scholarly journals Singularity Transition in Biosystem with Infinite Number of Conserved Links with Surroundings

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-278
Author(s):  
Andrei Moldavanov
Keyword(s):  
Infinite Number ◽  
Transition Point ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Subsequent Stage ◽  
Natural Evolution ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Cooperative Effects ◽  
Singularity Point ◽  
Complex Polymer

Stages of natural evolution such as biogenesis and abiogenesis are the well-recognized terms to characterize the very different phases of life development. Traditionally, an abiogenesis is believed as the early stage of evolution that is mainly the chemistry phase dealing with intercoupling between the complex polymer chains when manifestations of life assumes substantial participation of cooperative effects. It its turn, a biogenesis as the subsequent stage of evolution is the period for prevalence of Darwin’s laws showing, in particular, in battle among separate species in the way of variability-heredity contest. In this article, we discuss possible nature of the transition between above stages as a normal result of progress in an evolutionary system simulated by mathematical model of open system with infinite number of conserved links with system surroundings. It is shown that the biosystem, in transition point experiences the deep reconstruction in existing pattern of energy exchange which leads to emergence of the more complicated and advanced stage of evolution. Our study showed that the found transition point can be considered as a singularity point in system evolution. In its turn, the evolution stages with the dissimilar meaning are the physical placeholders for stage of abiogenesis and biogenesis in natural evolution, correspondingly.

Formation and structure of polymeric carbons

1972 ◽  
Vol 327 (1571) ◽  
pp. 501-517 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Glassy Carbon ◽  
Molecular Orientation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Structural Difference ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Ribbon Structure ◽  
Phenolic Polymer

Glassy carbon has been prepared in the shape of disk and fibre by direct pyrolysis of a phenolic resin. Carbonization studies indicate that the unique structure of the final glassy carbon is a direct consequence of the production of very stable aromatic ribbon molecules by the coalescence of phenolic polymer chains at an early stage of pyrolysis. It is shown that molecular orientation induced in the initial polymer before pyrolysis is 'memorized’ to some extent after carbonization. Molecular orientation imposed in this type of carbon is not an intrinsic structural feature, but a physical characteristic which can be varied by the formation process or by extension at high temperatures; there is no essential structural difference apart from preferred orientation between polymeric units or microfibrils in well-oriented carbon fibres and isotropic glassy carbon. High resolution electron microscopy confirms this directly. We thus identify a new class of ‘polymeric carbons’, that consist of intertwined microfibrils comprising stacks of narrow graphitic ribbons. The fibrils are held together with covalent interfibrillar links of strength lower than that in the ribbons themselves. A ribbon structure has been proposed previously by Ruland (1971) for the specific case of high modulus carbon fibre. The structure is elaborated and extended here to cover all polymeric carbons and the steps in its development during carbonization are decisively detailed.

Structural deformation-metamorphism and exhumation processes of Yuanmou metamorphic complex, Yunnan, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuemei Cheng ◽  
Shuyun Cao
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Detachment Fault ◽  
Ductile Deformation ◽  
Structural Deformation ◽  
Subsequent Stage ◽  
Metamorphic Complex ◽  
South Central

<p>Within orogenic zone and continental extensional area, it often developed metamorphic complex or metamorphic gneiss dome that widely exposed continental mid-lower crustal rocks, which is an ideal place to study exhumation processes of deep-seated metamorphic complex and rheology. The Yuanmou metamorphic complex is located in the south-central part of the "Kangdian Axis" in the western margin of Qiangtang Block and Yangtze Block, which is a part of the anticline of the Sichuan-Yunnan platform. Many research works mainly focus on the discussion of intrusion ages, aeromagnetic anomalies, and polymetallic deposits. However, the exhumation process and mechanism of the Yuanmou metamorphic complex are rarely discussed and still unclear. This study, based on detailed field geological observations, optical microscopy (OM), cathodoluminescence (CL), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and electron probe (EMPA) were performed to illustrate the geological structure features, deformation-metamorphic evolution process and its tectonic significance of Yuanmou metamorphic complex during the exhumation process. All these analysis results indicate that the Yuanmou metamorphic complex generally exhibits a dome structure with deep metamorphic rocks and deformed rocks of varying degrees widely developed. Mylonitic gneiss and granitic intrusions are located in the footwall of the Yuanmou, which have suffered high-temperature shearing. The mylonitic fabrics and mineral stretching lineations in the deformed rock are strongly developed, forming typical S-L or L-shaped structural features. The high-temperature ductile deformation-metamorphism environment is high amphibolite facies, that is, the temperature range is between 620 ~ 690 ℃ and the pressure is between 0.8 ~ 0.95 Gpa. In the deformed rocks closed to the detachment fault, some of the mylonite fabric features are retained, but most of them have experienced a strongly overprinted retrogression metamorphism and deformation. At the top of the detachment fault zone, it is mainly composed of cataclasites and fault gouge. The comprehensive macro- and microstructural characteristics, geometry, kinematics, and mineral (amphibole, quartz and calcite) EBSD textures indicate that the Yuanmou metamorphic complex has undergone a progressive exhumation process during regional extension, obvious high-temperature plastic deformation-metamorphism in the early stage, and superimposed of low-temperature plastic-brittle and brittle deformation in the subsequent stage, which is also accompanied by strong fluid activities during the exhumation process.</p>

scholarly journals The pre-Alpine tectonic history of the Austroalpine continental basement in the Valpelline unit (Western Italian Alps)

2012 ◽  
Vol 150 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAOLA MANZOTTI ◽  
MICHELE ZUCALI
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Granulite Facies ◽  
Subsequent Stage ◽  
Italian Alps ◽  
Northern Margin ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
Lithospheric Extension ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nw Italy ◽  
High Temperature Metamorphism

AbstractThe Valpelline unit is a large slice of continental crust constituting the Austroalpine Dent Blanche nappe (NW Italy). The pre-Alpine evolution of this unit holds important clues about the Palaeozoic crustal structure at the northern margin of the Adria continent, about the history of rifting in the Alpine region, and thus about the thermomechanical conditions that preceded the Alpine convergent evolution. Several stages of the deformation history and of partial re-equilibration were identified, combining meso- and micro-structural analyses with thermobarometry. Reconstructed pre-Alpine P–T–t–d paths demonstrate that the Valpelline unit experienced an early stage at pressures between 4.5 and 6.5 kbar followed by migmatite formation. A subsequent stage reached amphibolite to granulite facies conditions. This stage was associated with the development of the most penetrative fabrics affecting all of the Valpelline lithotypes. The pre-Alpine evolution ended with a weak deformation associated with a local mineral-chemical re-equilibration under greenschist facies conditions at ≈ 4 kbar and T < 450°C. A Permo-Mesozoic lithospheric extension is thought to be responsible for asthenosphere upwelling, thereby causing high temperature metamorphism at medium pressure and widespread partial melting, which led to upper crustal magmatic activity.

scholarly journals Rheology of Concentrated Polymer/Ionic Liquid Solutions: An Anomalous Plasticizing Effect and a Universality in Nonlinear Shear Rheology

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhonghua Liu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Florian J. Stadler ◽  
Zhi-Chao Yan
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Fractional Free Volume ◽  
Segmental Dynamics ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Nonlinear Stress ◽  
Poly Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Nonlinear Shear ◽  
Complex Polymer

An anomalous plasticizing effect was observed in polymer/ionic liquid (IL) solutions by applying broad range of rheological techniques. Poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)/IL solutions exhibit stronger dynamic temperature dependence than pure PEO, which is in conflict with the knowledge that lower-Tg solvent increases the fractional free volume. For poly(methy methacrylate)(PMMA)/IL solutions, the subtle anomaly was detected from the fact that the effective glass transition temperature Tg,eff of PMMA in IL is higher than the prediction of the self-concentration model, while in conventional polymer solutions, Tg,eff follows the original Fox equation. Observations in both solutions reveal retarded segmental dynamics, consistent with a recent simulation result (Macromolecules, 2018, 51, 5336) that polymer chains wrap the IL cations by hydrogen bonding interactions and the segmental unwrapping delays their relaxation. Start-up shear and nonlinear stress relaxation tests of polymer/IL solutions follow a universal nonlinear rheological behavior as polymer melts and solutions, indicating that the segment-cation interaction is not strong enough to influence the nonlinear chain orientation and stretch. The present work may arouse the further theoretical, experimental, and simulation interests in interpreting the effect of complex polymer-IL interaction on the dynamics of polymer/IL solutions.

Folding of Polymer Chains in the Early Stage of Crystallization

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 1382-1385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shichen Yuan ◽  
Zhen Li ◽  
You-lee Hong ◽  
Yutian Ke ◽  
Jia Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Polymer Chains

scholarly journals Fine Structure of Bacillus subtilis

1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoteru Tokuyasu ◽  
Eichi Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Mature Spore ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Nuclear Material ◽  
Subsequent Stage ◽  
Spore Coat ◽  
Thin Membranes ◽  
Two Envelopes

The sporulation process in Bacillus subtilis has been studied principally with KMnO4 fixation, but also, for the purpose of comparison, with OsO4 and mixtures of both fixatives. At a very early stage, the pre-spore is seen to consist of what seems to be the nuclear material and granular substance, surrounded by a layer of dense material destined to become the innermost layer of the spore coat. At a subsequent stage, a light interspace is observed that is destined to become the spore cortex. The mature spore shows a very complex structure. The spore coat is composed of three layers, the middle layer of which consisted of 5 to 8 lamellae of thin membranes and interspaces, both about 20 to 25 A thick. Between the inner layer of the spore coat and the spore cortex, a thin membrane with an affinity to the cortex can be observed. The spore coat is enclosed within two envelopes, one loosely surrounding the core, and the other adhering to it. The process of spore maturation has been studied in detail. Certain peculiar cellular structures have been observed that seemed to represent features of abnormal sporulation processes.

What is the purpose of cognition?

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aba Szollosi ◽  
Ben R. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Infinite Number ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
The Way

Abstract The purpose of human cognition depends on the problem people try to solve. Defining the purpose is difficult, because people seem capable of representing problems in an infinite number of ways. The way in which the function of cognition develops needs to be central to our theories.

Alterations in the number of motoneurons containing immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP)& choline acetyltransferase(ChAT) in the cervical spinal cord of the wobbler mouse during the development of the motoneuron disease

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 970-971
Author(s):  
L. Vacca-Galloway ◽  
Y.Q. Zhang ◽  
P. Bose ◽  
S.H. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Wild Type Mouse ◽  
Reflex Response ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Behavioral Tests ◽  
Wobbler Mouse ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Stage 1

The Wobbler mouse (wr) has been studied as a model for inherited human motoneuron diseases (MNDs). Using behavioral tests for forelimb power, walking, climbing, and the “clasp-like reflex” response, the progress of the MND can be categorized into early (Stage 1, age 21 days) and late (Stage 4, age 3 months) stages. Age-and sex-matched normal phenotype littermates (NFR/wr) were used as controls (Stage 0), as well as mice from two related wild-type mouse strains: NFR/N and a C57BI/6N. Using behavioral tests, we also detected pre-symptomatic Wobblers at postnatal ages 7 and 14 days. The mice were anesthetized and perfusion-fixed for immunocytochemical (ICC) of CGRP and ChAT in the spinal cord (C3 to C5).Using computerized morphomety (Vidas, Zeiss), the numbers of IR-CGRP labelled motoneurons were significantly lower in 14 day old Wobbler specimens compared with the controls (Fig. 1). The same trend was observed at 21 days (Stage 1) and 3 months (Stage 4). The IR-CGRP-containing motoneurons in the Wobbler specimens declined progressively with age.

Automated high-resolution microscopy: the approaches so far

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 58-61
Author(s):  
W. O. Saxton
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Automatic Recording ◽  
Microprocessor Control ◽  
Alternative Systems ◽  
Electron Image ◽  
Complete Automation ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
High Resolution Microscopy

Recent commercial microscopes with internal microprocessor control of all major functions have already demonstrated some of the benefits anticipated from such systems, such as continuous magnification, rotation-free diffraction and magnification, automatic recording of mutually registered focal series, and fewer control knobs. Complete automation of the focusing, stigmating and alignment of a high resolution microscope, allowing focal series to be recorded at preselected focus values as well, is still imminent rather than accomplished, however; some kind of image pick-up and analysis system, fed with the electron image via a TV camera, is clearly essential for this, but several alternative systems and algorithms are still being explored. This paper reviews the options critically in turn, and stresses the need to consider alignment and focusing at an early stage, and not merely as an optional extension to a basic proposal.

Polarized microbeam FT-IR analysis of single fibers

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 206-207
Author(s):  
Liling Cho ◽  
David L. Wetzel
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Orientation ◽  
Transition Point ◽  
Polymer Fibers ◽  
Single Fiber ◽  
Wire Grid ◽  
Polyester Fibers ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wire Grid Polarizer

Polarized infrared microscopy has been used for forensic purposes to differentiate among polymer fibers. Dichroism can be used to compare and discriminate between different polyester fibers, including those composed of polyethylene terephthalate that are frequently encountered during criminal casework. In the fiber manufacturering process, fibers are drawn to develop molecular orientation and crystallinity. Macromolecular chains are oriented with respect to the long axis of the fiber. It is desirable to determine the relationship between the molecular orientation and stretching properties. This is particularly useful on a single fiber basis. Polarized spectroscopic differences observed from a single fiber are proposed to reveal the extent of molecular orientation within that single fiber. In the work presented, we compared the dichroic ratio between unstretched and stretched polyester fibers, and the transition point between the two forms of the same fiber. These techniques were applied to different polyester fibers. A fiber stretching device was fabricated for use on the instrument (IRμs, Spectra-Tech) stage. Tension was applied with a micrometer screw until a “neck” was produced in the stretched fiber. Spectra were obtained from an area of 24×48 μm. A wire-grid polarizer was used between the source and the sample.

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