scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Long-Term Development of Specialized Agricultural Villages North and South of Huai River

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1215
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Ning Niu ◽  
Xiaojian Li
Keyword(s):  
Economic Factors ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Location Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Time Points ◽  
The North ◽  
Huai River ◽  
Market Factors ◽  
North And South

Village-level agricultural specialization in China is becoming increasingly important for rural development. However, existing knowledge of specialized agricultural villages (SAVs) based on singular assessment criteria and data describing static time points becomes insufficient in addressing multifaceted developmental questions today. We examined the long-term development patterns of SAVs in Anhui, China, with attributes from multiple angles, and explored how local factors affected SAV development across space and time using random forest regression. We found that as time elapsed, economic rationality drove specialized farmers closer to sale dependency and made SAVs more susceptible to market and economic factors, which builds upon previous findings analyzing SAVs at specific time points and consolidates the importance of market factors in the long-term development of SAVs. However, this susceptibility manifests differently in these two geographically contrasting regions north and south of Huai River. The northern SAVs received increased influences from market and economic factors, while the southern SAVs were continuously controlled by market and location factors. The dynamic spatial and temporal patterns of the two regions point to different dependencies, which emphasized local sales in the north and distant sales in the south. We propose that policies and strategies regarding SAV development accommodate these dynamics and address appropriate influencing factors accordingly.

scholarly journals PACIFIC COD OF THE KURIL ISLANDS: STOCK AND CONTEMPORARY FISHING

Fisheries ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
pp. 44-51
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Zolotov ◽  
Nikolay Antonov ◽  
Olga Maznikova
Keyword(s):  
Kuril Islands ◽  
Pacific Cod ◽  
The North ◽  
Trawl Fishing ◽  
Northern Kuril Islands ◽  
The Kuril Islands ◽  
High Level ◽  
North And South ◽  
South Kuril Islands

The paper analyzes the long-term dynamics of stocks and annual catches of Pacific cod of the Kuril Islands, and also considers the structure of its modern fishery, taking into account the changes that have occurred in the organization of its coastal fishing in recent years. It was shown that the dynamics of commercial biomass of Pacific cod in the Northern and Southern Kuril Islands is comparable to that in 1975-2020 for groups in the southeastern part of the Bering Sea, the Karagin and Olyutor bays, on the shelf of Western Kamchatka, and in south-western Sakhalin. Development of the cod fishery in the North and South Kuril Islands in 1980-2019 went in accordance with the dynamics of stocks, the maximum catches were observed during the period of a high level of abundance of both groups in the 1980s. While the structure of the cod fishery on the shelf of the Northern Kuril Islands to date can be considered established, the development of fishing in the South Kuril Islands in the last two decades went by the gradual replacement of trawl fishing in the winter-spring period with snorkeling in the summer season.

Population fluctuations and recruitment in marine populations

1982 ◽  
Vol 297 (1087) ◽  
pp. 353-368 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
Japanese Sardine ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
The North ◽  
Natural Variations

This paper is not concerned with the effect of oil pollution as such, but sets out to consider the range of natural variation and the extent to which this might mask the effects of other factors such as possible pollutant effects. To detect the effect of a pollutant (or a change in fishing effort) it is necessary to allow for natural variations, both random and periodic. Some examples are given to illustrate the extent of natural variations, in a variety of marine populations. For Arcto-Norwegian cod, information is available on catches from about the middle of the last century to the present day. Large catches are about 3-6 times the size of small catches. The difference between large and small catches is about equal to the mean catch. Further, the time taken to change from a small to a large catch level is very variable. The Greenland cod provides an example of a stock that increased very considerably due to a northerly increase of the limits of distribution of the species. This increase was associated with a warm period in the North Atlantic and with increased catches. Many fish stocks and in particular many species of pelagic fishes, exhibit much larger fluctuations in stock size, e.g. the Hokkaido herring, the Japanese sardine, the Bohuslan herring, the Atlanto-Scandian herring and the Califonian anchovy and sardine. Fluctuations also occur in invertebrate species and evidence is given of changes that have occurred in North Sea phytoplankton and zooplankton. The Peruvian anchovy provides an example of a stock that decreased very considerably, due partly to fishing and partly to changes in the hydrographic regime that caused the fish to become more available for exploitation. Fluctuations in fish stocks are primarily due to fluctuations in recruitment. The factors affecting recruitment are not yet fully understood but are known to be determined during the first year of life and probably during the larval or early juvenile stages. Whatever the mechanism, however, it is the variations in recruitment that determine a very large part of the variations in adult fish stocks and hence it is variations in recruitment and the causes of these that are important. In conclusion, the examples show that natural communities can exhibit large natural fluctuations, of varying periodicity, in the long term. Apart from incidents where there is gross pollution, an effect of pollution can therefore only be convincingly demonstrated for those species for which background information is available for a long enough period to allow for long-term periodicity as well as for short-term and irregular variability.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF THE NORTH AND SOUTH KUZBASS AGGLOMERATIONS FEATURES TO JUSTIFY CONDITIONS FOR REGION LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT

2017 ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. Shabashev ◽  
◽  
Victor V. Barylnikov ◽  
Boris N. Medvedev ◽  
Valery A. Salikhov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The North ◽  
North And South

scholarly journals The Louisiana Amphibian Monitoring Program from 1997 to 2017: Results, analyses, and lessons learned

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257869
Author(s):  
Jacoby Carter ◽  
Darren Johnson ◽  
Jeff Boundy ◽  
William Vermillion
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The North ◽  
Osteopilus Septentrionalis ◽  
Species Lists ◽  
Demographic Patterns ◽  
North And South ◽  
Term Monitoring

To determine trends in either frog distribution or abundance in the State of Louisiana, we reviewed and analyzed frog call data from the Louisiana Amphibian Monitoring Program (LAMP). The data were collected between 1997 and 2017 using North American Amphibian Monitoring Program protocols. Louisiana was divided into three survey regions for administration and analysis: the Florida Parishes, and 2 areas west of the Florida parishes called North and South. Fifty-four routes were surveyed with over 12,792 stops and 1,066 hours of observation. Observers heard 26 species of the 31 species reported to be in Louisiana. Three of the species not heard were natives with ranges that did not overlap with survey routes. The other two species were introduced species, the Rio Grande Chirping Frog (Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides) and the Cuban Treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis). Both seem to be limited to urban areas with little to no route coverage. The 15 most commonly occurring species were examined in detail using the percentage of stops at which they observed along a given survey and their call indices. Most species exhibited a multimodal, concave, or convex pattern of abundance over a 15-year period. Among LAMP survey regions, none of the species had synchronous population trends. Only one group of species, winter callers, regularly co-occur. Based on the species lists, the North region could be seen as a subset of the South. However, based on relative abundance, the North was more similar to Florida parishes for both the winter and summer survey runs. Our analyses demonstrate that long-term monitoring (10 years or more) may be necessary to determine population and occupancy trends, and that frog species may have different local demographic patterns across large geographic areas.

To the Richest Go the Spoils? Immigration, Development, and the North-South Divide, 1970–2005

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-292
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Global South ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The North ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Global North ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
North And South

This paper empirically assesses, for the first time, the relationship between immigration and national economic development in both the global North and the global South. A series of panel models demonstrate that immigration exacerbates North-South inequalities through differential effects on average per capita incomes in the global North and global South. Immigration has positive effects on average incomes in both the North and the South, but the effect is larger in the global North. Thus the relationship between immigration and development evinces a Matthew Effect at the world level: by contributing to differential levels of economic development in the North and South, immigration widens international inequalities in the long term, resulting in the accumulation of advantage in the North. The implications of the results are discussed in the context theory and policy on the migration-development nexus.

scholarly journals Reciprocal Garden Study Reveals Acute Spatial-Edaphic Adaptation for Cycas micronesica

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Marler
Keyword(s):  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Local Genotypes ◽  
North And South

A long-term reciprocal garden study was used to determine adaptive variation between Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill plants from north versus south Guam. Half-siblings from each location were planted as one-leaf seedlings in north and south gardens and monitored for 15 years. Stem height and diameter, and leaf number and maximum length were measured yearly. Survival and plant size traits were evaluated using a two-way factorial. In both locations, the local genotypes out-performed the foreign genotypes in terms of survival and growth. Survival of the foreign genotypes began to decline by year 4 and was less than 10% by year 15. Survival of the local genotypes was 70% for the north garden and 100% for the south garden. The north site was more hostile to plant performance because overall survival and plant growth were less than for the south site. The most likely environmental factor provoking local adaptation was highly contrasting soil characteristics between north and south Guam. The results indicates that long-term conservation success for C. micronesica and other cycad species must include the concept of local adaptation into decisions for transplantation and restoration projects.

scholarly journals NEW JETTIES FOR TUNG-KANG FISHING HARBOR, TAIWAN

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (17) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Chi-Fu Su
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
The South ◽  
Littoral Drift ◽  
The North ◽  
Study Planning ◽  
South West ◽  
South West Coast ◽  
Three Rivers ◽  
North And South

Tung-Kang Fishing Harbor, which is about 16 km to the south of Kaohsiung Harbor, is a river harbor on the south-west coast of Taiwan. This harbor is located at the estuary of the Niu-Pu River, which meets the Tung- Kang River and the Kao-Ping River on the north side, (see Fig. 1) The original north and south jetties were constructed in 1959. Because the entrance is located at the meeting of the three rivers and the water depth at the entrance is shallower than that in the breaking zone, the entrance is easily chocked with sand during the summer season when the south-west wind and waves are strong. Therefore, dredging is always necessary to maintain the required depth. On. the other hand, because of the increasing number of fishing boats and deeper draft, the port cannot function effectively. There-fore, how to keep the required water depth at the entrance and to obtain a wider and stable water basin is an urgent problem with this harbor. Based on the sounding of 1973, the littoral drift is mainly from the south. In the next year the construction of a 176 m long new south jetty was begun to protect the entrance and to facilitate the sedimentation study. In 1975, the Taiwan Fisheries Consultants was appointed to undertake the investigation and long-term planning work. This project includes littoral process study, planning, model test and design. Finally it is recommended that an adequate layout of south and north jetties can solve the problem of accretation of the harbor entrance. The purpose of this paper is to describe some aspects with emphasis on how to prevent the shoaling of the entrance channel located at the meeting of the rivers.

scholarly journals DISTRIBUCIÓN ESPACIAL DEL ÍNDICE DE CONCENTRACIÓN DE PRECIPITACIÓN DIARIA EN LOS ANDES CENTRALES PERUANOS: VALLE DEL RIO MANTARO

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Zubieta ◽  
Miguel Saavedra
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Index ◽  
Daily Precipitation ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Precipitation Concentration ◽  
The North ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Del Rio ◽  
North And South ◽  
Rainy Days

Los altos porcentajes de concentración de precipitación diaria en pocos días, pueden incrementar el potencial de erosión, inestabilidad de laderas y riesgo de inundaciones, siendo estos problemas comunes en el Perú, por lo que es importante el conocimiento acerca de la precipitación a nivel diario. En este articulo, se ha llevado a cabo una investigación acerca de los patrones espaciales y temporales de la concentración de precipitación diaria en los andes centrales del Perú, mediante el índice de concentración (IC), que evalúa la variación de la valoración de precipitación diaria, la contribución de grandes lluvias a la cantidad total presentada. El índice es aplicado a una curva exponencial como Y = aX exp(bX ) , el cual ajusta el porcentaje acumulado de precipitación en Y contribuida por el porcentaje acumulado de días X llevado a cabo en un lugar, en el periodo 1964-2004, con el cual es posible generar superficies de concentración pluviométrica. Donde las máximas concentraciones registradas en el valle del rio Mantaro, posiblemente estén asociadas a la dinámica de los vientos, como la corriente de chorro de Sudamérica, que se adentran al valle proveniente del Norte y Sur. Donde el 25% de días más lluviosos representan el 60% o más de la cantidad total de días con lluvia. Palabras clave.-Índice de concentración, Precipitación diaria; Valle del rio Mantaro. ABSTRACTHigh percentages total precipitation concentration in a few very rainy days can increase the potential of erosion, instability and risks of floods, these problems are common in Peru. So it is important to know about the daily precipitation. This paper presents, an investigation of the spatial and temporal patterns of daily precipitation concentration, in central Andes of Perú, the Concentration index (CI) was evaluates measurement the varying weight of daily precipitation, the contribution of the days of greatest rainfall to the total amount. The index is applied to exponential curves such as Y = aX exp(bX), which adjust the accumulated percentages of precipitation Y contributed by the accumulated percentage of days X on which it took place, in the period 1964-2004, with which it is possible to generate concentration surfaces daily pluviometric. The highest concentrations recorded in the Mantaro river valley, may be associated with the dynamics of the winds as the stream in South America, leading into the valley from the north and south, where 25% of rainy days account for 60% or more of the total number of days with rain. Keywords.- Concentration index; Daily precipitation; Mantaro river valley.

scholarly journals Boko Haram Terrorism and a Threat to Right to Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Ayobami Samson Joshua
Keyword(s):  
Northern Region ◽  
Educational Opportunities ◽  
Right To Education ◽  
Boko Haram ◽  
The North ◽  
Nigerian Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
North And South

The government shall direct its policy towards giving to the citizens equal and adequate educational opportunities at all levels. Although, not classified as a fundamental right, this constitutional prescription remains at the forefront of the basic objectives of the Nigerian government; yet, despite this laudable objective, the Northern region of Nigeria has a consistent record of low enrolment rate of indigenous pupils in schools, thereby creating a noticeable disparity between the North and South of Nigeria in terms of education. It is against this background that this paper discusses the evolution, incidences and enabling circumstances of Boko Haram terrorism in Nigeria and its effects on education, particularly in the areas affected. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the long term consequences of the Boko Haram terrorism on the right to education, as guaranteed by the 1999 constitution, in the affected areas of Nigeria. The paper traces the origin and factors that aided the Boko Haram terrorism. It also considers the extent of the effectiveness of the response of the Nigerian government in tackling the problem. The findings prove that, although the response of the government has been active, yet it has not been effective in curtailing the terrorist activities. This has negatively impacted on education in the affected areas of the Northern Nigeria. The paper suggested measures to address the problem.

Periodic Variation of the North-South Asymmetry of Solar Activity Phenomena

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 173-176
Author(s):  
V. K. Verma
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Periodic Variation ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
The North ◽  
Sunspot Data ◽  
Flare Index ◽  
North And South ◽  
South Asymmetry

AbstractWe report here a study of various solar activity phenomena occurring in both north and south hemispheres of the Sun during solar cycles 8–23. In the study we have used sunspot data for the period 1832–1976, flare index data for the period 1936–1993, Hα flare data 1993–1998 and solar active prominences data for the period 1957–1998. Earlier Verma reported long-term cyclic period in N-S asymmetry and also that the N-S asymmetry of solar activity phenomena during solar cycles 21, 22, 23 and 24 will be south dominated and the N-S asymmetry will shift to north hemisphere in solar cycle 25. The present study shows that the N-S asymmetry during solar cycles 22 and 23 are southern dominated as suggested by Verma.

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