scholarly journals Elephant tuberculosis as a reverse zoonosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Lainé
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Animal Rights ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Global Response ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Daily Care ◽  
First Case

In the last twenty years, a growing number of captive elephants have tested positive for tuberculosis (TB) in various institutions worldwide, causing public health concerns. This article discusses two localities where this concern has produced significant mobilizations to ask about the postcolonial resonances of this global response. The first case focuses on epidemiological studies of elephant TB in Laos launched by international organizations involved in conservation, and on the role of traditional elephant workers (mahouts) in the daily care for elephants. The second describes the finding by veterinarians of two elephants suspected of TB infection in a French zoo and the mobilization of animal rights activists against the euthanasia of the pachyderms. The article shows that while, in the recent past, in France elephants were considered markers of exoticism and in Laos as coworkers in the timber industry, they are now considered to be endangered subjects in need of care, compassion, and conservation. This analysis contributes to the anthropology of relations between humans and elephants through the study of a rare but fascinating zoonosis.

scholarly journals Development of Salmonellosis as Affected by Bioactive Food Compounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Kumar ◽  
Abimbola Allison ◽  
Monica Henry ◽  
Anita Scales ◽  
Aliyar Cyrus Fouladkhah
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Evidence Based Guideline

Infections caused by Salmonella serovars are the leading cause of foodborne hospitalizations and deaths in Americans, extensively prevalent worldwide, and pose a considerable financial burden on public health infrastructure and private manufacturing. While a comprehensive review is lacking for delineating the role of dietary components on prevention of Salmonellosis, evidence for the role of diet for preventing the infection and management of Salmonellosis symptoms is increasing. The current study is an evaluation of preclinical and clinical studies and their underlying mechanisms to elaborate the efficacy of bioactive dietary components for augmenting the prevention of Salmonella infection. Studies investigating dietary components such as fibers, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, and probiotics exhibited efficacy of dietary compounds against Salmonellosis through manipulation of host bile acids, mucin, epithelial barrier, innate and adaptive immunity and gut microbiota as well as impacting the cellular signaling cascades of the pathogen. Pre-clinical studies investigating synergism and/or antagonistic activities of various bioactive compounds, additional randomized clinical trials, if not curtailed by lack of equipoise and ethical concerns, and well-planned epidemiological studies could augment the development of a validated and evidence-based guideline for mitigating the public health burden of human Salmonellosis through dietary compounds.

scholarly journals Role of the Media in Health-Related Awareness Campaigns on Perceptions of COVID-19: A Pre-Post Study in the General Population of Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atta Ur Rehman ◽  
Rubeena Zakar ◽  
Muhammaz Zakria Zakar ◽  
Ume Hani ◽  
Florian Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
General Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Awareness ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Media ◽  
Knowledge Gains ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background: In January 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a global public health emergency. Medical preparedness and community education are the most valuable preventive tools for combatting this pandemic. The objective of this study was to assess the role of media public health awareness campaigns on the knowledge of the general population about COVID-19 in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.Methods: A quantitative study using a pre-post design among 384 respondents was conducted. To recruit study participants, a systematic random sampling technique was used. A structured questionnaire was administered to the participants twice: The first response (t1) from participants was filled in during the first week in February 2020 before any confirmed cases were reported in the country, and the second response (t2) was completed one month after the first case detection in Pakistan (March 2020). Media health awareness campaigns were launched just after the detection of the first case in Pakistan. Data was analysed by computing descriptive statistics and paired t-tests to measure the level of association between variables.Results: Exposure to the media and knowledge relating to COVID-19, particularly its symptoms and frequent handwashing as a preventive measure, increased over time. Whereas only a quarter of respondents judged the isolation of suspected cases in quarantine to be important to prevent the spread of infection in society at t1, more than half did so at t2. The same increase was visible in relation to the statement that a lockdown helps to follow social distancing. Socio-demographic characteristics were not significantly associated with knowledge (gains). However, more frequent use of electronic media is associated with greater knowledge gains from t1 to t2.Conclusions: The findings of this study provide evidence that awareness and knowledge related to COVID-19 symptoms and preventive measures increased significantly over time. The increased frequency of following the media indicates that health awareness campaigns are important for enhancing the knowledge of the general public regarding COVID-19.

scholarly journals Role of Epidemiological Studies in Disease Prevention

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shoaib Akthar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Epidemiology Data ◽  
Different Populations

Today’s society is full of disease that are of different natures including genetic, infectious and metabolic etc. Every disease has its own mechanisms of affecting humans and different prevention mechanisms as per disease nature. These factors are included in epidemiology of disease. Other factors include prevalence and incidence of diseases in different populations. Exactly knowing about disease epidemiology helps governing authorities to prevent the disease. Unfortunately, under-developed and developing nations are not focusing on diseases epidemiology. On the other hand, all developing nations developed best public health practices based on diseases epidemiology data. These studies may vary from basic epidemiological surveys to identification of microorganism strains etc.

scholarly journals Challenges and Approaches of the Global Governance of Public Health Under COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
International Governance ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Health Events ◽  
Core Function ◽  
The Common

Public health events, as the common concern faced by the international community, call for the joint response from all mankind. The outbreak of the COVID-19 has highlighted the problems confronting the global governance of international public health, such as limited functions of international organizations and difficulties in achieving objectives, poor collaboration between governance subjects and their limited performance, overlapping legal basis of governance and blurred core function, and lack of solutions to special problems. The corresponding approaches can be taken to improve the efficiency of the governance of global public health, including supporting the role of international organizations to achieve the objectives, enhancing coordination among international governance subjects to form synergy, promoting the compliance with IHR2005 to avoid conflict of law application and upholding the vision of a community with a shared future for mankind to jointly respond to the special problems.

scholarly journals Investigating the Role of State Permitting and Agriculture Agencies in Addressing Public Health Concerns Related to Industrial Food Animal Production

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. e89870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian P. Fry ◽  
Linnea I. Laestadius ◽  
Clare Grechis ◽  
Keeve E. Nachman ◽  
Roni A. Neff
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Food Animal

scholarly journals Elderly People During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Epidemic: Selected Problems

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 68-72
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Schlegel-Zawadzka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Scientific Societies ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Important Public Health ◽  
Care Of Elderly

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection mainly affected elderly patients in many countries. The care of elderly patients, especially in countries where the percentage of people over 65-years of age is significant, is an important public health problem now during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this review particular attention to the problem of proper nutrition of such patients was paid, which must be preceded by an appropriate assessment of their nutritional status. The important role of physical activity and adequate rehabilitation is highlighted. The care of elderly patients should be in line with the recommendations of the relevant scientific societies and international organizations in this respect.

scholarly journals The Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Antidepressants and Autism: Some Research and Public Health Aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ori Kapra ◽  
Ran Rotem ◽  
Raz Gross
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Maternal Mental Health ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Precise Assessment

Use of antidepressants (ADs) in general, and in pregnant notwithstanding, has been increasing globally in recent decades. Associations with a wide range of adverse perinatal and childhood outcomes following prenatal ADs exposure have been observed in registry-based studies, with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) frequently reported. Studies using animal models, sibling analyses, and negative control approaches, have linked dysfunctional serotonin metabolism with ASD, but did not convincingly tease apart the role of maternal mental health from that of ADs. As work to decipher the nature of the AD-ASD association continues, this review raises some public health concerns pertinent to a hypothetical conclusion that this association is causal, including the need to identify specific gestation periods with higher risk, the importance of precise assessment of the ASD potential prevention that might be attributed to AD discontinuation, and the estimation of risks associated with prenatal exposure to untreated depression.

scholarly journals Emotions and Dog Bites: Could Predatory Attacks Be Triggered by Emotional States?

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2907
Author(s):  
Serenella d’Ingeo ◽  
Fabrizio Iarussi ◽  
Valentina De Monte ◽  
Marcello Siniscalchi ◽  
Michele Minunno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Dog Bite ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Realistic Data

Dog biting events pose severe public health and animal welfare concerns. They result in several consequences for both humans (including physical and psychological trauma) and the dog involved in the biting episode (abandonment, relocation to shelter and euthanasia). Although numerous epidemiological studies have analyzed the different factors influencing the occurrence of such events, to date the role of emotions in the expression of predatory attacks toward humans has been scarcely investigated. This paper focuses on the influence of emotional states on triggering predatory attacks in dogs, particularly in some breeds whose aggression causes severe consequences to human victims. We suggest that a comprehensive analysis of the dog bite phenomenon should consider the emotional state of biting dogs in order to collect reliable and realistic data about bite episodes.

scholarly journals Obesity among Schoolchildren in Developing Countries

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (2_suppl2) ◽  
pp. S261-S266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osman M. Galal ◽  
Judie Hulett
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Health Concerns

The threat of worldwide obesity in children is a reality and has become pandemic. Previously a concern of only developed countries, rapid, escalating rates of overweight children now dominate the public health concerns of middle-and low-income nations as well. There are, of course, many influences that have literally shaped the global population, but there is also a recent observable pattern that is shared by those developing countries with increasingly obese children: a grand structural shift in diet and activity levels on every continent and in every region has occurred in the last quarter century, accompanied by rising rates of obesity. Two central public health concerns drive the need for effective interventions: the immediate health of children and the imminently crushing blow that is coming to health care systems and developing economies due to high rates of chronic disease. In developed nations, the role of gatekeeper has shifted to childcare providers, media, and schools, but in the developing world the traditional role of the mother as home manager has remained intact. Accepting the mother as the primary care provider within the child's nuclear environment places the mother as the guardian of the family's resources, which may be a viable alternative to the types of health-promotion efforts found in past ineffective models.

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