scholarly journals Early Years Math: A Study with Undergraduates in Mathematics based on the Principles of Cultural - Historical Theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 84-101
Author(s):  
Camila Porto Giacomelli ◽  
Anemari Roesler Luersen Vieira Lopes

Background: It is common the idea that the responsibility for learning mathematics worked in the first years of schooling rests solely with the teacher at this stage. This is a mistake since these contents run throughout basic education, and it is important that teachers at other levels understand the mathematics of the early years of elementary school. Objectives: The article aims to discuss the knowledge of mathematics undergraduate students about mathematics in the early years of elementary school. Design: The theoretical and methodological support is based on the assumptions of cultural-historical theory (CHT), which shows that the subject develops and impacts the reality where he/she lives by interactions with others through the acquired knowledge. Setting and participants: The study space consisted of workshops on the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, carried out in the project “Knowing the mathematics taught in the early years” and the participants were seven undergraduates from the mathematics degree course. Data collection and analysis: The empirical data were systematised by the organization of the episode "Understanding the teaching of basic mathematics", composed of four scenes. Results: They reveal that when it comes to teaching mathematics in the early years, students show a weakness in relation to basic mathematical knowledge and didactic knowledge to teach them. Conclusions: Although the results come from a specific context, we concluded that it is important for mathematics undergraduates to be able to discuss mathematics teaching in all stages of basic education.

Author(s):  
Mariana Lima Duro ◽  
Danielle Cenci

Resumo: A gênese do número em crianças é um estudo que merece destaque quando tratamos da linguagem matemática nos anos iniciais, visto que a não compreensão deste conceito remete a dificuldades de aprendizagem na área da matemática. Sendo assim, entendemos que este estudo pode contribuir para a prevenção e para a intervenção de educadores no intuito de minimizar essas dificuldades. Este estudo busca responder ao seguinte questionamento: “O que garante dizer que uma criança, ao contar verbalmente uma sequência numérica, tenha de fato constituída a noção do número?” Através dos estudos realizados por Piaget, procuramos abordar alguns pontos que devam ser considerados pelos educadores, a fim de responder a este questionamento. Para isso, apresentamos um experimento prático que visa compreender as noções de conservação de quantidades contínuas. Em seguida, detalhamos a análise quanto às possíveis respostas dos sujeitos e aos três diferentes níveis de pensamento descritos por Piaget e Szeminska (1971). Por fim, discutimos sobre as implicações que a não compreensão do número acarreta no ensino e na aprendizagem de matemática nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental. De fato, o que se observa é que a não compreensão do número por parte das crianças pode vir a interferir em toda sua trajetória de aprendizagem matemática. Palavras-chave: Epistemologia Genética. Matemática. Construção do número. MATHEMATIC LANGUAGE IN THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL: CONSTRUCTION OF A NUMBER ACCORDING PIAGET Abstract: The genesis of the number in children is a study that intends to be highlighted when we think about the language of mathematics in the Elementary school, seeing as the non-understanding of this concept refers to learning difficulties in mathematics. Thus, we understand that this study can contribute to the the intervention of educators in order to minimize these difficulties. This study seeks to answer the following question: “What guaranties saying that a child when verbally counting a numeric sequence has in fact the notion of the number constituted?” Through the studies conducted by Piaget, we seek to address a few pointers that should be considered by educators, in order to answer to this question. For such, we present a practical experiment which aims to comprehend the notions of conservation of continuous quantities. Afterwards, we detail the analysis as to the possible answers from the subjects and the three different thinking levels described by Piaget and Szeminska (1971). Lastly, we discuss the implications that the non understanding of the number cause on the teaching and the learning of mathematics in the early years of the basic education. Indeed, what is observed is that the non understanding of the numbers by part of the children may interfere in the whole of their mathematical learning. Keywords: Genetic Epistemology. Mathematics. Construction of the number.  


2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansari Saleh Ahmar ◽  
Abdul Rahman ◽  
Andi Nurani Mangkawani Arifin ◽  
Dewi Satria Ahmar ◽  
M. Agus ◽  
...  

One of causal factors for uninterested feeling of the students in learning mathematics is a monotonous learning method, like in traditional learning method. One of the ways for motivating students to learn mathematics is by implementing APIQ (Aritmetika Plus Intelegensi Quantum) creative mathematics game method. The purposes of this research are (1) to describe students’ responses toward the implementation of APIQ creative mathematics game method on the subject matter of Greatest Common Factor (GCF) and Least Common Multiple (LCM) and (2) to find out whether by implementing this method, the student’s learning completeness will improve or not. Based on the results of this research, it is shown that the responses of the students toward the implementation of APIQ creative mathematics game method in the subject matters of GCF and LCM were good. It is seen in the percentage of the responses were between 76-100%. (2) The implementation of APIQ creative mathematics game method on the subject matters of GCF and LCM improved the students’ learning.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 2401-2410
Author(s):  
Dayse Grassi Bernardon

RESUMO Esta pesquisa se inseriu no Programa Observatório da Educação – CAPES/INEP – em que atuamos como pesquisadora voluntária (2014-2016) dentro do Projeto Institucional, intitulado Formação Continuada para professores da educação básica nos anos iniciais: ações voltadas para a alfabetização em municípios com baixo IDEB da região Oeste do Paraná. Este estudo objetivou verificar se os momentos de formação continuada em Língua Portuguesa ofertado para professores de Educação Básica (anos iniciais), em 2011 e 2012, em um dos municípios participantes do Observatório da Educação, contribuíram significativamente para o trabalho do professor no que se refere à leitura e diagnóstico de textos escritos produzidos por seus alunos e à condução da prática de reescrita do texto. Para isso, problematizamos a pesquisa a partir do seguinte questionamento: os conteúdos abordados durante as ações de formação continuada, mais especificamente no que se refere à condução da prática de reescrita de texto, contribuíram para o trabalho do professor em sala de aula na avaliação diagnóstica de textos escritos pelos alunos? Esse estudo se insere dentro da Linguística Aplicada sustentado pela pesquisa qualitativa de base etnográfica. Todavia, nesse momento, para a análise, fizemos um recorte dos dados gerados, focalizando, especificamente, os resultados das entrevistas realizadas com os professores atuantes nos 4os. e 5os. anos do ensino fundamental que obtiveram mais de 80% de frequência nos encontros de formação continuada. Para sustentarmos teoricamente nosso estudo, nos pautamos em Bakhtin (2003), Bakhtin/Volochinov (2004), Costa-Hübes (2008), Geraldi (2013) dentre outros autores.   ABSTRACT This research was inserted of the Education Observatory Program -CAPES / INEP – in which we are volunteer researchers (2014-2016) within the Institutional Project entitled Continuing Education for teachers of basic education in the early years: actions for literacy to towns with low IDEB on the West region of Paraná. This study aimed at to verify if the moments of continuous education in the Portuguese language offered to teachers of Basic Education (early years) in 2011 and 2012, in one of the towns which participates in the Education Observatory, contributed significantly to the work of teachers regarding reading and diagnosis of written texts produced by their students and the conduct of the practice of rewriting the text. For this, we problematize the research with the following question: the content addressed during the actions of continuing education, more specifically the ones related to the conduct of the practice of rewriting text, contributed to the work of the teacher in the classroom in the diagnostic evaluation of texts written by students? This study is inserted in the Applied Linguistics supported by qualitative ethnographic research. However, at this time, for the analysis, we made a cutout of the data generated, specifically focusing on the results of interviews with teachers, working in 4th. and 5th. grades of elementary school who obtained more than 80% attendance at meetings in continuing education. For theoretically sustaining our study, we based ourselves in Bakhtin (2003), Bakhtin / Voloshinov (2004), Costa-Hübes (2008), Geraldi (2013) among other authors.  


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
Nurlinda Safitri ◽  
Lia Octaviani

This research is about the correlation study with the school literacy as independent variable and result of learning mathematics as dependent variable. The main purposes of the research is for find out relation between school literacy with result of learning mathematics. The research implemented at March 2018 and use survey research with correlational approachment. The subject on the research are students four grade in the Situsari 01 Elementary School with 101 students. Sampling from formula calculation is 50 student using Taro Yamane formula with 10%. The technique of data analysis are regretion technique analysis and simple correlation. Regretion technique analysis and simple correlation produce a relation model otherwise in type equation Ŷ = -22,12 + 0,86x, with Fhitung is 48 bigger than Ftabel with the real level 0,05 with 4,04, and be based on contribution the outcomes of research is 94%, so can summed up that there is a positive and significant relation between school literacy with result of learning mathematics.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-189
Author(s):  
ENDAH SULISTYORINI

This research is aiming for design learning media that can increase students ' interest in learning mathematics and help learners understand math problems in the form of story problems. This Learning media product contains material that covers the standards of competency to understand the material of class V SD. The research method used is ASSURE, consisting of: (1) Analyze learner characteristics; (2) State performance objectives; (3) Select, modify or design media, (4) Utilize Technology, Media, and Material; (5) Require learner response; and (6) Evaluate and revision. The subject in this study was a student of class V elementary School 16 Pondok Labu, the respondent in this study of 20 Students for field trials on comic media mathematics. Data collection instrument in the form of validation sheet for field experts (practitioners), linguists, material experts, media experts, development experts, and student field test results of class V elementary School. The results of this study indicate that: (1) The resulting comic media Based on the Math learning Class V Elementary School; (2) Mathematics comic Media developed very good category for use by students in class V, and (3) learning with the Learning Media Mathematics comic can make it easier for learners to understand the story and can Motivation to learn learners ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendesain media pembelajaran yang dapat meningkatkan minat peserta didik dalam belajar matematika dan membantu peserta didik dalam memahami soal matematika dalam bentuk soal cerita. Produk media pembelajaran ini memuat materi yang mencangkup dalam standar kompetensi untuk memahami materi kelas V SD. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah ASSURE, yang terdiri dari : (1) Menganalisis Karakteristik Pembelajaran; (2) Menentukan Standard dan Tujuan; (3) Memilih Strategi, Teknologi, Media dan Bahan ajar, (4) Menggunakan Teknologi, Media dan Bahan Ajar; (5) Mengembangkan Partisipasi Peserta Didik; dan (6) Mengevaluasi dan Merevisi. Subyek dalam penelitian ini adalah peserta didik kelas V SD Negeri 16 Pondok Labu, responden dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 20 peserta didik untuk uji coba lapangan terhadap media komik matematika. Instrumen pengumpulan data berupa lembar validasi untuk ahli bidang studi (praktisi), ahli bahasa, ahli materi, ahli media, ahli pengembangan, dan hasil uji lapangan peserta didik kelas V SD. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa: (1) Dihasilkan media komik berbasis Budaya pada pembelajaran matematika kelas V SD; (2) Media komik matematika yang dikembangkan berkategori sangat baik untuk digunakan oleh peserta didik SD kelas V, dan (3) pembelajaran dengan media pembelajaran komik matematika dapat mempermudah peserta didik dalam memahami soal cerita serta dapat meningkatkan motivasi belajar peserta didik.


PARADIGMA ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 510-536
Author(s):  
Eurivalda R. dos S. Santana ◽  
Pedro Henrique Milagre

El objetivo principal de este artículo es analizar la estructura de las situaciones problemáticas que dan sentido a los conceptos de proporción simple, clase uno para muchos, desarrollada por docentes desde el comienzo de la escuela primaria, durante un proceso formativo. Para alcanzar este objetivo, nos apoyamos en la Teoría de Campos Conceptuales y la Formulación de Problemas. En este estudio participaron cuatro docentes que trabajaron en el segundo ciclo de escuela primaria y participaron de un proceso formativo en el ámbito del Programa Observatorio de la Educación. Los instrumentos utilizados para la recolección de datos fueron: elaboración inicial y final de situaciones problemáticas y audios de las reuniones formativas. Para el análisis se utilizaron categorías y subcategorías que surgieron de los marcos teóricos y los datos. Los resultados indican que, al inicio del proceso formativo, más de la mitad de las situaciones presentaban falta de información y el resto, aunque suficientes, contenían errores de puntuación, ortografía y regencia verbal. Al final del proceso formativo, se observó una reducción de situaciones con ausencia de información, especialmente en aquellas que no especificaron la división, lo que puede estar relacionado con las discusiones brindadas en la capacitación sobre la necesidad de observar la estructura del enunciado de una situación. problema, buscando presentar información clara que facilite la comprensión durante la resolución.Palabras clave: Proporción simple. Elaboración de situaciones problemáticas. Educación primaria. Formación de profesores.ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE OF PROBLEM SITUATIONS ELABORATED BY TEACHERS IN A FORMATIVE PROCESSAbstractThis article has as main objective to analyze the structure of the problem situations that give meaning to the concepts of simple proportion, class one for many, elaborated by teachers of the early years of elementary school, during a formative process. To reach this goal, we contribute in Conceptual Field Theory and Problem Formulation. Four teachers who worked in the second cycle of basic education took part in this study and participated in a training process within the scope of the Education Observatory Program. The instruments used for data collection were: initial and final elaboration of problem situations and audios of the formative meetings. For the analysis, categories and subcategories that emerged from the theoretical frameworks and data were used. The results indicate that, at the beginning of the training process, more than half of the situations presented lack of information and the rest, although sufficient, contained errors in punctuation, spelling and verbal regency. At the end of the training process, there was a reduction in situations with an absence of information, especially in those that did not specify the division, which may be related to the discussions provided in the training on the need to observe the structure of the statement of a problem situation, seeking to present clear information that facilitates understanding during resolution.Key words: Simple proportion. Elaboration of problem situations. Elementary School. Teacher training.ANÁLISE DA ESTRUTURA DE SITUAÇÕES-PROBLEMA ELABORADAS POR PROFESSORES EM UM PROCESSO FORMATIVOResumoEste artigo tem como objetivo principal analisar a estrutura das situações-problema que dão sentido aos conceitos de proporção simples, classe um para muitos, elaboradas por professores dos anos inicias do ensino fundamental, durante um processo formativo. Para alcançar esse objetivo, aportamo-nos na Teoria dos Campos Conceituais e na Formulação de Problemas. Fizeram parte deste estudo quatro professores que atuavam no segundo ciclo do ensino fundamental e participaram de um processo formativo no âmbito do Programa Observatório da Educação. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta de dados foram: inicial e final de elaboração de situações-problema e áudios dos encontros formativos. Para a análise, foram utilizadas categorias e subcategorias que emergiram dos referenciais teóricos e dos dados. Os resultados indicam que, no início do processo formativo, mais da metade das situações apresentavam ausência de informações e, as demais, embora sendo suficientes, continham erros de pontuação, ortografia e regência verbal. No fim do processo formativo, houve uma redução das situações com ausência de informações, em especial, naquelas que não especificavam a divisão, o que pode ter relação com as discussões oportunizadas na formação sobre a necessidade se observar a estrutura do enunciado de uma situação-problema, buscando apresentar informações claras que facilitem a compreensão durante a resolução.Palavras-chave: Proporção simples. Elaboração de situações-problema. Ensino fundamental. Formação de professores.


Author(s):  
Zulkarnain ◽  
Susda Heleni

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) menyelidiki penerapan kurikulum 2013 pada pendidikan dasar di Pekanbaru dan (2) menyelidiki kendala yang dihadapi oleh guru pada pendidikan dasar di Pekanbaru dalam menerapkan kurikulum 2013. Ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yang menggambarkan penerapan kurikulum 2013 oleh para guru di pendidikan dasar di Pekanbaru dan kendala yang mereka hadapi. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah enam pendidikan dasar di Pekanbaru yang menerapkan kurikulum 2013. Subjek adalah Sekolah Dasar 36 sebagai sekolah yang memiliki kelompok belajar besar, sekolah dasar 160 sebagai sekolah yang memiliki kelompok belajar sedang, sekolah dasar 134 sebagai sekolah yang memiliki kelompok belajar kecil, SMA 1, SMA 6, dan SMA 23. Data dikumpulkan dengan mengamati pembelajaran dan mewawancarai para guru dan kepala sekolah. Data yang dianalisis menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran berbasis kurikulum 2013 di sekolah dasar di Pekanbaru belum berjalan dengan baik. Ada beberapa kendala dalam menerapkan kurikulum 2013 dalam pendidikan dasar di Pekanbaru seperti, (1) pemahaman guru masih kurang dari kurikulum 2013; (2) belum ada perubahan "pola pikir" guru untuk pembelajaran kurikulum 2013; (3) sinkronisasi antara guru kelas dan guru PJOK belum terjadi; dan (4) para guru belum memahami penilaian otentik pada kurikulum 2013.   This research aims to (1) investigate the implementation of curriculum 2013 at basic education in Pekanbaru and (2) investigate the obstacles which faced by teachers at basic education in Pekanbaru implementing the curriculum 2013. This is a qualitative descriptive study which describing the implementation of curriculum 2013 by teachers at basic education in Pekanbaru and the obstacles which they faced. The subject in this study were six basic education in Pekanbaru which implementing the curriculum 2013 The subjects are the elementary School 36 as the school which having large study group, the elementary school 160 as the school which having medium study group, the elementary school 134 as the school which having small study group, yunior high school 1, yunior high school 6, and yunior high school 23. The data was collected by observing the learning and interviewing the teachers and headmaster. The analyzed data showed that the learning based of curriculum 2013 at elementary school in Pekanbaru had not gone well yet. There were some obstacles on implementing curriculum 2013 in basic education in Pekanbaru such as, (1) the understanding of teacher was still less to the curriculum 2013; (2) there is no change of “mindset” of teacher to the learning of curriculum 2013 yet; (3) the sychronization between the class teacher and the PJOK teacher is not happened yet; and (4) the teachers did not understand the authentic assessment on curriculum 2013 yet.


2015 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
K. W.M. Etcheverria et al

Introduction: Biochemistry is the science that deals with the metabolic functions of living beings. In its concepts, it uses chemistry and biology to study the interactions of organisms with the environment. For basic education students is often complex the association of biochemistry with their daily lives, especially in elementary school where they have their first contact with science in school and the didactic book will serve as an important tool for research. Thus, this work aims to analyze qualitatively content related to biochemistry in science books of the final years of elementary school. Methods: We analyzed six science books used in elementary school, and the following criteria were examined: clarity and language presented on the inserted content; resolutions and images shown subtitles, and interdisciplinarity of matters. Results and discussion: The books of the sixth and fifth years were those who achieved the expected learning goals. The first of then made a very good presentation of the content and the images, addressing the subject in an interdisciplinary way. However, the second one is well below in the analyzed criteria, bringing the matter in a vague writing, and failing in associate the content with other assumptions themes. The images had a very low quality and their explanations were difficult to associate. Conclusion: We can say that the biochemistry content are complex, however its development from the beginning of primary education contributes to overcoming the complexity of their understanding. The analysis of the books brought a result that was expected. Only one book had significantly positive results in all analyzed characteristics, the other books had some very good aspects, but in several details, they were vague and poorly contextualized. Approaching the school sciences to the student every day we can demystify scientific knowledge and its production.


Author(s):  
Paula Ricelle Oliveira ◽  
André Ricardo Barbosa Duarte

Resumo: O presente trabalho pretende analisar em seis livros didáticos do Ensino Fundamental como é compendiada a história da cultura dos negros no Brasil com o objetivo de apresentar elementos iniciais para futuras discussões acerca da implementação do ensino de história e cultura afrodescendente no âmbito da educação básica escolar nos termos da lei nº 10.639/2003. Nesse sentido, vale destacar que o livro didático tem sido, desde meados do século XIX, um dos principais instrumentos de trabalho do professor na sala de aula e sua difusão e uso torna-se mais efetivo a partir da outorga de distribuição gratuita através do Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD) do governo federal. Portanto, no escopo desse artigo, é apresentado e considerado que os livros didáticos adotados pelos professores passem por periódicas análises e atualizações. Dessa forma, o objetivo do estudo é apresentar uma análise comparativa da história e da cultura dos afrodescendentes nos livros didáticos brasileiros, antes e depois da lei nº 10.639/2003, descrevendo como é abordado o tema no Ensino Fundamental, revelando a participação e a contribuição da raça negra na construção da memória e identidade brasileiras. Neste estudo, os livros selecionados são aqueles listados no “Guia do PNLD” e seus conteúdos são avaliados a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica que aborda o livro didático como um objeto cultural. Palavras-chave: Afrodescendentes. Livro didático. Cultura. TEXTBOOKS OF HISTORY IN THE CONTEXT OF LAW No. 10.639/2003: SOME CONTRIBUTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS FOR ANALYSIS OF EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS AND RESULTS AFTER LAW Abstract: This paper discusses how the cultural history of blacks in Brazil is written from six textbooks of elementary school in order to make initial elements for future discussions on implementing the teaching of history and afro-descendant culture within the basic education school in accordance with law No. 10.639/2003. The textbook has been, since the mid-nineteenth century, one of the main instruments of labor of the teacher in the classroom and whose use becomes more effective from the mandatory of free distribution by the National Textbook Program of the federal government. Therefore, in this study, is presented and considered that textbooks adopted by teachers undergo regular reviews and updates. Thus, the aim of this study is to present a comparative analysis of the history and culture of afro-descendants in Brazilian textbooks before and after the law No 10.639/2003, describing how the subject is approached in elementary school, revealing the participation and contribution of the black race in the construction of memory and Brazilian identity. This study examines the books listed in the "Guide PNLD" and its contents are evaluated with focus on the review of literature dealing with the textbook as a cultural object. Keywords: Afro-descendants. Textbook. Culture.


2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
Rokhaniyah Rokhaniyah

This study aims to determine the problems that occur in learning mathematics about fractions and find ways to solve these problems. The focus of the problem under study is "How to improve Mathematics Learning Outcomes of Fractions of Class V Students in Tanjung Kulon Elementary School, Jatilawang District, Banyumas Regency". This research was conducted using observations from peers, an indicator of increased learning outcomes with quantitative data. As the subject of the study was the fifth grade of SD Tunjung Kulon Elementary School. With a total of 20 students, the time for implementing the action consists of three cycles per cycle. Using the Interactive Learning Model. The results showed an increase in learning outcomes, the initial condition of the completeness level was only 20% after the improvement was made to be 85%, it could be stated that the improvement was successful.


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