact and in which 50 were from rural and 75 were from urban setup. It was for locality wise difference. Data was collected through questionnaire and was analyzed by using SPSS. The concluded results shown that gender differences has no significant impact upon professional attitude of physical education professionals and similarly locality is also has no significant impact upon professional attitude of physical education professionals. Both groups were found same in locality basis and gender basis. The mean score of both groups were found significantly same.

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Infrastructural Facility and the Students’ Academic Performance - A Critique

Indonesian Journal of Geography ◽

10.22146/ijg.12437 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 11 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adejompo Stephen Fagbohunka

Keyword(s):

Academic Performance ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Statistical Technique ◽

Systematic Sampling ◽

The Internet ◽

Chi Square ◽

Transportation Sector ◽

The Government ◽

The University ◽

The Impact

Abstract: The paper underscores the infrastructural facility and the student’s academic performance in Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria. Thirty questionnaires were administered through a systematic sampling technique in each of the six faculties making a total of 180 questionnaires. The paper has found out a positive relationship between the student’s academic performance, power supply and health facilities. However, the internet facilities and transportation facilities were not adequate, whereas water supply was adequate. A test of the impact of infrastructural facility on the student’s academic performance, using a Chi Square statistical technique revealed a significant value of 177.1 at 0.05 % level. The paper recommends that the existing facilities should be upgraded and significantly improved by the government; urgent attention should be given to the development of the internet facilities and transportation sector of the University. Also, private partnership should be encouraged in the infrastructural development of the University.

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The Impact ofPlasmodiumInfection on Placental Histomorphology: A Stereological Preliminary Study

Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.1155/2019/2094560 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

John Ahenkorah ◽

Patience B. Tetteh-Quarcoo ◽

Mercy A. Nuamah ◽

Bethel Kwansa–Bentum ◽

Hanson G. Nuamah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Test ◽

Rapid Diagnostic Test ◽

Structural Damage ◽

Placental Malaria ◽

Perinatal Outcomes ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Test Point ◽

Early Maturation ◽

The Mean ◽

The Impact

Background. Malaria during pregnancy may threaten the mother’s health and cause serious structural damage to the internal architecture of the placenta, which subsequently affects the pregnancy outcome. A better understanding of the impact of malaria parasites on the placenta morphology is crucial for better management of pregnant women and their babies.Aim. To assess by stereology the histomorphology of selected placental structures in placenta malaria compared with normal placentae at term.Method. A total of 10 placentae comprising 5 controls and 5 cases were selected from 50 placentae that were collected at term (38 weeks ± 2 weeks) from the maternal delivery suit of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, Ghana. Blood from the placentae was collected for both rapid diagnostic test and microscopic examinations. Samples collected were examined forPlasmodiumparasites, after which they were classified as study group (Plasmodiumpositive) or control (Plasmodiumnegative). Stereological quantification using systematic uniform random sampling technique with test point and intersection counting of photomicrographs were employed to estimate the mean volume densities of syncytial knots, syncytial necrosis, foetal capillaries, and intervillous spaces of the placentae on a total of 1,600 photomicrographs.Results. Out of the fifty placental samples from the maternal side tested forPlasmodium,six representing 12% were found to be infected with the parasite by both rapid diagnostic test and microscopy. On stereological assessment, the mean volume density of syncytial knots was significantly higher in the placental malaria group compared with the control placentae at term (P = 0.0080), but foetal capillaries (P = 0.7813), intervillous spaces (P = 0.8078), and syncytial necrosis (P = 0.8249) were not significantly different.Conclusion. This preliminary result indicates that placental malaria may cause significant increase in the syncytial knots but not foetal capillaries, intervillous spaces, or syncytial necrosis. This finding signifies early maturation of the placenta and may be crucial in understanding perinatal outcomes.

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Influence of Brand Credibility, Satisfaction and Quality on Brand Equity in Non-Conventional Health Industry

Journal of Education and Vocational Research ◽

10.22610/jevr.v11i2(v).3135 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2(V)) ◽

pp. 58-67

Author(s):

Peter Kwasi Oppong

Keyword(s):

Brand Equity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Brand Management ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Equation Model ◽

Systematic Sampling ◽

Mediating Role ◽

Brand Credibility ◽

The Impact

Consumer perceptions of quality, satisfaction, and brand credibility are critical ingredients for developing healthy brands with high value in a competitive market. However, few authors have looked into the brand credibility`s intervening role in the effect of quality and satisfaction on brand equity in the non-conventional health industry. Hence, this paper sought to evaluate the mediating role of brand credibility in the effect of quality and satisfaction on brand equity in the non-conventional health industry. A covariance-based structural equation model was the analytical tool employed to evaluate the hypotheses stated in this paper. Data were gathered from 265 customers using a systematic sampling technique. The research confirmed that brand credibility contributes partially to the impact of quality on brand equity and completely to satisfaction on equity in the non-conventional health industry. Accordingly, this paper contributes to expanding the current brand management literature by demonstrating the brand credibility`s intervening role in the path between satisfaction, quality, and equity, particularly in the non-conventional health industry. This paper also adds to the brand manager`s knowledge of how to build and harness credibility, quality, and satisfaction to increase brand equity in the non-conventional health industry.

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Impact of internal displacement on psychosocial and health status of students residing in the hostel of Anbar University, Iraq

Journal of Ideas in Health ◽

10.47108/jidhealth.vol3.iss1.25 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 140-144

Author(s):

Mustafa Ali Mustafa Al-Samarrai ◽

Ban Nadhum AL- Any ◽

Ahmed Khalaf Soofi ◽

Badeaa Thamer Yahyaa ◽

Saad Ahmed Ali Jadoo

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Internal Displacement ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Social ◽

The Mean ◽

The Impact

Background: Displacement in Iraq has been widespread and for frequent periods. Education was one of the most prominent victims of displacement at all levels, including higher education. This study aims to assess the impact of displacement on the psychosocial and health status of undergraduate students living in student accommodation of Anbar University, Iraq. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from 3rd to 17th April 2017. Data was collected using a universal sampling technique. A total of 355 students (Response Rate: 82.1%.) completed a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 26 close-ended questions related to the socio-demographic and economic characteristics of students. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Descriptive data presented as the mean and standard deviation (±SD). Results: The mean age (±SD) was 22.1 (±1.7) years (range 18-29). About two-third (240, 67.6%) of students experienced some mental disorders. Moreover, 25.1% of students confirmed that the mental disorders were negatively related to their level of performance in college, and the treatment was not available for 31.0% of them. Because of ID, about 45.4% of surveyed students had lost at least one academic year, and 17.5% began to smoke tobacco during the ID period. However, the social and psychological support was absent for about 57.4% of respondents. Conclusion: Our results suggest an urgent and strategic plane to improve the quality of logistics, health, and infrastructure of student accommodation.

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Impact of training on different observers in forest inventory

Banko Janakari ◽

10.3126/banko.v31i1.37338 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 12-22

Author(s):

P. Paudel ◽

P. Beckschäfer ◽

C. Kleinn

Keyword(s):

Forest Inventory ◽

Tree Height ◽

Measurement Procedure ◽

Horizontal Distance ◽

Limited Information ◽

Quality Of Data ◽

Height Measurement ◽

Forest Inventories ◽

The Mean ◽

Level Of Training

Observers with different experience levels are involved in the measurement of large number of sample plots during forest inventories, particularly in national forest inventories. However, limited information exist on the quality of data produced by different observers in forest inventory after certain levels of training. This study tries to evaluate the measurement error in forest inventory associated with observers' experience after initial and field-based training for measuring the most fundamental variables- DBH (cm), total tree height (m), and horizontal distance (m) together with bearing (azimuth) to tree from the plot-centre. On completing the second level of training, the mean of the differences in DBH measurement decreased for both the ‘experienced’ and ‘inexperienced’ groups. The mean of the differences in height measurement in the case of the experienced observers was very low as compared to the inexperienced ones. However, the mean of the differences in azimuth measurement showed that the experienced groups were overestimating by at least 1 degree. There was no trend in deviation of measurement for all four variables regardless of tree size. The decrease in the mean and error of differences in measurements after second training showed that field-based training with supervision and training on the use of instruments at laboratories were required for inexperienced surveyors whereas update in working and measurement procedure would be sufficient for the experienced ones.

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A Study to assess the knowledge of mother regarding habit of Televisions viewing and its impact on behaviour of children in selected areas of Mehsana city

International Journal of Advances in Nursing Management ◽

10.52711/2454-2652.2021.00071 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 317-318

Author(s):

Janki Patel ◽

Pinal Chaudhari

Keyword(s):

Real Life ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Descriptive Research ◽

Fantasy World ◽

The Social ◽

Questionnaire Result ◽

The Mean ◽

The Impact ◽

Structured Questionnaire

Introduction: The television is a landmark of scientific invention and amazing devices that has become an integral part of our life and it has revolutionized the world of communication. According to same studies children at the age of 6 years watch television daily for 3-4 hours on an average. The increasingly competitive economy is creating an environment where parents are forced to spend longer hours at work and fewer hours with their children . As result outside influences have greater access and influence over our children than ever before. The internet and media are bringing the outside world into your home . It influence the children every day and leads to the negative effects . television will escapes the children from real life and enter into a fantasy world and it inactivates the study image of schoolchildren and television will avoids the social interaction with other and alsi it’s a time consuming activity. Design: Descriptive research design. Participinats: 300 group of mothers were selected using non probability convenient sampling technique. Tool: self structured questionnaire. Result: study show that out of 300group , in pretest mean was 7.12 . The pre test standard deviation was 4.35. The mean difference was 11.33 and the obtained t-value was 16.86 which are significant at 0.005 levels. Hence, the stated hypothesis was accepted. Conclusion: Mother having poor knowledge about the impact of television viewing on behaviour 6-12 year children.

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