scholarly journals Effect of the kappa-casein gene polymorphism, breed and seasonality on physicochemical characteristics, composition and stability of bovine milk

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 2447-2454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Garcia Botaro ◽  
Ygor Vinícius Real de Lima ◽  
Cristina Simões Cortinhas ◽  
Luís Felipe Prada e Silva ◽  
Francisco Palma Rennó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Milk Urea ◽  
True Protein

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of genetic polymorphism of kappa-casein, breed and seasonality on the physicochemical characteristics, composition and stability of milk in commercial dairy herds. A total of 879 milk and blood samples were collected from 603 Holstein and 276 Girolando cows, obtained during rainy and dry seasons. Milk samples were analyzed to determine the physicochemical characteristics, composition and ethanol stability, while blood samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction to identify the kappa-casein genotype. The frequencies of genotypes AA, AB and BB of k-casein were respectively, 66.83, 31.84 and 1.33% for Holstein, and 71.38, 27.90 and 0.72% for the Girolando cows, respectively. The A allele was more frequent than the B allele, both for Holstein (0.827 and 0.173) and Girolando cows (0.853 and 0.147), respectively. Cows of AB and BB genotypes showed a higher milk fat content compared to the AA genotype. There was an interaction between breed and seasonality on the concentration of milk urea with higher values for Holstein and Girolando cows in the rainy and dry season, respectively. The levels of lactose, total solids, crude protein, true protein, casein and the casein:true protein ratio were higher during the dry season, while during the rainy season, the somatic cell count and milk urea concentration were higher. There was no association between milk stability and k-casein genotypes, but Holstein cows showed higher milk stability than Girolando cows, and milk was more stable during the rainy season than during the dry season.

scholarly journals Effect of beta-lactoglobulin polymorphism and seasonality on bovine milk composition

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno G Botaro ◽  
Ygor V R Lima ◽  
Adriana A Aquino ◽  
Raquel H R Fernandes ◽  
José F Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Urea ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Beta Lactoglobulin ◽  
Β Lactoglobulin

The objective was to evaluate the effect of β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) polymorphism and seasonality on milk composition (fat, lactose, total solids, milk urea nitrogen, total protein, true protein, casein and somatic cell counts) of Holstein and Girolando cows. Milk and blood samples from 278 Holsteins cows and 156 Girolando cows were taken during two dry seasons and two rainy seasons, for milk composition analysis and to determine β-lg genotypes, respectively. BB genotype was the most frequent for both breeds, followed by AA genotype for Holstein (BB>AA>AB) and by AB for Girolando cows (BB>AB>AA). No differences were found in milk compositional characteristics among genetic variants of β-lg (AA, AB and BB) either between Holstein or Girolando cows. No association between milk composition and β-lg genetic polymorphism was observed. During the dry season, independently of the breed considered, higher contents of lactose, true protein, casein and casein:true protein ratio were found.

scholarly journals Relationship between Temperament and Stage of Lactation, Productivity and Milk Composition of Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1840
Author(s):  
Ramūnas Antanaitis ◽  
Vida Juozaitienė ◽  
Vesta Jonike ◽  
Vytenis Čukauskas ◽  
Danguolė Urbšienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Milk Urea ◽  
Milk Performance

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between temperament and milk performance in cows at different stages of lactation, describing their productivity, metabolic status and resistance to mastitis. This study showed that with increasing lactation, cows’ temperament indicators decreased (p < 0.001) and they became calmer. The highest temperament score on a five-point scale was found in cows between 45 and 100 days of lactation. In the group of pregnant cows, we found more cows (p = 0.005) with a temperament score of 1–2 compared with non-pregnant cows A normal temperament was usually detected in cows with lactose levels in milk of 4.60% or more and when the somatic cell count (SCC) values in cow milk were <100,000/mL and 100,000–200,000/mL, with a milk fat-to-protein ratio of 1.2. A larger number of more sensitive and highly aggressive cows was detected at a low milk urea level. In contrast to a positive phenotypic correlation (p < 0.05), this study showed a negative genetic correlation between the temperament of cows and milk yield (p < 0.001). Positive genetic correlations between temperament scores and milk somatic cells (p < 0.001) and milk fat-to-protein ratio (p < 0.05) were found to indicate a lower genetic predisposition in cows with a calmer temperament to subclinical mastitis and ketosis. On the other hand, the heritability of temperament (h2 = 0.044–0.100) showed that only a small part of the phenotypic changes in this indicator is associated with genetic factors.

scholarly journals Prediction of bovine milk true protein content by mid-infrared spectroscopy

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1472-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Garcia Botaro ◽  
Cristina Simões Cortinhas ◽  
Lucinéia Mestieri ◽  
Paulo Fernando Machado ◽  
Marcos Veiga dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Protein Determination ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Kjeldahl Method ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
One Year ◽  
True Protein

The aim of this study was to estimate the concentration of milk true protein (TP) by mid-infrared absorbance method (MIR) in samples from bulk tank of dairy herds, and to determine the correlation between the results of TP of milk determined by Kjeldahl and MIR. Forty nine dairy herds were selected (17 Holstein, 6 Jersey and 26 Girolando) for monthly collections of samples from bulk tanks during the period of one year (284 samples). Fat, lactose, crude protein and total solids were firstly determined by MIR, and then analyzed for total and true protein by Kjeldahl method. The regression equation to estimate TP contents based on MIR crude protein determination was as follows: TP=0.0021+(1.0104xCP), where: TP is the content of true protein, CP is the crude protein content determined by the MIR method, and 0.0155 is the model error term.

scholarly journals Effect of herd, parity, stage of lactation and milk yield on urea concentration in milk

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 510-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Jílek ◽  
D. Řehák ◽  
J. Volek ◽  
M. Štípková ◽  
E. Němcová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Mixed Linear Model ◽  
Urea Concentration ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Milk Urea

The objective of this study was to determine how non-nutritional factors such as herd, parity, days in milk, milk production, and milk components affect the concentration of milk urea. A retrospective, observational study comprising analyses of individual cow records from monthly dairy herd improvement milk tests including milk urea tests was conducted. Six commercial Holstein dairy herds were involved in the investigation from October 2000 to September 2003. The data were evaluated using the mixed linear model with repeated measures, and parameters were estimated by the REML method. Significant differences in milk urea concentrations were observed between herds (P &lt; 0.0001), with a significant variability between test dates within herds. Significant effects of parity (P = 0.0003), days in milk (P &lt; 0.0001), and their interaction were also found. Higher concentrations of milk urea were determined in the cows on the first and second parity (5.63 and 5.62 mmol/l, respectively) compared to the groups of cows on the third and fourth parity (5.47 mmol/l). It was found that milk urea concentration increased with the square of milk yield (P &lt; 0.0001), while a negative quadratic relationship was found between milk urea concentration and milk fat % (P &lt; 0.0001). It was concluded that milk urea concentration should be evaluated in association with days in milk, milk yield, milk fat %, and milk protein %. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Chemical, physical and technological properties of milk as affected by the mycotoxin load of dairy herds

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila Křížová ◽  
Oto Hanuš ◽  
Marcela Klimešová ◽  
Jan Nedělník ◽  
Josef Kučera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Milk Characteristics

Abstract. The aim of the study was to determine the impacts of different levels of mycotoxin load of Czech dairy herds on the larger scale of the milk indicators including milk physical and technological properties. During three subsequent years individual milk samples (IMSs) were collected from four herds of Czech Fleckvieh (C) and from four herds of Holstein cows (H). The IMSs were collected regularly twice in summer and twice in winter, resulting in a total of 936 IMSs. The feeding rations consisted mainly of conserved roughage and supplemental mixtures according to milk yield and standard demands. Samples of feedstuffs were collected at the same time as IMSs and were analysed for content of deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEA), aflatoxin (AFL), and T-2 toxin using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Based on the mycotoxin load, herds were divided into three groups – Load 1 (negligible, n =  36), Load 2 (low, n =  192), and Load 3 (medium, n =  708). All feedstuff samples were positive for at least one mycotoxin. The most frequently occurring mycotoxins were FUM, DON, and ZEA. Relatively high incidence of AFL (56 % positive samples) was observed. The following milk indicators were influenced by the mycotoxin load of herds: fat, acetone (Ac), log Ac, pH, electric conductivity, alcohol stability, curds quality, curd firmness, whey volume, whey protein, non-protein nitrogen (NPN), urea N in NPN, fat ∕ crude protein ratio, and casein numbers on crude and true protein basis, respectively (P < 0.05). The overall level of mycotoxin load was relatively low, with no clear effect on milk characteristics.

scholarly journals Breed and season influence on milk quality parameters and in mastitis occurrence

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1045-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego B. Nóbrega ◽  
Hélio Langoni
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Jersey Cows

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the performance of Jersey and Holstein cows under different rainfall conditions (dry and rainy seasons) by monitoring aspects related to subclinical mastitis (somatic cell count, microbiological isolation, type of isolated pathogen), milk quality (lactose, protein, fat, total solids) and production (mean milk production) of both breeds. The study was carried out in a dairy farm located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Eight visitations were done to the farm, four in a period of high rainfall and four in a period of low rainfall. Milk samples were collected from 79 Holstein cows and 37 Jersey cows for electronic somatic cell count and determination of the main milk components (protein, fat, total solids, lactose). Milk fat, protein, total solids and production were influenced by breed and the season, with similar tendencies for both breeds in both seasons. Somatic cell count (SCC) showed similar results for both breeds. Holstein cows with intramammary infections (IMI) presented a higher increase in SCC when compared to Jersey cows (P<0.001). In the dry season, 53 animals had IMI in at least one month during the study, which 32 were Holstein and 21 were Jersey cows. In the rainy season, 65 animals had intramammary infection, being 43 Holstein and 22 Jersey cows. The frequency of IMI cases was larger in the rainy season than in the dry season. Jersey cows had a lower chance of showing IMI signs and symptoms than Holstein cows in the rainy season (odds ratio=0.52). The larger number of IMI cases in the rainy season may have led to a lower milk lactose rate for both breeds, thus milk lactose rate can be considered an indicator of IMI status. There was prevalence of contagious pathogens overall in the study. The applied model showed that environmental pathogens were more frequently isolated from the breed Jersey, regardless of the study season. There seems to be differences in the immune response of Jersey and Holstein breeds.

scholarly journals The analysis of relationships between chemical composition, physical, technological and health indicators and freezing point in raw cow milk

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 11-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Hanuš ◽  
J. Frelich ◽  
M. Tomáška ◽  
M. Vyletělová ◽  
V. Genčurová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Milk Fermentation ◽  
Standard Quality ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Milk Solids

The milk freezing point (MFP) is used for the control of milk food chain quality especially for possible adulteration with water. A crucial issue is the acceptance of the legislative discrimination limit (RLDL) of MFP for standard quality. The aim was to explain the relations between MFP and spectrum of milk indicators (MI) and possible impacts of MFP on technological milk properties. 76 bulk milk samples (BMS) from Holstein (1, <I>n</I> = 36) and Czech Fleckvieh (2, <I>n</I> = 40) cattle were analyzed for 48 MIs. The dairy cows were relatively healthy as for the occurrence of production disorders. BMSs were taken from February to June. Extraneous water was excluded. 44 MIs were correlated with the MFP. The relations were not regularly consistent between breeds. Milk yield was connected with MFP (<I>r</I> = 0.40; <I>P</I> < 0.05). It shows the necessity of modification of RLDL of MFP in dependence on dairy cow breeding. Further relations (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.05) were among MFP and: total milk solids (<I>r</I> = –0.50); solids-non-fat (–0.33); crude protein (–0.32); true protein (–0.43); whey protein (–0.47); milk fat (–0.46); electrical conductivity (–0.35); lactose (–0.35); somatic cell count (–0.36); fat/protein ratio (–0.36); milk citric acid (0.47); Na (–0.34). The poor relations (<I>P</I> > 0.05) were among MFP and casein, milk urea and acetone. The cheese-making indicators were not affected by MFP. The MFP was related to milk fermentation indicators (<I>r</I> = from –0.34 to –0.39, <I>P</I> < 0.05). It is important for the control of milk food chain quality by MFP and for the estimation of its RLDL.

scholarly journals Influence of Calving Ease on In-Line Milk Urea and Relationship with Other Milk Characteristics in Dairy Cows

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1159
Author(s):  
Mindaugas Televičius ◽  
Ramūnas Antanaitis ◽  
Vida Juozaitienė ◽  
Algimantas Paulauskas ◽  
Dovilė Malašauskienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Milk Urea

The aim of this research was to identify the relationship of calvin ease and level of in-line milk urea (MU) and other milk components, namely milk yield (MY), electrical conductivity (EC), milk fat (MF), milk protein (MP), milk fat/protein ratio (MF/MP), and somatic cell count (SCC) in dairy cows. The cows for the research were selected following such criteria: cows were tested within the period of up to the first 30 days after calving and had had a range of lactation numbers from two to four. Each selected farm housed more than 500 dairy cows and a total of 4712 calving cases from the eight dairy farms were studied and evaluated. The 4-point scale was used for the evaluation of the calving according to the point value meanings where 1 = easy, unassisted; 2 = easy, assisted; 3 = difficult, assisted; 4 = difficult, requiring veterinary intervention. A total of 4712 calving cases were researched and scored. The chemical properties of milk in all research cows were analyzed during the early phase of lactation (from the onset of calving to 30 days past calving) every day, during each milking. Cows were classified into groups according to the level of urea in milk: Group 1 had MU ≤ 15 mg/dL (12.6% of cows), Group 2 had MU 16–30 mg/dL (62.4% of cows), and Group 3 had MU > 30 mg/dL (25.0% of cows). We found that cows with milk urea levels between 16 and 30 mg/dL had the lowest incidence of dystocia, and also the highest concentration of milk lactose (ML ≥ 4.6%), the lowest mean value of milk electrical conductivity, and the lowest value of milk SCC. Dystocia increased the risk of somatic cell growth in cow’s milk above the herd average (OR = 1.364; 95% CI = 1.184–1.571, p < 0.001), and normal urea in milk reduced this risk (OR = 0.749; 95% CI = 0.642–0.869, p = 0.05). In all groups of cows, according to the level of urea in milk, the productivity of cows without dystocia at calving was higher (2.50–5.51 kg) as well as the milk protein % (0.13–0.21%) and milk lactose % (0.07–0.19%). We concluded that, in all groups of cows, according to the level of urea in milk, the productivity and milk lactose concentration of cows without dystocia at calving was higher, and lower somatic cells count and electrical conductivity values were found in the milk compared with cows diagnosed with dystocia at calving. We can state that dystocia has a negative effect on milk urea concentration and can increase the risk of mastitis.

scholarly journals Chosen biotic factors influencing raw cow milk freezing point

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 65-82
Author(s):  
Oto Hanuš ◽  
Yunhai Zhang ◽  
Marek Bjelka ◽  
Josef Kučera ◽  
Petr Roubal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Water Addition ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Milk Urea ◽  
Dairy Cow Nutrition

The milk freezing point depression (FPD) is important physical property. FPD is influenced by milk composition especially by components with osmotic pressure activity and by other physiological factors. There is possible to indicate a foreign (extraneous) water addition into milk by FPD. This is necessary to have a good estimated legislative FPD discrimination limit (FPD–L) for purpose of milk quality control. This paper was aimed at obtaining information to improve such estimation. Impacts factors as season variations, estimated state of dairy cow nutrition and some milk components and properties on milk FPD and their relations to FPD were quantified (n 11 540 – 72 607 bulk raw cow milk samples). The highest FPD was in Spring (−0.52097 ± 0.004877 °C), the lowest in Autumn (−0.52516 ± 0.005725 °C; P < 0.001). Correlation between FPD and lactose was 0.35 (P < 0.001). 12% and 5.4% of FPD variability is explainable by lactose and casein variability. Relationship between FPD and urea (U) was 0.26 (P < 0.001) in March. The worst FPD was in group with presupposed (according to milk urea and protein combination) nitrogen matter (NM) and energy (E) insufficiency (−0.51855 ± 0.007288 °C). The best FPD was in group with presupposed NM and E surplus in feeding ration (−0.52536 ± 0.004785 °C; P < 0.001). The FPD was worse in suspicion on E deficiency (on the basis of fat/crude protein ratio) as compared to presumption for balanced E nourishment of dairy herds (−0.52105 ± 0.006436 °C > −0.52244 ± 0.005367 °C; P < 0.001). Results can improve the estimation of objective FPD–L.

scholarly journals Investigation of milk urea nitrogen concentration and factors affecting its variation in Greek Holstein herds

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. SIACHOS (Ν. ΣΙΑΧΟΣ) ◽  
N. PANOUSIS (Ν. ΠΑΝΟΥΣΗΣ) ◽  
G. ARSENOS (Γ. ΑΡΣΕΝΟΣ) ◽  
G. E. VALERGAKIS (Γ.Ε. ΒΑΛΕΡΓΑΚΗΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Target Values ◽  
Milk Urea ◽  
Milk Urea Nitrogen

Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) is an important tool in dairy cow nutrition, as it reflects the amount of nitrogen in the diet which is not used for production. The objective of this study was to evaluate MUN values in Greek dairy herds, for the first time, and to investigate the source of its possible variation. For this purpose, a dataset of 23,266 milk records from 24 Holstein herds in the region of Thessaly (Greece) was used. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and a multiple regression model were used for statistical analysis. Significant differences were observed among farms (P<0.05). Mean MUN concentration was 15.54 mg/dL. More than 90% of the measurements were above the upper limit of reference herd target-values. In contrast with previous observations, lower MUN values (P<0.05) were observed during the summer and autumn. A positive relationship between milk yield and MUN was observed, but only up to MUN values of 16 mg/dL. Milk fat content and fat/protein ratio were negatively related to MUN, while cows with higher protein content had lower MUN values (P<0.05). Most milk traits and sampling month explained only 25.8% of the variation in MUN concentration (P<0.05). In conclusion, MUN values in Greek dairy farms were greater than target-values suggested for most herds, indicating systematic nutritional errors that could affect health and reproductive performance of dairy cows.

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