scholarly journals The Testing Database as Pandemic Technology: Reflections on the COVID-19 Response in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Sreya Dutta Chowdhury ◽  
Riona Basu
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Testing Data ◽  
Bureaucratic State

This article examines the COVID-19 response in India, viewing it as deeply enmeshed in the dynamics of the ‘database’ as an emerging technology of governmentality. Databases aim to translate entire populations into units of information abstracted from social identities and local specificities. In the context of the coronavirus pandemic, bureaucratic state systems attempt to manage and respond to the health crisis via databases collating testing data across the country. Problematising COVID-19 testing databases, we delve into the logic of database governance. We find that as a tool of governance the database falters in its attempts to compress complex identities and locations into de-contextualised units of information. As the complexity of lived reality interrupts the logic of databasing, state discourse on ‘unintended consequences’, ‘leakages’, ‘duplication’, and ‘reconciliation’ processes in the management of databases abounds and the ambivalence of databases becomes manifest in the COVID-19 response. In this article, we use secondary data to understand how testing databases intervene and interact with complex realities to establish bureaucratic order around a pandemic. We posit that COVID-19 testing databases should be understood as being embedded in emerging database governmentalities that supplant care of the population with the maintenance of databases.

scholarly journals Considerations for an Individual-Level Population Notification System for Pandemic Response: A Review and Prototype (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nazmus Sakib ◽  
Zahid A Butt ◽  
Plinio Pelegrini Morita ◽  
Mark Oremus ◽  
Geoffrey T Fong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Text Message ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Notification System ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
Pandemic Response ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Threat Levels

UNSTRUCTURED The outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, spread worldwide after its emergence in China. Whether rich or poor, all nations are struggling to cope with this new global health crisis. The speed of the threat’s emergence and the quick response required from public health authorities and the public itself makes evident the need for a major reform in pandemic surveillance and notification systems. The development and implementation of a graded, individual-level pandemic notification system could be an effective tool to combat future threats of epidemics. This paper describes a prototype model of such a notification system and its potential advantages and challenges for implementation. Similar to other emergency alerts, this system would include a number of threat levels (level 1-5) with a higher level indicating increasing severity and intensity of safety measures (eg, level 1: general hygiene, level 2: enhanced hygiene, level 3: physical distancing, level 4: shelter in place, and level 5: lockdown). The notifications would be transmitted to cellular devices via text message (for lower threat levels) or push notification (for higher threat levels). The notification system would allow the public to be informed about the threat level in real time and act accordingly in an organized manner. New Zealand and the United Kingdom have recently launched similar alert systems designed to coordinate the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic response more efficiently. Implementing such a system, however, faces multiple challenges. Extensive preparation and coordination among all levels of government and relevant sectors are required. Additionally, such systems may be effective primarily in countries where there exists at least moderate trust in government. Advance and ongoing public education about the nature of the system and its steps would be an essential part of the system, such that all members of the public understand the meaning of each step in advance, similar to what has been established in systems for other emergency responses. This educational component is of utmost importance to minimize adverse public reaction and unintended consequences. The use of mass media and local communities could be considered where mobile phone penetration is low. The implementation of such a notification system would be more challenging in developing countries for several reasons, including inadequate technology, limited use of data plans, high population density, poverty, mistrust in government, and tendency to ignore or failure to understand the warning messages. Despite the challenges, an individual-level pandemic notification system could provide added benefits by giving an additional route for notification that would be complementary to existing platforms.

The Manifestation of New Public Service Principles in Issuance of Emergency Use Authorization of COVID-19 Vaccine by BPOM

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Alexander Arie Sanata Dharma
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Regulatory Authority ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The Public ◽  
New Public ◽  
One Year

The COVID-19 pandemic has lasted more than one year, and vaccines are the primary expectation of ending it. The vaccine development successfully accelerated from 10-15 years to only about 12-16 months through several adjustments. In a health crisis, the vaccine can be accepted through Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) by a country's regulatory authority. In Indonesia, the role is carried out by the Indonesia Food and Drug Administration (BPOM). This study proposes analyzing the manifestation of the principles of the New Public Service in issuing EUA for the COVID-19 vaccine. This research uses qualitative methods through secondary data analysis on written sources of information such as websites, reports, social media, books, and journals. Based on the analysis, in issuing the EUA COVID-19 vaccine, BPOM has performed the principles of the New Public Service. BPOM, with all stakeholders, insisted on their values (quality, safety, and efficacy) to facilitate the EUA process due to the urgency of the emergency. With this effort, the public can afford vaccines that safe and meet the efficacy and quality standard within the expected time.Keywords : COVID-19, Emergency Use Authorization, Indonesia FDA, New Public Service

scholarly journals The Design of Human Oversight in Autonomous Weapon Systems

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse Verdiesen
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
Human Control ◽  
Autonomous Weapons ◽  
Technical Architecture ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Weapons Systems

Autonomous Weapon Systems (AWS) can be defined as weapons systems equipped with Artificial Intelligence (AI). They are an emerging technology and are increasingly deployed on the battlefield. In the societal debate on Autonomous Weapon Systems, the concept of Meaningful Human Control (MHC) is often mentioned as requirement, but MHC will not suffice as requirement to minimize unintended consequences of Autonomous Weapon Systems, because the definition of ‘control’ implies that one has the power to influence or direct the course of events or the ability to manage a machine. The characteristics autonomy, interactivity and adaptability of AI  in Autonomous Weapon Systems inherently imply that control in strict sense is not possible. Therefore, a different approach is needed to minimize unintended consequences of AWS. Several scholars are describing the concept of Human Oversight in Autonomous Weapon Systems and AI in general. Just recently Taddeo and Floridi (2018) describe that human oversight procedures are necessary to minimize unintended consequences and to compensate unfair impacts of AI. In my PhD project, I will analyse the concepts that are needed to define, model, evaluate and ensure human oversight in Autonomous Weapons and design a technical architecture to implement this.

scholarly journals Integrated use of the GeneXpert Platform for TB, HIV and EVD Testing in Liberia

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Kassaye Tekie Desta ◽  
John B. Dogba ◽  
Julia Toomey Garbo ◽  
Dedeh B. Kessely ◽  
Candace B. Eastman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Molecular Testing ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Testing Data ◽  
Disease Testing

Background: The capacity for molecular testing of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Viral load, Tuberculosis (TB) and epidemic- prone disease was very limited in Liberia prior to the Ebola Virus Diseases (EVD) outbreak. The use of point of care and near point of care machines for multiple disease testing of HIV, TB and EVD was adopted as a solution to these challenges. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the integrated use of GeneXpert for the three disease testing. Methods: A previously collected and reported GeneXpert testing data was used to evaluate the integrated use of the GeneXpert platform for TB, HIV viral load and EVD testing. All the laboratory GeneXpert secondary data available since the machines were installed and started testing were analyzed.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Chittagong Port and aftermath

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samsul Mannan ◽  
Md. Mostafa Aziz Shaheen ◽  
Rana Saha
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
The Public ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Port Operation ◽  
Depth Interviews

AbstractAfter first unveiled in China, by March 2020, the wide spreading episode of coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) spread over Europe and the rest of the world. Besides the public health crisis, not only the Chinese economy but also the global economy as well as the supply chain faced a significant slowdown. Port is not apart from this. Chittagong Port is considered the economic nerve of Bangladesh. A significant segment of export-import moved through Chittagong Port. Like the entire globe, the outbreak of coronavirus affects the country’s prime seaport adversely. This study examines the issues concerning port operation. This study has a qualitative approach that depended on data collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected from field surveys using semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews with government agencies, policymakers, researchers, businessmen, port users and entrepreneurs. Secondary data were sourced from different policy documents, scholarly articles, reports and the internet. This study provides an overview of COVID-19 impacts on the port and shipping activities in Chittagong Port, which include impacts on port of call, warehouse and distribution activities, hinterland connections and port employees. Therefore, this study discussed those issues to date, identify impacts and authority response to address the impacts. Finally, this study put forward strategies for their mitigation.

scholarly journals Microfinance accountability in Cameroon: a cure or a curse for poverty alleviation?

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fidelis Kedju Akanga
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Institutional Pressures ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Accountability Practices

Purpose The purpose of this study is to use empirical findings to identify the different forms of accountability practices existing in Cameroon microfinance institutions (MFIs) and explore how such practices have evolved and institutionalised within the microfinance sector in Cameroon through time. Design/methodology/approach This study is designed to investigate if the institutionalised accountability practices within the microfinance sector in Cameroon are a cure or a curse for poverty alleviation. This study is based on the new institutional sociology (NIS) and on a case study approach and combines in-depth interviews and secondary data sources. Findings This study identifies three principal forms of accountability practices common with MFIs in Cameroon: dysfunctional, manipulative and dribbling accountabilities. Originality/value This paper is novel because it extends the NIS into the microfinance sector and explains how conflicting institutional pressures resulting from differences of accountability practices can be resolved and also exposes the unintended consequences of both resistance and passive actions of local actors on microfinance, the poor and poverty alleviation.

scholarly journals Fisheries in the Context of Attaining Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Bangladesh: COVID-19 Impacts and Future Prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9912
Author(s):  
Atiqur Rahman Sunny ◽  
Mahmudul Hasan Mithun ◽  
Shamsul Haque Prodhan ◽  
Md. Ashrafuzzaman ◽  
Syed Mohammad Aminur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Commodity Price ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Impact

Fisheries and the aquaculture sector can play a significant role in the achievement of several of the goals of the 2030 Sustainable Development agenda. However, the current COVID-19 situation can negatively impact the fisheries sector, impeding the pace of the achievement of development goals. Therefore, this paper highlighted the performance and challenges of the fisheries sector in Bangladesh, emphasising the impact of COVID-19 and the significance of this sector for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), through primary fieldwork and secondary data. The total fish production in the country has increased more than six times over the last three decades (7.54 to 43.84 lakh MT) with improved culture techniques and extension services. Inland closed water contributions have increased to 16%, while inland open water has declined to 10%, and marine fisheries have dropped to 6% over the past 18 financial years (2000–2001 to 2018–2019). COVID-19, a significant health crisis, has also affected various issues associated with aquatic resources and communities. Transportation obstacles and complexity in the food supply, difficulty in starting production, labour crisis, sudden illness, insufficient consumer demand, commodity price hikes, creditor’s pressure, and reduced income were identified as COVID-19 drivers affecting the fisheries sector. The combined effect of these drivers poses a significant threat to a number of the SDGs, such as income (SDG1), nutrition (SDG2), and food security (SDG3 and SDG12), which require immediate and comprehensive action. Several recommendations were discussed, the implementation of which are important to the achievement of the SDGs and the improved management of the aquatic sector (SDG14—life below, and SDG16—life above water).

scholarly journals LEGAL PROTECTION ON VIOLATIONS RELATED TO CONSUMER FINANCIAL SERVICES IN TRANSACTIONS THROUGH THE PHONE MEDIA (Study of Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 1/POJK.07/2013)

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (07) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sejahtera Giovani ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Financial Service ◽  
Media Study ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Legal Remedies ◽  
Testing Data ◽  
Legal Consequences

This study discusses the study and research on legal consequences, legal protection, and legal remedies that consumers can take in carrying out transactions at financial service institutions carried out by telephone and are associated with the Financial Services Authority Regulation Number: 1/POJK.07/2013. This research is analytical descriptive research that describes legal protection efforts for consumers of Financial Services Institutions for violations in telephone transactions, using a normative juridical approach, namely reviewing and testing data based on secondary data, in the form of literature studies and supported by field studies, namely document examination, and analysis. Interview.

scholarly journals Considerations for an Individual-Level Population Notification System for Pandemic Response: A Review and Prototype

10.2196/19930 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. e19930
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nazmus Sakib ◽  
Zahid A Butt ◽  
Plinio Pelegrini Morita ◽  
Mark Oremus ◽  
Geoffrey T Fong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Text Message ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Notification System ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
Pandemic Response ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Threat Levels

The outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, spread worldwide after its emergence in China. Whether rich or poor, all nations are struggling to cope with this new global health crisis. The speed of the threat’s emergence and the quick response required from public health authorities and the public itself makes evident the need for a major reform in pandemic surveillance and notification systems. The development and implementation of a graded, individual-level pandemic notification system could be an effective tool to combat future threats of epidemics. This paper describes a prototype model of such a notification system and its potential advantages and challenges for implementation. Similar to other emergency alerts, this system would include a number of threat levels (level 1-5) with a higher level indicating increasing severity and intensity of safety measures (eg, level 1: general hygiene, level 2: enhanced hygiene, level 3: physical distancing, level 4: shelter in place, and level 5: lockdown). The notifications would be transmitted to cellular devices via text message (for lower threat levels) or push notification (for higher threat levels). The notification system would allow the public to be informed about the threat level in real time and act accordingly in an organized manner. New Zealand and the United Kingdom have recently launched similar alert systems designed to coordinate the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic response more efficiently. Implementing such a system, however, faces multiple challenges. Extensive preparation and coordination among all levels of government and relevant sectors are required. Additionally, such systems may be effective primarily in countries where there exists at least moderate trust in government. Advance and ongoing public education about the nature of the system and its steps would be an essential part of the system, such that all members of the public understand the meaning of each step in advance, similar to what has been established in systems for other emergency responses. This educational component is of utmost importance to minimize adverse public reaction and unintended consequences. The use of mass media and local communities could be considered where mobile phone penetration is low. The implementation of such a notification system would be more challenging in developing countries for several reasons, including inadequate technology, limited use of data plans, high population density, poverty, mistrust in government, and tendency to ignore or failure to understand the warning messages. Despite the challenges, an individual-level pandemic notification system could provide added benefits by giving an additional route for notification that would be complementary to existing platforms.

scholarly journals Jaringan Saraf Tiruan dalam Memprediksi Produksi Kelapa Sawit di PT. KRE Menggunakan Algoritma Levenberg Marquardt

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Yuli Andriani ◽  
Anjar Wanto ◽  
Handrizal Handrizal
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Accuracy Rate ◽  
Marquardt Method ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Testing Data ◽  
Levenberg Marquardt ◽  
Architectural Models

Predictions are used to determine how much the rate of increase or decrease in oil palm production at PT. Kerasaan Indonesia (KRE) in the future. This study uses Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) using the Levenberg Marquardt method. The research data is secondary data sourced from PT. Kerasaan Indonesia from 2002 to 2017. Data is divided into 2 parts, namely training data and testing data. There are 5 architectural models used in this study, 7-10-1, 7-20-1, 7-30-1, 7-40-1 and 7-50-1. Of the 5 architectural models used, the best architecture is 7-50-1 by producing an accuracy rate of 83%, MSE 1.1471332321 and a maximum iteration of 1000. So this model is good for predicting coconut production palm oil at PT. Indonesian feeling because of its accuracy between 80% and 90%.

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