INVESTIGATION OF THE NORTH AND SOUTH KUZBASS AGGLOMERATIONS FEATURES TO JUSTIFY CONDITIONS FOR REGION LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT

The paper analyzes the long-term dynamics of stocks and annual catches of Pacific cod of the Kuril Islands, and also considers the structure of its modern fishery, taking into account the changes that have occurred in the organization of its coastal fishing in recent years. It was shown that the dynamics of commercial biomass of Pacific cod in the Northern and Southern Kuril Islands is comparable to that in 1975-2020 for groups in the southeastern part of the Bering Sea, the Karagin and Olyutor bays, on the shelf of Western Kamchatka, and in south-western Sakhalin. Development of the cod fishery in the North and South Kuril Islands in 1980-2019 went in accordance with the dynamics of stocks, the maximum catches were observed during the period of a high level of abundance of both groups in the 1980s. While the structure of the cod fishery on the shelf of the Northern Kuril Islands to date can be considered established, the development of fishing in the South Kuril Islands in the last two decades went by the gradual replacement of trawl fishing in the winter-spring period with snorkeling in the summer season.

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The Louisiana Amphibian Monitoring Program from 1997 to 2017: Results, analyses, and lessons learned

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0257869 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

pp. e0257869

Author(s):

Jacoby Carter ◽

Darren Johnson ◽

Jeff Boundy ◽

William Vermillion

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Monitoring Program ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

The North ◽

Osteopilus Septentrionalis ◽

Species Lists ◽

Demographic Patterns ◽

North And South ◽

Term Monitoring

To determine trends in either frog distribution or abundance in the State of Louisiana, we reviewed and analyzed frog call data from the Louisiana Amphibian Monitoring Program (LAMP). The data were collected between 1997 and 2017 using North American Amphibian Monitoring Program protocols. Louisiana was divided into three survey regions for administration and analysis: the Florida Parishes, and 2 areas west of the Florida parishes called North and South. Fifty-four routes were surveyed with over 12,792 stops and 1,066 hours of observation. Observers heard 26 species of the 31 species reported to be in Louisiana. Three of the species not heard were natives with ranges that did not overlap with survey routes. The other two species were introduced species, the Rio Grande Chirping Frog (Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides) and the Cuban Treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis). Both seem to be limited to urban areas with little to no route coverage. The 15 most commonly occurring species were examined in detail using the percentage of stops at which they observed along a given survey and their call indices. Most species exhibited a multimodal, concave, or convex pattern of abundance over a 15-year period. Among LAMP survey regions, none of the species had synchronous population trends. Only one group of species, winter callers, regularly co-occur. Based on the species lists, the North region could be seen as a subset of the South. However, based on relative abundance, the North was more similar to Florida parishes for both the winter and summer survey runs. Our analyses demonstrate that long-term monitoring (10 years or more) may be necessary to determine population and occupancy trends, and that frog species may have different local demographic patterns across large geographic areas.

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To the Richest Go the Spoils? Immigration, Development, and the North-South Divide, 1970–2005

Sociology of Development ◽

10.1525/sod.2016.2.3.273 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 273-292

Author(s):

Matthew R. Sanderson

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Global South ◽

Positive Effects ◽

The North ◽

National Economic ◽

Global North ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship ◽

North And South

This paper empirically assesses, for the first time, the relationship between immigration and national economic development in both the global North and the global South. A series of panel models demonstrate that immigration exacerbates North-South inequalities through differential effects on average per capita incomes in the global North and global South. Immigration has positive effects on average incomes in both the North and the South, but the effect is larger in the global North. Thus the relationship between immigration and development evinces a Matthew Effect at the world level: by contributing to differential levels of economic development in the North and South, immigration widens international inequalities in the long term, resulting in the accumulation of advantage in the North. The implications of the results are discussed in the context theory and policy on the migration-development nexus.

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Reciprocal Garden Study Reveals Acute Spatial-Edaphic Adaptation for Cycas micronesica

Diversity ◽

10.3390/d13060237 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 237

Author(s):

Thomas E. Marler

Keyword(s):

Local Adaptation ◽

Plant Size ◽

Plant Performance ◽

Stem Height ◽

The South ◽

The North ◽

Survival And Growth ◽

Local Genotypes ◽

North And South

A long-term reciprocal garden study was used to determine adaptive variation between Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill plants from north versus south Guam. Half-siblings from each location were planted as one-leaf seedlings in north and south gardens and monitored for 15 years. Stem height and diameter, and leaf number and maximum length were measured yearly. Survival and plant size traits were evaluated using a two-way factorial. In both locations, the local genotypes out-performed the foreign genotypes in terms of survival and growth. Survival of the foreign genotypes began to decline by year 4 and was less than 10% by year 15. Survival of the local genotypes was 70% for the north garden and 100% for the south garden. The north site was more hostile to plant performance because overall survival and plant growth were less than for the south site. The most likely environmental factor provoking local adaptation was highly contrasting soil characteristics between north and south Guam. The results indicates that long-term conservation success for C. micronesica and other cycad species must include the concept of local adaptation into decisions for transplantation and restoration projects.

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NEW JETTIES FOR TUNG-KANG FISHING HARBOR, TAIWAN

Coastal Engineering Proceedings ◽

10.9753/icce.v17.133 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 1 (17) ◽

pp. 133

Author(s):

Chi-Fu Su

Keyword(s):

Water Depth ◽

The South ◽

Littoral Drift ◽

The North ◽

Study Planning ◽

South West ◽

South West Coast ◽

Three Rivers ◽

North And South

Tung-Kang Fishing Harbor, which is about 16 km to the south of Kaohsiung Harbor, is a river harbor on the south-west coast of Taiwan. This harbor is located at the estuary of the Niu-Pu River, which meets the Tung- Kang River and the Kao-Ping River on the north side, (see Fig. 1) The original north and south jetties were constructed in 1959. Because the entrance is located at the meeting of the three rivers and the water depth at the entrance is shallower than that in the breaking zone, the entrance is easily chocked with sand during the summer season when the south-west wind and waves are strong. Therefore, dredging is always necessary to maintain the required depth. On. the other hand, because of the increasing number of fishing boats and deeper draft, the port cannot function effectively. There-fore, how to keep the required water depth at the entrance and to obtain a wider and stable water basin is an urgent problem with this harbor. Based on the sounding of 1973, the littoral drift is mainly from the south. In the next year the construction of a 176 m long new south jetty was begun to protect the entrance and to facilitate the sedimentation study. In 1975, the Taiwan Fisheries Consultants was appointed to undertake the investigation and long-term planning work. This project includes littoral process study, planning, model test and design. Finally it is recommended that an adequate layout of south and north jetties can solve the problem of accretation of the harbor entrance. The purpose of this paper is to describe some aspects with emphasis on how to prevent the shoaling of the entrance channel located at the meeting of the rivers.

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Factors Affecting the Long-Term Development of Specialized Agricultural Villages North and South of Huai River

Land ◽

10.3390/land10111215 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1215

Author(s):

Li Li ◽

Ning Niu ◽

Xiaojian Li

Keyword(s):

Economic Factors ◽

Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽

Location Factors ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Time Points ◽

The North ◽

Huai River ◽

Market Factors ◽

North And South

Village-level agricultural specialization in China is becoming increasingly important for rural development. However, existing knowledge of specialized agricultural villages (SAVs) based on singular assessment criteria and data describing static time points becomes insufficient in addressing multifaceted developmental questions today. We examined the long-term development patterns of SAVs in Anhui, China, with attributes from multiple angles, and explored how local factors affected SAV development across space and time using random forest regression. We found that as time elapsed, economic rationality drove specialized farmers closer to sale dependency and made SAVs more susceptible to market and economic factors, which builds upon previous findings analyzing SAVs at specific time points and consolidates the importance of market factors in the long-term development of SAVs. However, this susceptibility manifests differently in these two geographically contrasting regions north and south of Huai River. The northern SAVs received increased influences from market and economic factors, while the southern SAVs were continuously controlled by market and location factors. The dynamic spatial and temporal patterns of the two regions point to different dependencies, which emphasized local sales in the north and distant sales in the south. We propose that policies and strategies regarding SAV development accommodate these dynamics and address appropriate influencing factors accordingly.

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Boko Haram Terrorism and a Threat to Right to Education

Hasanuddin Law Review ◽

10.20956/halrev.v6i2.2019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 149

Author(s):

Ayobami Samson Joshua

Keyword(s):

Northern Region ◽

Educational Opportunities ◽

Right To Education ◽

Boko Haram ◽

The North ◽

Nigerian Government ◽

The Government ◽

The Right ◽

North And South

The government shall direct its policy towards giving to the citizens equal and adequate educational opportunities at all levels. Although, not classified as a fundamental right, this constitutional prescription remains at the forefront of the basic objectives of the Nigerian government; yet, despite this laudable objective, the Northern region of Nigeria has a consistent record of low enrolment rate of indigenous pupils in schools, thereby creating a noticeable disparity between the North and South of Nigeria in terms of education. It is against this background that this paper discusses the evolution, incidences and enabling circumstances of Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria and its effects on education, particularly in the areas affected. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the long term consequences of the Boko Haram terrorism on the right to education, as guaranteed by the 1999 constitution, in the affected areas of Nigeria. The paper traces the origin and factors that aided the Boko Haram terrorism. It also considers the extent of the effectiveness of the response of the Nigerian government in tackling the problem. The findings prove that, although the response of the government has been active, yet it has not been effective in curtailing the terrorist activities. This has negatively impacted on education in the affected areas of the Northern Nigeria. The paper suggested measures to address the problem.

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Periodic Variation of the North-South Asymmetry of Solar Activity Phenomena

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100064447 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 179 ◽

pp. 173-176

Author(s):

V. K. Verma

Keyword(s):

Solar Activity ◽

Periodic Variation ◽

The Sun ◽

Solar Cycles ◽

The North ◽

Sunspot Data ◽

Flare Index ◽

North And South ◽

South Asymmetry

AbstractWe report here a study of various solar activity phenomena occurring in both north and south hemispheres of the Sun during solar cycles 8–23. In the study we have used sunspot data for the period 1832–1976, flare index data for the period 1936–1993, Hα flare data 1993–1998 and solar active prominences data for the period 1957–1998. Earlier Verma reported long-term cyclic period in N-S asymmetry and also that the N-S asymmetry of solar activity phenomena during solar cycles 21, 22, 23 and 24 will be south dominated and the N-S asymmetry will shift to north hemisphere in solar cycle 25. The present study shows that the N-S asymmetry during solar cycles 22 and 23 are southern dominated as suggested by Verma.

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Three Types of South Pacific Subtropical Mode Waters: Their Relation to the Large-Scale Circulation of the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre and Their Temporal Variability

Journal of Physical Oceanography ◽

10.1175/jpo3132.1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 37 (10) ◽

pp. 2478-2490 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Takamasa Tsubouchi ◽

Toshio Suga ◽

Kimio Hanawa

Keyword(s):

World Ocean ◽

South Pacific ◽

Recirculation Region ◽

The South ◽

Short Term ◽

The West ◽

The North ◽

Term Variation ◽

North And South

Abstract A detailed spatial distribution of South Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (SPSTMW) and its temporal variation were investigated using the World Ocean Atlas (WOA) 2001 climatology and high-resolution expendable bathythermograph (HRX) line data. In the WOA 2001 climatology, SPSTMW can be classified into western and eastern parts. A detailed examination of spatial distributions using HRX-PX06 line data revealed that the eastern part can be further divided into two types by the Tasman Front (TF) extension. Consequently, SPSTMW can be classified into three types, referred to in the present study as the West, North, and South types. The West type, situated in the recirculation region of the East Australia Current (EAC), has a core layer temperature (CLT) of about 19.1°C; the North type, in the region north of the TF extension, has a CLT of about 17.6°C; and the South type, in the region south of the TF extension, has a CLT of about 16.0°C. The long-term (>6 yr) variations in the inventories of the three types were dissimilar to each other. The short-term (<6 yr) and long-term variations in the mean CLT of the North and South types were greater than that of the West type. Winter cooling in the previous year may have influenced the short-term variation in the South-type CLT. Moreover, the strength of the EAC may have influenced long-term variation in the West-type inventory and thickness and in the North-type thickness and CLT.

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The global climatology of the intensity of ionospheric sporadic <i>E</i> layer

10.5194/acp-2018-790 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Bingkun Yu ◽

Xianghui Xue ◽

Xin'an Yue ◽

Xiankang Dou

Keyword(s):

High Spatial Resolution ◽

Geomagnetic Latitude ◽

Metallic Ions ◽

Magnetic Field Effects ◽

The North ◽

Mass Influx ◽

Ion Velocity ◽

North And South ◽

Seasonal Dependence

Abstract. On the basis of S4max data retrieved from COSMIC GPS radio occultation measurements, the long-term climatology of the intensity of Es layers is investigated for the period from December 2006 to January 2014. The global maps of Es intensity shows a high spatial resolution geographical distributions and strong seasonal dependence of Es layers. The maximum intensity of Es occurs in the midlatitudes, and its value in summer is 2–3 times larger than that in winter. A relatively strong Es layer is observed at the North and South Poles with a distinct boundary dividing the midddle latitudes and high latitudes along 60°–80° geomagnetic latitude bands. Besides, simulation results shows that the convergence of vertical ion velocity could partially explain the seasonal dependence of Es intensity. Furthermore, some disagreements between the distributions of calculated divergence of vertical ion velocity and observed Es intensity indicate that other processes such as magnetic field effects, meteoric mass influx into the earth's atmosphere and chemical processes of metallic ions should also be considered, which play an important role in the spatial and seasonal variations of Es layers.

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