Intra-Soil Milling for Stable Evolution and High Productivity of Kastanozem Soil

The long-term field experiment on the Kastanozem showed that the standard moldboard plowing to a depth of 22 cm (control), chiseling to a depth of 35 cm, and three-tier plowing (machine type PTN–40) to a depth of 45 cm was incapable of providing a stable soil structure and aggregate system. The transcendental Biogeosystem Technique (BGT*) methodology for intra-soil milling of the 20–45 cm layer and the intra-soil milling PMS–70 machine were developed. The PMS–70 soil processing provided the content of 1–3 mm sized aggregate particle fraction in the illuvial horizon of about 50 to 60%, which was 3-fold higher compared to standard plowing systems. Soil bulk density reduced in the layer 20–40 cm to 1.35 t m−3 compared to 1.51 t m−3 in the control option. In the control, the rhizosphere developed only in the soil upper layer. There were 1.3 roots per cm−2 in 0–20 cm, and 0.2 roots per cm−2 in 20–40 cm. The rhizosphere spreads only through the soil crevices after chilling. After three-tier plowing (PTN–40), the rhizosphere developed better in the local comfort zones of the soil profile between soil blocks impermeable for roots. After intra-soil milling PMS–70, the rhizosphere developed uniformly in the whole soil profile: 2.2 roots per cm−2 in 0–20 cm; 1.7 roots per cm−2 in 20–40 cm. Matric water potential was higher, soil salinization was lower, and the pH was close to neutral. Soil organic matter (SOM) content increased to 3.3% in 0–20 cm and 2.1% in 20–40 cm compared to the control (2.0% in the 0–20 cm soil layer and 1.3% in the 20–40 cm layer). The spring barley yield was 53% higher compared to the control. The technology life cycle profitability was moldboard 21.5%, chiseling 6.9%, three-tier 15.6%, and intra-soil milling 45.6%. The new design of the intra-soil milling machine provides five times less traction resistance and 80% increased reliability, halving energy costs.

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Intra-soil milling for long-term efficient land use prospects

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-15279 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Saglara Mandzhieva ◽

Vladimir Chernenko ◽

Valery Kalinitchenko ◽

Alexey Glinushkin ◽

Alexey Zavalin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Profile ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Illuvial Horizon ◽

Fine Aggregate ◽

Content Increase ◽

Milling Machine ◽

Processing Technologies

Current land-use policy needs for innovative soil processing technologies. We carried out a long-term field experiment on the Kastanozem in following options: moldboard plowing to a depth of 22 cm; chiselling to a depth of 35 cm; three-tier PTN&#8211;40 plowing to a depth of 40&#8211;45 cm; PMS&#8211;70 intra-soil milling of the 20&#8211;45 cm layer. Moldboard, chisel and three-tier plowing does not improve soil aggregate system. 20&#8211;45 cm soil layer milling by PMS&#8211;70 provides the formation of the 1&#8211;3 mm aggregates. 30&#8211;40 years after PMS&#8211;70 processing, the soil profile structure remained fine aggregate. Soil organic matter and dissolved organic matter content, as well as the soil productivity, were higher after PMS&#8211;70. New intra-soil milling machine PMS&#8211;260 was developed. The moldboard plowing did not change the natural soil profile vertical morphological differentiation. The soil loosening effect was short-term after soil chiselling. After the three-tier PTN-40 plowing, a large part of humus horizon material strews down the soil profile between the chaotically spread large structural blocks of illuvial and transitional horizons. After PMS&#8211;70 processing, the content of 1&#8211;3 mm size aggregate particle fraction in the illuvial horizon was triple compared to the three-tier PTN&#8211;40 plowing. The soil desalination was intensive after PMS&#8211;70. The absorbed Na+ content in solonetz was about 18&#8211;20% of soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) in the moldboard option. The same was after the chiselling. The CEC Na+ content was of 14&#8211;16% after the PTN&#8211;40. The CEC Na+ content was of 10&#8211;12% after the PMS&#8211;70. The SOM content in the 0&#173;&#8211;20 cm soil layer was 2.0%, in the 20-40 cm layer of 1.3%; the DOM content was 0.03% and 0.02% respectively in moldboard plowing option. The SOM and DOM content increased slightly in a period 3&#8211;4 years after chiselling. The SOM content was 2.2% in the 0&#173;&#8211;20 cm, and 1.4% in the 20&#8211;40 cm; the DOM content was 0.04% and 0.03% respectively after the PTN&#8211;40. The SOM content increased to 3.3% in the 0&#8211;20 cm soil layer, and to 2.1% in the 20&#8211;40 cm layer; the DOM content increase was 0.05% and 0.04% respectively after the PMS&#8211;70. In the moldboard option, the rhizosphere developed only in the upper soil layer of 0&#8211;20 cm. The rhizosphere spreads through the soil crevices after chilling. The conditions of rhizosphere development were better in the local comfort zones of the soil profile after three-tier PTN&#8211;40 plowing. The rhizosphere developed well and uniformly both in the upper 0&#8211;20 cm and in the 20-45 cm layer after intra-soil milling by PMS&#8211;70. Improved plant growing conditions provide higher plant resistivity to pathogens. &#160;The technology life cycle profitability: moldboard 21.5%, chiseling 6.9%, three-tier 15.6%, intra-soil milling 45.6%. The new design of intra-soil milling machine provides five times less traction resistance; 80% increased reliability, halving energy costs. Intra-soil milling provides long-term land-use prospects.The research was supported by the RFBR, project no. 18-29-25071, and by the President of the Russian Federation, no. MK-2244.2020.5.

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Soil audit of a long-term phosphate experiment in south-western Victoria: total phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen, and major cations

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar99091 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 737 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

M. R. McCaskill ◽

J. W. D. Cayley

Keyword(s):

Soil Profile ◽

Water Movement ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Fertility Treatment ◽

High Fertility ◽

Single Superphosphate ◽

Soil P ◽

Total Soil ◽

Western Victoria

A nutrient audit was conducted on a long-term grazed fertiliser experiment at Hamilton in south-western Victoria to determine the fate of applied phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S). Single superphosphate had been applied at rates averaging between 1 and 33 kg P/ha.year since the start of the experiment in 1977. Soil samples were taken in 1994 by coring to a depth of 80 cm, and analysed for total soil nutrient concentration. Most (80%) applied P was in the top 43 cm of the soil profile. A further 6.5% had been transferred to sheep camp areas and 6.5% had been exported as product. It was estimated that <0.4% of applied P left the site in surface water movement. Unaccounted P (6.6%) was probably in the soil, but could not be detected because of the relatively wide confidence margin for total soil P. Only 31% of applied S was detected in the top 43 cm, 3.6% had been transferred to sheep camps, and 4.9% exported in product. Unaccounted S (60%) had probably moved deeper into the soil where it could not be detected from background levels of total soil S. Bulk density in the 0–5-cm layer increased by 1% for each additional ewe per ha, but decreased by up to 0.4% for each kg/ha.year of P fertiliser. Soil nitrogen (N) accumulated at 46 kg N/ha.year at the highest P application rate.Differences in total potassium (K) between low and high fertility treatments indicated that 20 kg K/ha.year had moved out of the 5–19-cm soil layer of the high fertility treatment. This was attributed to competition for exchange sites from calcium (Ca) in the superphosphate. It was concluded that fertilisers with a higher P : S ratio and a lower Ca content than superphosphate are more appropriate for the basalt-derived duplex soils because they would reduce problems associated with displacement of K in the soil profile.

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Forms and accumulation of copper and zinc in a sandy typic hapludalf soil after long-term application of pig slurry and deep litter

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832013000300028 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 812-824 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Tadeu Luis Tiecher ◽

Carlos Alberto Ceretta ◽

Jucinei José Comin ◽

Eduardo Girotto ◽

Alcione Miotto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Profile ◽

Surface Soil ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Pig Slurry ◽

Soil Layers ◽

Surface Soil Layer ◽

N Requirement ◽

Cu And Zn

Successive applications of pig slurry and pig deep litter may lead to an accumulation of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) fractions in the soil profile. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Cu and Zn forms and accumulation in a Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil after long-term application of pig slurry and deep litter. In March 2010, eight years after initiating an experiment in Braço do Norte, Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil, on a Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil, soil samples were collected from the 0-2.5, 2.5-5.0, 5-10 and 10-15 cm layers in treatments consisting of no manure application (control) and with applications of pig slurry and deep litter at two levels: the single and double rate of N requirement for maize and black oat succession. The soil was dried, ground in an agate mortar and analyzed for Cu and Zn contents by 0.01 mol L-1 EDTA and chemically fractionated to determine Cu and Zn. The applications of Pig deep litter and slurry at doses equivalent to 90 kg ha-1 N increased the contents of available Cu and Zn in the surface soil layer, if the double of this dose was applied in pig deep litter or double this dose in pig slurry, Cu and Zn migrated to a depth of 15 cm. Copper is accumulated mainly in the organic and residual fractions, and zinc preferentially in the fraction linked to clay minerals, especially in the surface soil layers.

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Effects of composted feedlot manure on the chemical characteristics of duplex soils in north-eastern Victoria

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea00121 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 369 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

W. J. Slattery ◽

B. Christy ◽

B. M. Carmody ◽

B. Gales

Keyword(s):

Soil Profile ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Agricultural Soils ◽

Soil Layer ◽

High Porosity ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

North Eastern

The beef feedlot industry in Australia produces a large amount of solid organic by-product each year that is currently applied to agricultural land as a fertiliser supplement. Manure is known to be a valuable source of organic matter and some plant nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. In addition, manure contains excessive quantities of cations such as sodium (Na) and potassium (K), which may result in long-term sustainability problems for the soil, particularly when large amounts are applied over short time periods. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of composted beef feedlot manure when applied to agricultural soils. Two sites were selected, one a brown Dermosol and the other a red Kurosol, both in north-eastern Victoria near the Rutherglen Research Institute. Both sites received rates of manure up to 109 t/ha in 1996. In 1997 soil samples were collected and compared with untreated control soils. The Dermosol site was sown to an oat and clover mixture in 1996 and 1997 and the red Kurosol was sown to lupin in 1996 and wheat in 1997. The application of composted bovine manure resulted in a 1% increase in soil organic carbon, an increase in soil pH by 1.5 units, increased levels of magnesium, calcium, nitrogen and K in the surface 10 cm soil layer at both sites and an increase in extractable phosphorus levels in the subsoil. There was no detectable increase in surface Na, although there was a small but significant decrease in Na in the 40–80 cm soil layer. It is suggested that soluble organic compounds, migrating down through the soil profile are able to complex with Na and effectively remove some of this cation from the exchange sites of the clay surfaces. In addition, the high porosity of these soils coupled with the high degree of Na mobility ensures that most of this cation is transported deeper into the soil profile. The beneficial effects of applying composted manure are promising as a means of reducing sodicity although these results will require further validation. In addition, the long-term effects of saturating subsurface soil with Na are also a cause for concern and need to be further investigated.

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Short- and Long-Term Effects of Lime and Gypsum Applications on Acid Soils in a Water-Limited Environment: 3. Soil Solution Chemistry

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11050826 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 826

Author(s):

Geoffrey C. Anderson ◽

Shahab Pathan ◽

David J. M. Hall ◽

Rajesh Sharma ◽

James Easton

Keyword(s):

Ionic Strength ◽

Soil Solution ◽

Soil Profile ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Solution Chemistry ◽

Soil Solution Chemistry ◽

Short Term ◽

Solution Ionic Strength ◽

Gypsum Application

Aluminum (Al) toxicity imposes a significant limitation to crop production in South Western Australia. This paper examines the impact of surface-applied lime and gypsum on soil solution chemistry in the short term (1 year) and the long-term (10 years) in water limited environments. In the experiments, we measured soil solution chemistry using a paste extract on soil profile samples collected to a depth of 50 cm. We then used the chemical equilibrium model MINTEQ to predict the presence and relative concentrations of Al species that are toxic to root growth (Al associated with Al3+ and AlOH2 or Toxic-Al) and less non-toxic forms of Al bound with sulfate, other hydroxide species and organic matter. A feature of the soils used in the experiment is that they have a low capacity to adsorb sulfate. In the short term, despite the low amount of rainfall (279 mm), sulfate derived from the surface gypsum application is rapidly leached into the soil profile. There was no self-liming effect, as evidenced by there being no change in soil solution pH. The application of gypsum, in the short term, increased soil solution ionic strength by 524–681% in the 0–10 cm soil layer declining to 75–109% in the 30–40 cm soil layer due to an increase in soil solution sulfate and calcium concentrations. Calcium from the gypsum application displaces Al from the exchange sites to increase soil solution Al activity in the gypsum treatments by 155–233% in the short term and by 70–196% in the long term to a depth of 40 cm. However, there was no effect on Toxic-Al due to Al sulfate precipitation. In the long term, sulfate leaching from the soil profile results in a decline in soil solution ionic strength. Application of lime results in leaching of alkalinity into the soil profile leading to a decreased Toxic-Al to a depth of 30 cm in the long term, but it did not affect Toxic-Al in the short term. Combining an application of lime with gypsum had the same impact on soil solution properties as gypsum alone in the short term and as lime alone in the long term.

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Assessment of sulphur demand of crops under permanent fertilization experiment

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/913/2013-pse ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 60 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 135-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

W. Szulc ◽

B. Rutkowska ◽

T. Sosulski ◽

E. Szara ◽

W. Stępień

Keyword(s):

Soil Profile ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Early Spring ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Fertilizer Treatment ◽

Fertilization Experiment ◽

Nutritional Needs ◽

Yellow Lupine

The aim of the study was to determine plant needs with regard to sulphur fertilization based on the assessments of sulphur in the soil profile carried out in the early spring. The study was founded on the continuous fertilization experiment established in 1985 at the Experimental Station of the Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, which is located in Skierniewice. Soil samples were collected in the years 2009–2011 in the early spring (February/March) at low soil temperatures. The samples were taken at three soil depths: 0–30, 30–60, 60–90 cm. The content of sulfate sulphur was assessed in fresh soil samples after extraction in 0.01 mol/L CaCl2. The plants cultivated during the study were spring barley and yellow lupine. The amount of sulphur in soil profile was too small and not sufficient to fulfill yellow lupine nutritional needs, thus could be a limiting factor for successful yield production. Regardless the fertilizer treatment, the amount of sulfate sulphur found in 0–60 cm soil layer fully covered nutritional needs of spring barley.

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SELECTION WORK TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVE AND BREWING QUALITIES OF SPRING BARLEY

Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science ◽

10.30850/vrsn/2018/6/38-40 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 38-40

Author(s):

О. V. Levakova ◽

L. М. Eroshenko ◽

А. N. Eroshenko

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Humus Content ◽

Stability Index ◽

Field Studies ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Extract Content ◽

Labile Phosphorus ◽

Loam Soil

The article presents and analyzes data of competitive varietal testing of promising varieties and lines of spring barley for yield and brewing qualities. Field studies were conducted in 2014–2017 on dark gray forest heavy loam soil. Agrochemical parameters are total nitrogen – 0.24%, humus content in a layer of 0-40 cm (according to Tyurin) – 5.19%, hydrolysis nitrogen – 123.5 mg / kg, salt extract pH – 4.92 mg-eq / 100g; labile phosphorus - 34.6 mg / 100g, labile potassium – 20.0 mg / 100g. The forerunner is winter wheat. Meteorological conditions in the years of research differed from each other and from the average long-term value. Barley samples were assessed by the protein content in the grain (GOST 10846-91), extract content (GOST 12130-77), weight 1000 grains (GOST 10842-89). Ecological plasticity was determined by the method proposed by E.D. Nettevich, A.I. Morgunov and M.I. Maksimenko, stability index (Ľ) by A. A. Gryaznov, indicator of stability level (Puss) by E. D. Nettevich and A. I. Morgunov. The main measure for assessing quality indicators is protein content. Many other biochemical and technological features of grain depend on its level. The experimental data convincingly testify to the significant influence of the soil and climatic conditions on the yield and, especially, on the brewing qualities of barley in the conditions of the Central Region of the Nonchernozem Zone. According to the studied traits, new valuable varieties Nadezhny, Sir, Noble and selection lines 141 / 1-09 h 746, 23 / 1-10 h 784, distinguished by high adaptability and resistance to adverse environmental factors, have been identified.

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Effects of disk tillage on soil condition, crop yield and weed infestation

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/4201-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 48 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 20-26

Author(s):

M. Birkás ◽

T. Szalai ◽

C. Gyuricza ◽

M. Gecse ◽

K. Bordás

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Soil Condition ◽

Perennial Weeds ◽

Weed Infestation ◽

Set Up ◽

Different Levels

This research was instigated by the fact that during the last decade annually repeated shallow disk tillage on the same field became frequent practice in Hungary. In order to study the changes of soil condition associated with disk tillage and to assess it is consequences, long-term tillage field experiments with different levels of nutrients were set up in 1991 (A) and in 1994 (B) on Chromic Luvisol at Gödöllö. The effects of disk tillage (D) and disk tillage combined with loosening (LD) on soil condition, on yield of maize and winter wheat, and on weed infestation were examined. The evaluation of soil condition measured by cone index and bulk density indicated that use of disking annually resulted in a dense soil layer below the disking depth (diskpan-compaction). It was found, that soil condition deteriorated by diskpan-compaction decreased the yield of maize significantly by 20 and 42% (w/w), and that of wheat by 13 and 15% (w/w) when compared to soils with no diskpan-compaction. Averaged over seven years, and three fertilizer levels, the cover % of the total, grass and perennial weeds on loosened soils were 73, 69 and 65% of soils contained diskpan-compaction.

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Linking Long-Term Changes in Soil Salinity to Paddy Land Abandonment in Jaffna Peninsula, Sri Lanka

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11030211 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 211

Author(s):

Tharani Gopalakrishnan ◽

Lalit Kumar

Keyword(s):

Sri Lanka ◽

Soil Salinity ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Sea Water ◽

Land Use Changes ◽

Soil Salinization ◽

Landsat Images ◽

Paddy Land ◽

Semi Arid Region

Soil salinity is a serious threat to coastal agriculture and has resulted in a significant reduction in agricultural output in many regions. Jaffna Peninsula, a semi-arid region located in the northern-most part of Sri Lanka, is also a victim of the adverse effects of coastal salinity. This study investigated long-term soil salinity changes and their link with agricultural land use changes, especially paddy land. Two Landsat images from 1988 and 2019 were used to map soil salinity distribution and changes. Another set of images was analyzed at four temporal periods to map abandoned paddy lands. A comparison of changes in soil salinity with abandoned paddy lands showed that abandoned paddy lands had significantly higher salinity than active paddy lands, confirming that increasing salts owing to the high levels of sea water intrusion in the soils, as well as higher water salinity in wells used for irrigation, could be the major drivers of degradation of paddy lands. The results also showed that there was a dramatic increase in soil salinity (1.4-fold) in the coastal lowlands of Jaffna Peninsula. 64.6% of the salinity-affected land was identified as being in the extreme saline category. In addition to reducing net arable lands, soil salinization has serious implications for food security and the livelihoods of farmers, potentially impacting the regional and national economy.

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