scholarly journals DEFINITION OF A TIMBRE OF A SINGING VOICE: FACH VOICE CLASSIFICATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-122
Author(s):  
Sofia Fedotova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Personal Interest ◽  
Singing Voice ◽  
Italian School ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Voice Classification ◽  
Physical Capacities ◽  
Russian Opera ◽  
The Voice

Timbre of a singing voice is a multifaceted and difficult concept considered by researchers in aspects of acoustics, physiology, specifics of opera singing and expressiveness of an opera image. Vocal methodical literature contains certain criteria for definition of type of voice. However, due to the variety of voices, timbres and physical capacities of singers, the individual approach to each voice is necessary. In addition, the voice definition problem can be complicated by defects of sound formation, which only can avoid few beginner vocalists. The main classification of voices was formed gradually, it developed by the XVII century, in process of development of opera art by vocal researchers a new subtypes in each type of a voice were allocated. In the article are shown some of the existing approaches to classification of the types of singing voices which choice was determined by a personal interest and availability of sources to the author. The separate section of the article is devoted to the classification of opera voices by the Fach system used in Europe, which is somewhat similar to classifications of masters of the Italian school and the Soviet researchers, but it is more differentiated, connects subtypes of a voice not only with characteristics of timbre, but also diverse skills of actors and texture of singers, and also contains examples of the opera parties not extended on the Russian opera scene – which represented the interest to the author.

What is Epilepsy?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Schmidt ◽  
Simon Shorvon
Keyword(s):  
Epileptic Seizure ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Cultural Connotation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

The definition of disease is not straightforward. Whilst an epileptic seizure—a symptom—can be considered as an electrochemical cerebral phenomenon, defining epilepsy is more difficult. It is more than just a strictly medical and mechanical brain disorder, but has signification that extends beyond the individual, and has societal and cultural connotation. Disease is sometimes considered to be defined by causation, but deciding what is cause in epilepsy is also a complicated question. The distinction between disability and disease can also be blurred. If definition is difficult, so inevitably is classification. John Hughlings Jackson made the famous distinction between the classification of a gardener and a botanist and the lessons he drew still apply today. The sometimes baffling controversies in this area are dissected, within the context of their historical evolution since the time of Jackson.

scholarly journals To the Question on the Nature of Military Threats and Non-Military Responses

2015 ◽  
pp. 133-142
Author(s):  
S. R. Tsyrendorzhjyev
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Common Task ◽  
Military Security ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Military

The notion of "military danger, military threats, military and non-military measures to Parry, and other definitions from the policy of the State to ensure the military security of the now widely used in journalism, conceptual, other documents and research. The attentive reader it is not difficult to notice the ambiguity in the interpretation of these concepts. This makes it difficult to not only the perception of the relevant topics for ensuring military security publications, but also the development of the theory and practice of ensuring the defence and security of the State. The author's view on the essence of the reasoning logic of non-military measures to counter military threats, as the ultimate goal of the article is the following.First the task of analyzing the concept of "national security", "object of national security" and understand the functions of the State, society and the individual to ensure national security. Decomposition of an object of national security, which is "national property" (the content of the concepts described in the article) has made it possible to substantiate the basis for classification of national security threats and with better understanding of the nature, variety, Genesis. This provided a rationale for the role and the place of the tasks ensuring military security in the common task of ensuring national security, the correlation of military and non-military threats.The final phase of the research, the results of which are set out in the article is devoted to analysis of military threats, which made it possible to identify their main structural elements: source, media, military-political and strategic nature, install the main factors defining the content of these elements and their interaction. Based on these results, the proposed definition of the essence of non-military measures for counteracting of military threats, as well as guidelines for developing these measures.

scholarly journals Financial law enforcement acts in Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
E. Ruskowski
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
System Method ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Administrative Courts ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

The subject. The paper is devoted to the classification of financial law enforcement acts issued in Poland.The purpose of the paper is a typological analysis of the financial law enforcement acts in Poland depending on the subjects who issues such acts.The methodology. General scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison were used. The system method made it possible to regularize a set of financial law enforcement acts, taking into account the subjects of law enforcement in Poland. The functional approach made it possible to identify the types of financial law enforcement acts, depending on their role in the system of law enforcement in Poland.The main results and scope of their application. The definition of the financial law enforcement act is proposed. Classification of subjects of financial law enforcement in Poland is carried out, their powers are covered and characteristics of the individual legal acts issued by them are al-located. The proposed qualitative analysis of law enforcement acts adopted in Poland may be-come a starting point for research in the field of financial law theory and comparative law.Conclusions. A financial law enforcement act is an act issued on the basis of the current rules of financial law by the authorized bodies, establishing or determining – in respect of an individual addressee – the rights and (or) obligations in a particular case in the field of public finance, or preparing their establishment or determination.The subjects applying the norms of financial law, can be divided into: bodies of financial ad-ministration, the courts (primarily administrative courts) and quasi-judicial bodies (e.g. the Commission, considering cases of violation of discipline of public finance). The first group of bodies issues decisions and orders (financial and legal acts), the bodies of the second group issue court decisions and court orders, the bodies of the third group issue decisions.The role of administrative courts in the financial law enforcement is significant. Significant number of financial cases, particularly concerning individual interpretations, in the total number of cases considered by such courts is an evidence.

scholarly journals Historical and pedagogical analysis of the process of global digitalization of education

2021 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 12036
Author(s):  
Tatiana Rezer
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Pedagogical Analysis ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Education Concept

The purpose of the article is to conduct a historical and pedagogical analysis of the process of global digitalization of education, to determine the stages of this phenomenon, and to highlight the features of online learning. The objectives of the study are the analysis of sources on the digitalization of education, the definition of the “global digitalization of education” concept, the classification of the stages of this digitalization, and the definition of the main aspects of online learning. The methodology is the use of a comparative analysis of theoretical and practical sources of global digitalization of education. The lack of attention in modern research to the disclosure of the historical and pedagogical subject of this phenomenon was identified. The method of theoretical analysis was used to identify new realities in the educational process. The main aspects of the global digitalization of education were identified by applying the method of deduction and historical and pedagogical analysis. These aspects were classified to positive and negative lists by their impact on the participants of the educational process The global digitalization of education is the technical and technological development of civilization, as a result of which there was a change in informational social development according to the scheme: informatization-digitalization-artificial intelligence. It led to the new forms of thinking and socialization of the individual in the digital educational environment. The phasing is from the 60s of the last century and to the present, due to the rapid technological progress.

scholarly journals The Evolution Of Disability Among Surveys In Spain

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Meseguer-Santamaria ◽  
Manuel Vargas-Vargas ◽  
Jose Mondejar Jimenez
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
International Classification Of Functioning ◽  
Disability And Health ◽  
National Surveys ◽  
The Social ◽  
Empirical Measurement ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Individual

The definition of the word disability is controversial, due to his complexity and multidimensionality. The successive disability models and their empirical measurement in the diverse health national surveys vary greatly. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (World Health Organization, 2001), known as the ICF, sees disability as the outcome of interactions between the features of the individual and the physical, social, and attitudinal world. This approach has the dual advantage of stressing the social context in which individuals are enabled or excluded while not ruling out the roles of bodies and medicine. In this paper, we analyze the evolution of the measurement of disability among three health national surveys in Spain.

scholarly journals The Italian School Psychologists’ Role: A Qualitative Study about Professional Practices and Representations

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1134-1155
Author(s):  
Claudia Meroni ◽  
Laura Fagnani ◽  
Emanuela Confalonieri ◽  
Davide Baventore ◽  
Veronica Velasco
Keyword(s):  
School Psychologists ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Italian School ◽  
Whole School ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
Whole School Approach ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Advance Knowledge

School psychologists’ relevance has been broadly affirmed. However, there is no shared definition of their professional role, and more efforts are needed to promote an organisational and whole-school approach. The present study aims to investigate practices and representations of Italian school psychologists, advance knowledge of the status and development of school psychology, and learn more about the approaches currently adopted in schools. A qualitative method was used and 11 focus groups with a total of 86 participants were carried out. Ad hoc instruments were defined. The results highlighted that school psychologists are more focused on building one-on-one relationships, whereas relationships with the organisation as a whole appear to be more difficult. However, participants reported a wide range of activities, targeted to both the individual and the organisation. Moreover, efforts to strengthen the relationships with school principals and the entire school community were described. Specific needs emerged and the necessity to better define the school psychologists’ role was reported by the participants. More efforts are needed to promote an organisational approach among Italian school psychologists and specific training should be offered.

INGROUP BIAS AND SELF-ESTEEM: A META ANALYSIS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Aberson
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Ingroup Bias ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Social Identity Theory contains two seemingly incompatible predictions regarding the relationship between self-esteem and ingroup bias. The first focuses on low self-esteem as motivation for bias, predicting that low self-esteem individuals exhibit more ingroup bias. The second posits that high self-esteem results from exhibiting bias, thus, high self-esteem individuals exhibit greater bias. A meta analysis examined the relationship between self-esteem and ingroup bias. Additionally, the project examined methodological issues such as the lack of consistency in measurement of self-esteem, artificial dichotomization of self-esteem scores, classification of individuals as low self-esteem, and theoretical considerations such as the use of different ingroup bias strategies and the role of social category salience. Thirty-four studies yielding 102 effect sizes from 6660 subjects were included in the analysis.Results indicated a consistent pattern whereby high self-esteem individuals exhibited more ingroup bias than did individuals with low self-esteem. However, this result was moderated by ingroup bias strategy. When using ingroup bias strategies that required ratings of ingroup superiority, high self-esteem individuals showed more ingroup bias than individuals with low self-esteem. However, when using "indirect" strategies, such as rating groups that the individual did not contribute to, differences between low and high self-esteem individuals were not found. This result leads to the conclusion that both groups exhibit ingroup bias; however, individuals with low self-esteem are limited in the types of bias they exhibit. The pattern of results held for all self-esteem measures except for the Collective Self-Esteem Scale (CSES). No differences between low and high self-esteem individuals were found when scores on the CSES defined self-esteem. These results may however be an artifact of interactions with social identity salience. Methodological shortcomings were found in the definition of low self-esteem. Individuals were most commonly classified as "low self-esteem" based on median splits of self-esteem scores. This strategy resulted in classification of some individuals as low self-esteem despite relatively high self-esteem scores. Results of the current analysis are interpreted as indicating that individual level phenomena such as self-esteem may be predictive of group level behaviors. Implications for social identity theories are discussed.

scholarly journals INTERTEXTUALITY IN THE POETIC LANGUAGE OF MAXYM RYLSKYI

2020 ◽  
pp. 114-122
Author(s):  
Alyona PALASH
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Empty Space ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Topical Issue ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

Problem’s setting. The problem of interpretation and research of the term “intertextuality” today is a topical issue of philosophy, literary criticism, linguistics, modern Ukrainian linguistic poetics, and stylistics of the text. That is, no text can be created in an empty space, it must have an intertextual relationship with other works or texts. Analysis of recent studies. The theoretical basis for the study formed works in the field of modern linguistics, in particular, Robert de Bogrand, Alexander Veselovsky, Olga Vorobyova, Wolfgang Dressler, Alexander Potebnya considered “intertextuality” as a textual category; Yuri Lotman, Vladimir Lukin – as a prerequisite for textuality; Lyudmyla Babenko, Suren Zolyan, Larysa Omelchenko, Natalia Fateeva – as means of its implementation in specific texts. Objective of the research. The purpose of the work is to analyze the external and internal connections of the literary text of Maksym Rylsky and the means of their realization in the explicitly intertextual process of the text’s existence. The main part. The article studies the peculiarities of the artistic embodiment of intertextuality in the poems of Maxim Rylsky; the definition of intertext in a broad and narrow sense is traced; the classification of the intertextuality of Jennet is singled out. The focus is on the separation of language units, intertextual components in the language of Maxim Rylsky; examples and quotations, allusions, titles, epigraphs, hints, genre connection of texts, references to the pretext in the artist’s creative work are given and analyzed. Conclusions. Research and analysis of the intertextuality of the artist’s poetics show that in a new way the comprehension and depiction of quotations, allusions, epigraphs, titles, hints, paraphrases become differential features of the individual author’s style.

scholarly journals Comparative semantic analysis of Russian and English sayings and proverbs

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Ivanovich Ohrimenko ◽  
Ekaterina Valerevna Dvorak
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Cultures

The authors of the article present a brief comparative semantic analysis to define the similarities and differences between Russian and English proverbs and sayings, studying not only their semantic meaning, but also literary perception and understanding. The authors emphasize the subjectivity of perception and pay attention to the individual association of images common to two different cultures. The originality of this work is not only in the comparative assessment of Russian and English proverbs and sayings, but also in the definition of similarities and differences in the perception of the worldview of the two cultures, in an attempt to understand the reasons for this difference, as well as the causes and consequences of different approaches to the understanding of life facts. The authors point out the connection of the unknown with the already known, and this unknown is precisely a metaphysical approach to the already known stylistic techniques. A classification of folk sayings is built on the specific examples and the hypothesis about interaction of the national mentality and cultural-historical development is put forward. The authors emphasize that proverbs and sayings are not only a cultural achievement, but also a means of comparative cultural and linguistic analysis.

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