scholarly journals The Concepts of “Tool”, “Psychological Tool”, “Sign” and Their Relationship

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-131
Author(s):  
V.N. Pavlenko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Joint Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Collective Activity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Alternative Version ◽  
The Individual

The article focuses on a number of key concepts for cultural-historical psychology — ‘tool’, ‘psychological tool’, ‘sign’ — and their relationship, both in the past and modern researches. It analyses different approaches to the interpretation of the concept of ‘tool’ and proposes an alternative version of its understanding. Notably, L.S. Vygotsky moved away from the concept of ‘psychological too’ to the concept of ‘sign’, and this transition is discussed in terms of Vygotsky’s understanding of the latter. The paper presents a comparative analysis of tools and signs in their plain, historically original forms. It is suggested that the main difference between tools and signs is that the function of tools is to replace the individual as a participant of collective activity in its various specific operations, while the function of signs is to replace the individual in just one aspect — in the regulation of social interaction in joint activities. Such understanding is consistent with the idea of the social nature of signs as well as with the idea of the possibility of forming self-regulation on this basis.

Impact of the divorce experience on the marital and family mindsets

2018 ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
Елена Лактюхина ◽  
Elena Laktyukhina ◽  
Георгий Антонов ◽  
Georgy Antonov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Representative Sampling ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
The Social ◽  
Marriage Stability ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Individual

The article presents a comparative analysis of marital and family mindsets of two categories of the demographically active population of modern Russia: (1) individuals that have no experience of a divorce and (2) those who have already experienced one or more official termination of a marriage. The empirical base of the analysis is the data of the author’s questionnaire survey conducted by representative sampling in Volgograd and Volgograd Region in 2015–2016. The analysis was made on the following basic empiric indicators: optimal (from the viewpoint of the respondents) age for the first marriage, frequency of mentioning marital and family statuses as the respondents describe their own social and demographic “portrait”, legitimate causes of a divorce and a number of others. It is found that, in the case of sufficiently strong traditional marital and family mindsets, perception of marital norms is adjusted, if an “abnormal” event (such as a divorce) occurs in the individual’s life course. At the same time, perception of the marriage stability is less variable and does not depend on the social and demographic characteristics of the respondents, including the presence/absence of a marriage termination experience. The “strongest” factor that affects the change of the marital and family mindsets is age. With age (and, consequently, experience accumulation), importance of the majority of main factors capable of preventing the individual from a divorce decreases and, therefore, the risk of such event increases.

scholarly journals Information Disorder and Self-Regulation in Europe: A Broader Non-Economistic Conception of Self-Regulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aznar
Keyword(s):  
Social Communication ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
The Public ◽  
Media Companies ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Institutions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Information Manipulation

Over the past decade, the problems arising from social communication have yet again become burning issues on social and political agendas. Information disorder, hate speeches, information manipulation, social networking sites, etc., have obliged the most important European institutions to reflect on how to meet the collective challenges that social communication currently poses in the new millennium. These European Institutions have made a clear commitment to self-regulation. The article reviews some recent European initiatives to deal with information disorder that has given a fundamental role to self-regulation. To then carry out a theoretical review of the normative notion of self-regulation that distinguishes it from the neo-liberal economicist conception. To this end, (1) a distinction is drawn between the (purportedly) self-regulating market and (2) a broader conception of self-regulation inherent not to media companies or corporations, but to the social subsystem of social communication, is proposed. This involves increasing the number of self-regulatory mechanisms that may contribute to improve social communication, and reinforcing the commitment of those who should exercise such self-regulation, including not only media companies but also the professionals working at them and the public at large.

Youth Sports awareness and culture in contemporary society

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 93-146
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sport Culture ◽  
Culture And Health ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Self ◽  
Research Show ◽  
The Way

Culture and awareness are two flexible concepts that are related to the social nature and its development, and the creative and scientific activities of humans since time immemorial. Awareness is developed by humans living their social life, the way they react towards their environment that consists of people, the average of their knowledge and the way they react to the things around them. What distinguishing the individual self-awareness is the human's ability to make any decision and their knowledge of their general behavior. in the light of taking what we need of the information, data, properties and characteristics, we give the youth their needs of activities, movement, awareness and culture through setting codified thoughtful programs. Therefore, we need to know the following: Are the attitudes of the males differ from the attitudes of the females of practicing sports? The importance of the research lies in the fact that it is one of the few studies that takes into consideration sport culture and health of an important segment, which is the youth. One of the results of the research is that the physical activity that the youth do in sports centers (gyms) that brings important benefits like prevention of diseases. The research was conducted on (202) of males which is 63.3% and (98) females which is (32.7). The results of the research show that most of those whom the research was conducted on were from the age of 18 to 25, which makes 47% of the study sample.

Methods of pedagogical support for foreing students: social formation of students and formation tolerance.

2021 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-97
Author(s):  
Victoria V. Romanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Students ◽  
Culture Shock ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Pedagogical Practices ◽  
Cultural Immersion ◽  
Social Formation ◽  
Joint Activities ◽  
Key Points ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual

The article examines some aspects of the socialization of foreign students in the Russian education. In particular, the transformation of foreign students' perception of the culture of Russia from a state of culture shock to “entering” the Russian-speaking society is seen not so much as a process, but as a significant result of using a set of methods of pedagogical support of social formation. The methods of pedagogical support in the social formation of foreign students are understood as a set of pedagogical practices based on the joint activities of the teacher and students. In the process of these avtivities they identify and content the key points of the individual trajectory of the social formation of students in relation to the study and perception of the Russian culture. The article highlights the following methods of pedagogical support of social development: cultural immersion, empathy, building an individual trajectory. The concept of "the key point of the individual trajectory of social formation" is interpreted as a situation of choice, awareness of the significance and value of this or that knowledge, skill, action on their basis. It is noted that pedagogical support from a teacher involves subject-subject interaction, understanding, motivation and support of students in the educational process, the ability of a more experienced person to correlate his opinion with another and to respect the opinion of a less experienced student.

Patterns of Department Store Shoplifting

1963 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald D. Robin
Keyword(s):  
Important Determinant ◽  
Department Store ◽  
Individual Sample ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City ◽  
Stolen Goods

Varying amounts of information were obtained on every per son apprehended in 1958 for shoplifting in three large depart ment stores in Philadelphia. The individual sample sizes for Stores A, B, and C were 285, 834, and 465 cases, respectively. The following conclusions were made on the basis of the data gathered: (1) Shoplifting is primarily a juvenile activity. (2) Allowing suspected shoplifters to leave the store or store prem ises before apprehending them may be a matter of custom and a store precaution rather than a fulfillment of any legal require ment. (3) Although female apprehensions were more prevalent than male, there is little justification for regarding shoplifting as an almost exclusively female activity. (4) In comparison to their proportion in the population of the city, Negroes were dis proportionately represented in the stores' apprehension figures. (5) Juvenile theft, in terms of the retail value of the stolen goods, tended to be considerably less costly than adult theft. (6) Man agers of the stores showed an extreme reluctance to "prosecute" juveniles. (7) By far the most important determinant of the dis position of a case was the size of the theft. (8) The fact that more than seven out of every ten juveniles involved in shoplifting were apprehended in groups confirms the social nature of shop lifting among juveniles.

Psychiatry, Psychology, and Human Sterilization Then and Now: “Therapeutic” or in the Social Interest?

2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
Deborah V. Dolan
Keyword(s):  
Social Interest ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Individual Potential ◽  
The Individual

Practitioners of psychiatry and psychology have played an important role in the sterilization of tens of thousands of Americans throughout the past century. This article examines a number of questions relating to the origin and continuation of sterilization as a treatment and preventive. What social and medical beliefs lead to the use of sterilization as a treatment and preventive for both the individual and society? What ills are being treated and prevented? Who becomes a candidate for sterilization? To what degree are ethical concerns raised, and what is the response to these concerns? And finally, Who is the client—the individual, potential children, or society?—and how do practitioners distinguish the interest of the individuals from that of their potential children and society?

The World the Bedouin Lived in: Climate, Migration and Politics in the Early Modern Arab East

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 21-55
Author(s):  
Astrid Meier ◽  
Tariq Tell
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Environmental History ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Marginal Zones

Environmental history provides a perspective from which we can deepen our understanding of the past because it examines the relationships of people with their material surroundings and the effects of those relationships on the individual as well as the societal level. It is a perspective that holds particular promise for the social and political history of arid and marginal zones, as it contributes to our understanding of the reason some groups are more successful than others in coping with the same environmental stresses. Historians working on the early modern Arab East have only recently engaged with the lively field of global environmental history. After presenting a brief overview of some strands of this research, this article illustrates the potential of this approach by looking closely at a series of conflicts involving Bedouin and other power groups in the southern parts of Bilād al-Shām around the middle of the eighteenth century.

Biological Ideas and Their Cultural Uses

1984 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 111-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Benton
Keyword(s):  
Biological Evolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Political Organizations ◽  
Human Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Do So

The topic of my talk is a very ancient one indeed. It bears upon the place of humankind in nature, and upon the place of nature in ourselves. I shall, however, be discussing this range of questions in terms which have not always been available to the philosophers of the past when they have asked them. When we ask these questions today we do so with hindsight of some two centuries of endeavour in the ‘human sciences’, and some one and a half centuries of attempts to situate the human species within a theory of biological evolution. And these ways of thinking about ourselves and our relation to nature have not been confined to professional intellectuals, nor have they been without practical consequences. Social movements and political organizations have fought for and sometimes achieved the power to give practical shape to their theoretical visions. On the one hand, are diverse projects aimed at changing society through a planned modification of the social environment of the individual. On the other hand, are equally diverse projects for pulling society back into conformity with the requirements of race and heredity. At first sight, the two types of project appear to be, and often are, deeply opposed, both intellectually and politically.

scholarly journals Methods for rationalization of the design of residential buildings in classical antiquity

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-229
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Miric ◽  
Goran Jovanovic
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Functional Units

The description of residential buildings in the past is made possible by studying the physical structure of the preserved architectural and movable archaeological finds, and also by the analysis of the written (epigraphic and numismatic) material findings, as well as the analysis of the written literary works which, through the author?s subjectivity, documented the social life. That is why the knowledge of the classical antiquity construction handbooks can only contribute to the understanding of the architecture, housing conditions, and thus facilitate the reconstruction of the ancient houses. Works about residential buildings by Columella, Vitruvius and Faventinus, three authors from different periods of the mature antiquity, are fully preserved. This paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of their works, which indicate that the recommendations for determining the properties of various functional units within the residential building were similar over a longer period of time observed here.

scholarly journals Methods of psychotherapy in their modern practical use

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosita Kokoeva ◽  
Tatyana Kozlova ◽  
Diana Togoeva
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Psychotherapy Program ◽  
Experimental Group

Modern personality in the conditions of mobilization of socio-economic and information technologies experiences psychoemotional and physiological difficulties in interaction with the outside world. These difficulties, being in the conditions of the "anxious world syndrome", often lead to stress disorders, accompanied by anxiety, anxiety and changes in the physiological state of the individual. Therefore, adequate psychotherapeutic methods are required to meet his needs, allowing the individual to cope with the diverse "challenges" of the social world. The purpose of the work was to confirm the hypothesis that a group of people engaged in a psychotherapeutic program developed by us will move towards the positive dynamics of their psychoemotional and physiological States. The psychotherapeutic program developed and adapted by us, built on meditative psychotherapy, is quite effective and useful for modern people who are actively moving both in personal and social space. The results of the study, based on objective and subjective methods of assessing the stress state of the experimental group, found positive dynamics associated with a decrease in anxiety, stabilization of blood pressure and heart rate, as well as the formation of a trend towards positive health, activity and mood. Psychotherapy program promotes the development of psychotechnics of personal self-regulation.

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