scholarly journals Assessment of sulphur demand of crops under permanent fertilization experiment

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Szulc ◽  
B. Rutkowska ◽  
T. Sosulski ◽  
E. Szara ◽  
W. Stępień
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Fertilization Experiment ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
Yellow Lupine

The aim of the study was to determine plant needs with regard to sulphur fertilization based on the assessments of sulphur in the soil profile carried out in the early spring. The study was founded on the continuous fertilization experiment established in 1985 at the Experimental Station of the Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, which is located in Skierniewice. Soil samples were collected in the years 2009&ndash;2011 in the early spring (February/March) at low soil temperatures. The samples were taken at three soil depths: 0&ndash;30, 30&ndash;60, 60&ndash;90 cm. The content of sulfate sulphur was assessed in fresh soil samples after extraction in 0.01 mol/L CaCl<sub>2</sub>. The plants cultivated during the study were spring barley and yellow lupine. The amount of sulphur in soil profile was too small and not sufficient to fulfill yellow lupine nutritional needs, thus could be a limiting factor for successful yield production. Regardless the fertilizer treatment, the amount of sulfate sulphur found in 0&ndash;60 cm soil layer fully covered nutritional needs of spring barley.

scholarly journals Forms and accumulation of copper and zinc in a sandy typic hapludalf soil after long-term application of pig slurry and deep litter

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 812-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeu Luis Tiecher ◽  
Carlos Alberto Ceretta ◽  
Jucinei José Comin ◽  
Eduardo Girotto ◽  
Alcione Miotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Surface Soil Layer ◽  
N Requirement ◽  
Cu And Zn

Successive applications of pig slurry and pig deep litter may lead to an accumulation of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) fractions in the soil profile. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Cu and Zn forms and accumulation in a Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil after long-term application of pig slurry and deep litter. In March 2010, eight years after initiating an experiment in Braço do Norte, Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil, on a Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil, soil samples were collected from the 0-2.5, 2.5-5.0, 5-10 and 10-15 cm layers in treatments consisting of no manure application (control) and with applications of pig slurry and deep litter at two levels: the single and double rate of N requirement for maize and black oat succession. The soil was dried, ground in an agate mortar and analyzed for Cu and Zn contents by 0.01 mol L-1 EDTA and chemically fractionated to determine Cu and Zn. The applications of Pig deep litter and slurry at doses equivalent to 90 kg ha-1 N increased the contents of available Cu and Zn in the surface soil layer, if the double of this dose was applied in pig deep litter or double this dose in pig slurry, Cu and Zn migrated to a depth of 15 cm. Copper is accumulated mainly in the organic and residual fractions, and zinc preferentially in the fraction linked to clay minerals, especially in the surface soil layers.

scholarly journals Intra-Soil Milling for Stable Evolution and High Productivity of Kastanozem Soil

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1302
Author(s):  
Valery Petrovich Kalinitchenko ◽  
Alexey Pavlovich Glinushkin ◽  
Vladimir Konstantinovich Sharshak ◽  
Evgene Panteleimonovich Ladan ◽  
Tatiana Mikhailovna Minkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Illuvial Horizon ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Neutral Soil ◽  
Technology Life Cycle

The long-term field experiment on the Kastanozem showed that the standard moldboard plowing to a depth of 22 cm (control), chiseling to a depth of 35 cm, and three-tier plowing (machine type PTN–40) to a depth of 45 cm was incapable of providing a stable soil structure and aggregate system. The transcendental Biogeosystem Technique (BGT*) methodology for intra-soil milling of the 20–45 cm layer and the intra-soil milling PMS–70 machine were developed. The PMS–70 soil processing provided the content of 1–3 mm sized aggregate particle fraction in the illuvial horizon of about 50 to 60%, which was 3-fold higher compared to standard plowing systems. Soil bulk density reduced in the layer 20–40 cm to 1.35 t m−3 compared to 1.51 t m−3 in the control option. In the control, the rhizosphere developed only in the soil upper layer. There were 1.3 roots per cm−2 in 0–20 cm, and 0.2 roots per cm−2 in 20–40 cm. The rhizosphere spreads only through the soil crevices after chilling. After three-tier plowing (PTN–40), the rhizosphere developed better in the local comfort zones of the soil profile between soil blocks impermeable for roots. After intra-soil milling PMS–70, the rhizosphere developed uniformly in the whole soil profile: 2.2 roots per cm−2 in 0–20 cm; 1.7 roots per cm−2 in 20–40 cm. Matric water potential was higher, soil salinization was lower, and the pH was close to neutral. Soil organic matter (SOM) content increased to 3.3% in 0–20 cm and 2.1% in 20–40 cm compared to the control (2.0% in the 0–20 cm soil layer and 1.3% in the 20–40 cm layer). The spring barley yield was 53% higher compared to the control. The technology life cycle profitability was moldboard 21.5%, chiseling 6.9%, three-tier 15.6%, and intra-soil milling 45.6%. The new design of the intra-soil milling machine provides five times less traction resistance and 80% increased reliability, halving energy costs.

SEED PRODUCTION OF CRESTED WHEATGRASS AS INFLUENCED BY VARIOUS MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Buglass
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Seed Yields

The effect of nitrogen, phosphate, and spacing of grass rows on seed yields of crested wheatgrass was determined during the period 1954 to 1962. Rates, time of application, and methods of applying fertilizer, and row spacing of grass were included in the study.Fall application of nitrogenous fertilizers produced greater responses than early spring application. Moisture conditions were a limiting factor in obtaining seed increases from the use of fertilizer. Responses were greater with adequate moisture. In dry years, the response was very poor and a significant residual effect was obtained from nitrogen after dry years. Drilling the fertilizer into the sod was slightly superior to broadcasting. Fertilizer applied to the grass rows only, or to the grass rows and cultivated space, produced similar results. Grass seeded in wide-spaced rows produced higher yields of seed than close drilling. Close-drilled rows of grass responded more to nitrogen than did wide-spaced rows. Grass seeded in 6-in. rows, and fertilized, produced less seed than wider-spaced rows with the same fertilizer treatment. With average moisture conditions, maximum yields of seed were obtained with about 150 lb/acre of ammonium nitrate. With better moisture conditions, seed yields increased as higher rates of fertilizer were used. Phosphate had no significant effect on seed yield.High seed yields of crested wheatgrass can be maintained by the use of wide-row spacing and nitrogenous fertilizers.

PERSISTENCE AND MOVEMENT OF ATRAZINE, BROMACIL, MONURON, AND SIMAZINE IN INTERMITTENTLY-FILLED IRRIGATION DITCHES

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 809-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. SMITH ◽  
R. GROVER ◽  
G. S. EMMOND ◽  
H. C. KORVEN
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Flowing Water ◽  
The Third ◽  
Irrigation Waters ◽  
Soil And Water

Atrazine (22.4 kg/ha), bromacil (15.2 kg/ha), monuron (35.8 kg/ha), and simazine (22.4 kg/ha) were applied to especially prepared irrigation ditches in the fall of 1970. Soil samples from ditch sides, ditch bottoms, and basins irrigated with water were taken during 1971, 1972, and 1973 seasons. Water samples were also taken during these years. The soil and water samples were analyzed chemically to determine the herbicide residues remaining in the ditches and basins, their movement in the soil profile, and the amount of herbicides carried in the flowing water over the 3-yr period. The order of persistence for the four herbicides was simazine > atrazine > monuron > bromacil. Atrazine, bromacil and monuron residues were distributed uniformly throughout the 90-cm soil depth by the third growing season. The greater part of simazine residues was, however, still present in the top 7.5-cm soil layer. In irrigation waters, the highest herbicide concentrations were in the initial ponding in the spring of 1971, decreasing by a factor of two- to fivefold in the second filling in 1971. The relative amounts of each herbicide in the first two water samplings were inversely proportional to their respective water solubilities.

Bacterial influence on the formation of hematite: implications for Martian dormant life

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Sudeera Wickramarathna ◽  
Rohana Chandrajith ◽  
Atula Senaratne ◽  
Varun Paul ◽  
Padmanava Dash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Mineral Weathering ◽  
Compositional Variation ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Extraterrestrial Life ◽  
X Ray

Abstract Previous exploration missions have revealed Mars as a potential candidate for the existence of extraterrestrial life. If life could have existed beneath the Martian subsurface, biosignatures would have been preserved in iron-rich minerals. Prior investigations of terrestrial biosignatures and metabolic processes of geological analogues would be beneficial for identifying past metabolic processes on Mars, particularly morphological and chemical signatures indicative of past life, where biological components could potentially be denatured following continued exposure to extreme conditions. The objective of the research was to find potential implications for Martian subsurface life by characterizing morphological, mineralogical and microbial signatures of hematite deposits, both hematite rock and related soil samples, collected from Highland Complex of Sri Lanka. Rock samples examined through scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) spectroscopy. Analysis showed globular and spherical growth layers nucleated by bacteria. EDX results showed a higher iron to oxygen ratio in nuclei colonies compared to growth layers, which indicated a compositional variation due to microbial interaction. X-ray diffraction analysis of the hematite samples revealed variations in chemical composition along the vertical soil profile, with the top surface soil layer being particularly enriched with Fe2O3, suggesting internal dissolution of hematite through weathering. Furthermore, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analyses carried out on both rock and soil samples showed a possible indication of microbially induced mineral-weathering, particularly release of trapped trace metals in the parent rock. Microbial diversity analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the rock sample was dominated by Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, specifically, members of iron-metabolizing bacterial genera, including Mycobacterium, Arthrobacter, Amycolatopsis, Nocardia and Pedomicrobium. These results suggest that morphological and biogeochemical clues derived from studying the role of bacterial activity in hematite weathering and precipitation processes can be implemented as potential comparative tools to interpret similar processes that could have occurred on early Mars.

scholarly journals Variation in Salinity through the Soil Profile in South Coastal Region of Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Mohammad Asadul Haque
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Salt Accumulation ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The spatial variability of salt accumulation through the soil profile was studied at Latachapali union of Kalapara upazila, Patuakhali district, Bangladesh. The soil samples were collected from 30 locations covering six villages of the union: Kuakata, Malapara, Fashipara, Khajura, Mothaopara and Tajepara. Five locations were randomly selected from each village. From each location soil samples were collected from three soil depths at 0-2 cm, 2.1-4 cm and 4.1-6 cm. Electrical conductivity of top 0-2 cm soil depth was 20.49 dS/m, in 2.1-4 cm soil depth was 7.14 dS/m and in 4.1-6 cm soil depth 4.15 dS/m. The study soils were strongly acidic having pH value 4.73, 4.99 and 5.20 in 0-2, 2.1-4 and 4.1-6 cm soil depth, respectively. The highest of 8.8 Na:K ratio was found in 0-2 cm soil depth. The Na:K ratio gradually decreased with the increase of soil depth, having 6.59 in 2.1-4 cm and 5.42. in 4.1-6 cm soil depth. The results clearly reveal that the top soil is very much sensitive to salt stress. Based on the electrical conductivity and Na:K ratio the Fashipara, Kuakata and Tajepara village were found seriously affected by salinity.Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 1, 11-23, 2018

scholarly journals The significance of soil microorganisms as a limiting factor in infection of clover by Sclerotinia trifoliorum erikss. at different times of the year

1964 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-134
Author(s):  
Anna-Marja Halkilahti
Keyword(s):  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Soil Microbes ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Pronounced Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Sclerotinia Trifoliorum ◽  
Other Hand

In the petri dish trials the mycelia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum in sterilized soil samples generally infected clover quite readily. In unsterilized samples the infection was less severe and showed marked variations in different years and at different times of the year. In the outdoor trials clover became less infected in the middle of the summer than in the spring and autumn. On the other hand, in the thermostat trials, where the temperature was constantly 7—10°C, the temperature at the time of taking the soil samples did not have a pronounced effect on the extent of clover infection. Liming of the soil caused a marked decrease in the severity of clover rot infection. In some autumns clover plants growing in soil samples taken from fallow were more seriously infected than those growing in soil from a clover field. As a rule, however, there were only slight variations in the extent of infection in the soil samples taken at the same time from the various areas of the field cultivated in different ways. In general, the highest numbers of microorganisms in the soil were found in the autumn and the lowest in the spring. In clover fields there were often more microorganisms – particularly in the autumn – than in fallow. Liming caused an increase in the numbers of soil microbes. S. trifoliorum infected clover very severely at temperatures of 0—5°C; in the range 5—21°C the infection grew generally milder the more the temperature was found to be rising. At temperatures of 5– 10°C an increase in the numbers of soil microbes resulted in a decrease in the infection of the clover. Still higher temperatures, which did not increase the numbers of soil microorganisms, nevertheless enhanced the antagonistic power of the soil.

scholarly journals Soil chemical fertility in dairy farms of the Guanacaste volcanic mountain range, Costa Rica

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-163
Author(s):  
Alejandro Saborío-Montero ◽  
Osvaldo Marín-Taylor ◽  
Randall Arguedas-Sánchez ◽  
Sinaí Ramírez-Fallas
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Critical Levels ◽  
Mineral Deficiency ◽  
Charge Capacity ◽  
Soil Nutrition ◽  
Nutritional Needs

The aim of this research was to determine the fertility of soils of dairy farms at four zones of the Guanacaste volcanic mountain range. The study was conducted during a two-year period (2009-2010) in farms of Guayabo (Bagaces) and Nubes, San Ramón and Florida (Quebrada Grande, Tilarán). A total of 40 soil samples were collected, each one was composed by 20 sub- samples. The results revealed that soil pH in Guayabo tended to be lower (p=0.0539) than in Nubes, San Ramón and Florida. Guayabo soils showed higher concentrations (p<0.01) of magnesium (Mg), cupper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) than the soils of the three zones of Tilarán. The soils of Guayabo and San Ramón showed higher values of effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) (p<0.01) than Nubes and Florida soils. According to the general critical levels for the extracting solution used, none of the soils of the analyzed zones reach a pH higher than 5.5, the Tilarán and Guayabo soils were deficient in Mg and P respectively and no zone was deficient in Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn. These results revealed that the soils of all the zones had some mineral deficiency and low values of pH, therefore fertilizers and amendments should be applied according to nutritional needs of each farm. Adequate soil nutrition could improve productivity of forage and allowed a higher animal charge capacity per unit of area.

Towards an operationally capable satellite-based 0-100 cm soil moisture dataset from C3S

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Pasik ◽  
Wolfgang Preimesberger ◽  
Bernhard Bauer-Marschallinger ◽  
Wouter Dorigo
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Land Surface Model ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
T Values

&lt;p&gt;Multiple satellite-based global surface soil moisture (SSM) datasets are presently available, these however, address exclusively the top layer of the soil (0-5cm). Meanwhile, root-zone soil moisture cannot be directly quantified with remote sensing but can be estimated from SSM using a land surface model. Alternatively, soil water index (SWI; calculated from SSM as a function of time needed for infiltration) can be used as a simple approximation of root-zone conditions. SWI is a proxy for deeper layers of the soil profile which control evapotranspiration, and is hence especially important for studying hydrological processes over vegetation-covered areas and meteorological modelling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here we introduce the advances in our work on the first operationally capable SWI-based root-zone soil moisture dataset from C3S Soil Moisture v201912 COMBINED product, spanning the period 2002-2020. The uniqueness of this dataset lies in the fact that T-values (temporal lengths ruling the infiltration) characteristic of SWI were translated into particular soil depths making it much more intuitive, user-friendly and easily applicable. Available are volumetric soil moisture values for the top 1 m of the soil profile at 10 cm intervals, where the optimal T-value (T-best) for each soil layer is selected based on a range of correlation metrics with in situ measurements from the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) and the relevant soil and climatic parameters.&lt;br&gt;Additionally we present the results of an extensive global validation against in situ measurements (ISMN) as well as the results of investigations into the relationship between a range of soil and climate characteristics and the optimal T-values for particular soil depths.&lt;/p&gt;

The level of manifestation and variation of biometric indicators of spring barley samples of collection of Uman national university of horticulture

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (98) ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
Zh. M. Novak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Spike Length ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
National University ◽  
Average Plant

Different weather conditions provide unequal growth and development of plants, in addition, biotypes react differently to changes in external environmental factors. Scientists from Ukraine and other countries analyze varieties and samples of spring barley for the purpose of determine donors of useful traits in different soil and climatic conditions. For the purpose of combine a number of useful traits in one genotype, hybridization between geographically distant biotypes is used. Uman National University of Horticulture has a collection of spring barley samples by different geographic origin. The analyze of breeding material by biometric traits, which will allow us to determine the level of manifestation of each of them in different conditions of 2018–2020 and to determine the donors of useful traits for the further breeding process, was carried out. The weather conditions of the years of research were very different. 2018 was the most unfavorable year for early spring crops. The reason for this was the presence of snow cover until the end of March. After that were strong heat and lack of precipitation. 2019 and 2020 were more favorable for spring barley due to the long cool spring. In addition, in 2020, May and June characterized by increased rainfall. The average plant height of the studied biotypes ranged from 50 to 64 cm. Most samples had the lowest plant height 40–57 cm in 2018, and the highest – in 2020 – from 54 to 88 cm. The average spike length of the analyzed samples was 5.9–8.1 cm. There was not dependence between conditions of the research year and spike length. The number of spikelets per spike was naturally determined by the research conditions. The lowest indicators were observed in 2018 — from 7.0 to 12.0 units, while in 2019 — 16.6–23.9 units, and in 2020 — 20.2–27.7 units. The variation of plant height of the analyzed samples was medium and significant with coefficients from 13.7 to 32.6 %. There was a slight, medium and significant variation of the length of the ear (V = 2.9–23.6 %). The index of number of spikelets per spike most varied — the coefficients of variation were 32.6–55.5 %.

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