scholarly journals The problem of the conceptualization of context in modern psychology

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.V. Grishina

Modern psychology is characterised by its interest to a topic of context, based on a growing influence of changing reality’s factors. In connection with this, the actual task is a conceptualisation of a context as a differentiation of basic units of its description. Modern psychology proceeds from multidimensionality of human existence world. The article describes situational, vital and existential contexts presented in different fields of psychology. The situational context has the oldest traditions of its description in psychology, related to search of explanatory models of relations between situational and personal determinants in human behaviour. In the situational level studies, a reality is reduced to a specific situation, a concept of situation is a basic one, describing an interaction of a person with an outside world. Descriptions of life context in psychology are represented by two areas — descriptions of a world of person’s everyday life and his/her way of life; respectively the concepts of social situation and life space of person are proposed to be considered as the units of analysis. The existential context being irreducible in Russian psychology to person’s life way and his/her everyday life, is a subject of attention in psychology of human existence and existential psychology. The concept of life-world can be a unit of existential level description.

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Olinda de Souza Carvalho e Lira ◽  
Rosane Gonçalves Nitschke ◽  
Adriana Diniz Rodrigues ◽  
Vanda Palmarella Rodrigues ◽  
Telmara Menezes Couto ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the forms of resistance used by children and adolescent victims of sexual abuse in the everyday family routine. Method: qualitative research developed at an Assistance Center to Women in Situations of Violence in the semi-arid region of Pernambuco, with data collected between June and November of 2014 through interviews with nine women. The analysis process was based on notions of Comprehensive Sociology and Everyday Life, with data organized by affinity, interpreted and categorized. Results: the emerged categories: ritualization of sexual abuse of children and adolescents in the family routine: acceptance of destiny through passivity; Camouflage to survive the experience of sexual abuse: silence, astuteness and acting/pretending in order to escape abuse, Between hidden sexual abuse and The revelation of sexual abuse. It can be seen that episodes of abuse occurred in secret and under the threat of abusers through intimidating gestures or words. Victims did not confront them or call attention or ask for help, they used tricks like metaphors, laughs and ironic words, as well as ridiculing them with excuses, hiding, pretending to be asleep or fleeing to the street. Conclusion: the underground centrality present in sexual abuse triggered forms of resistance in opposition to the oppression generated by the abuser in which, in accepting that way of life, the participants developed different survival mechanisms, as well as participating in voluntary work, music and sports, these vents alleviate the burden of concealing the abuse.


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojan Žikić ◽  
Mladen Stajić ◽  
Marko Pišev

The situation caused by the appearance of Covid-19 can be viewed as a critical event: typologically, it is an unprecedented event, which requires and shapes new forms of historical action hitherto unknown in the given context. Critical events serve as strong value and emotional landmarks in the cultural cognition of each social environment, and form the basis for a meaningful determination towards other events. Using material collected primarily from the online versions of electronic and printed media, we consider how the reality they presented is shaped through the news through the statements of politicians and medical doctors in Serbia. We trace how the narrative transformation of socio-cultural reality took place from the time before the of Covid-19 outbreak in our country to the time immediately after the lifting of the state of emergency declared due to that infection. The premise of all that is being done to tackle the infection is not a purpose in itself, but aims to enable a return to the life we were accustomed to before the outbreak of the epidemic. Covid-19 destabilizes our everyday life – a life that consists of work or study, use of free time, socializing etc. Such everyday life is a reference point of "normalcy". Socio-cultural normalcy refers to all that is understood as a normal and undisturbed course of everyday life. The appearance of Covid-19 gave rise to the notion of the "new normal", that is, a course of everyday life that is similar to normal, ordinary life, but with adherence to measures aimed at preventing the spread of infection by the authorities. In the paper we deal with the period that begins just before the outbreak of Covid-19 in our country, and ends with the period after the lifting of the state of emergency, to show the discursively produced picture of social reality in which the concept of the "new normal" serves as a cultural cognitive tool for understanding a situation in which one has to live with Covid-19 in order to one day be able to return to the way of life that existed before it.


Comunicar ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
Letizia Caronia ◽  
André Caron

This paper presents some reflections on the methodological issues raised by contemporary research on the appropriation and daily uses of communication and information technologies. The authors argue the need for links between theoretical frameworks, hypothesis and methodological tools, suggesting that methodological matters are never «pure» methodological queries insofar as they reflect the researcher’s commitment to a broader level of theoretical perspectives. The purpose of the study was to focus on the subjective construction of the meaning people give to technologies and their uses in an everyday-life context. This paper discusses the methodological strategies that we-re used in the design of the study. Este trabajo muestra algunas reflexiones sobre las cuestiones metodológicas surgidas en la investigación actual sobre la apropiación y uso cotidiano de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. Los autores argumentan la necesidad de unir marcos teóricos, hipótesis y herramientas metodológicas sugiriendo que los instrumentos metodológicos nunca son puros desde el momento en que reflejan los compromisos del investigador con un nivel más profundo que el de las ideas teóricas. El propósito de este estudio era sobre todo la construcción subjetiva del significado que la gente confiere a las tecnologías y a sus usos en el contexto cotidiano.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Kasri bin Saidon ◽  
Zolkefli bin Bahador ◽  
Khaliza binti Saidin

This paper is a brief review on social situation in Tanah Melayu (Malaysia), specifically in the state of Kedah, prior to World War Two. Generally, the situation and social understanding in Kedah was influenced by the influx of immigrants especially the Chinese who came for economic reasons.  These immigrants brought with them the culture and the way of life in the Mainland China. This, in a way, affected people’s lives in Kedah. With the strong support from the Chinese, communism began to make its mark among other ethnic groups in the society. The Triads culture became strong and it lead to other anti-national activities. This, in turn, affected the economic, political, and social influence. All these aspects seemed to have become the foundation of a bigger influence after the surrender of Japan. They have also become the foundation for social equality and differences during   the Emergency period from 1948-1960.


1996 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeane Delaney

The experience of modernity is one that cuts across national boundaries. Regardless of where it occurs, modernization—defined here as the nexus of changes that includes technological innovation, economic rationalization, demographic change, the bureaucratization of the state, and the triumph of science—has certain inevitable consequences. To live in a modern society means to live in a constantly changing world, in which the forces of modernity have dissolved old forms of community, altered traditional notions of work, undermined social hierarchies, produced new social spaces, and transformed the sights, sounds, and even smells of everyday life. Modernization also engenders its own response. Societies in the throes of rapid modernization inevitably have their critics: individuals who for a variety of reasons object to the myriad of changes that accompany this process. Recoiling from the present, these antimodernists take refuge in an often idealized past, longing for what they believe to be a simpler, purer way of life.


2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
Rafał Drozdowski

In the first part of the article are presented the most important reasons for the recent increase in interest in the sociology of everyday life. Some of them are related to the situation in which sociology as a whole finds itself today (for example the interest, typical for the sociology of everyday life, in the processes occurring on the micro-level may be treated as the result of the fears of sociologists about the investigation of increasingly hidden macro-structural processes). The fashion for the sociology of everyday life seems also to be a result of the calculation of sociologists; the sociology of everyday life turns out to be a beneficial theoretical research position, allowing compromise between many traditionally opposing theoretical positions (such as actor-structure, the creation and reproduction of rules for collective order etc.). The attraction of the sociology of everyday life is due to the fact that it gives hope for the modernisation of the “tool kit” of sociology and is an attempted remedy for boredom in the “Post-Modern Sociology”, at least in the sense that it again proposes sociologists to focus attention more on similarities than differences. In the second part of the article, the author concentrates on a selection of the problems with which the sociology of everyday life is faced. The most important of them can be summarised by the question: why do we study everyday life? The answer to this question is an attempt to define three different explanatory models according to which everyday practice is seen as (1) a reflection of phenomena and processes which occur at a macrostructural level, or (2) a preview of macrostructural changes or, finally, 3) an autonomic sphere of social life which cannot be treated as an “indicator”.


Author(s):  
Ghinaa Zain Nabiilah ◽  
Said Al Faraby ◽  
Mahendra Dwifebri Purbolaksono

Hadith is the main way of life for Muslims besides the Qur'an whose can be applied in everyday life. Hadith also contains all the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad which are used as a source of the law of Islam. Therefore, many readers, especially Muslims, are interested in studying hadith. However, the large number of hadiths makes it difficult for readers or those who are still unfamiliar with Islam to read them. Therefore, we conducted a study to classify hadith textually based on the type of teaching, so that readers can get an overview or other reference in reading and searching for hadith based on the type of teaching more easily. This study uses KNN and chi-square methods as feature selection. We also carried out several test scenarios, including implementing stopword removal modifications in preprocessing and experimenting with selecting k values ​​for KNN to determine the best performance. The best performance was obtained by using the value of k = 7 on KNN without implementing chi-square and with stopword removal modification with a hammer loss value of 0.1042 or about 89.58% of the data correctly classified.


2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-51
Author(s):  
Magnus Oskarsson ◽  
Nina Eliasson ◽  
Karl Göran Karlsson

AbstractInternational comparisons of students’ knowledge as TIMSS and PISA have shown that Swedish students' knowledge of science deteriorated during the 2000s, compared to both previous years and to other countries. In grade 4, however, the results improved between 2007 and 2011 and Sweden is one of the countries showing the greatest difference between the results in grade 4 and grade 8, suggesting a weak knowledge development in science between these grades.This study compares Swedish pupils' results for individual tasks in Science in TIMSS 2011 with an average score of countries in the EU or OECD. The items are classified by whether they are put in a context and if they ask for school specific knowledge or if they could be solved with knowledge from sources outside school. A large proportion of the items in grade 4 is linked to a context and to students' everyday lives, which explains the good results for the younger students.  Few items in grade 8 are of interest for the students or linked to students' daily lives and on these items Swedish students often perform below average for the EU / OECD, which contributes to the less favorable outcome in grade 8. The weak development of knowledge between grades 4 and 8 that is indicated by TIMSS suggests that the formalized science classes in school do not reach the students and it points to the need for a clearer connection to students' interests and experiences.


2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 248-265
Author(s):  
Lilian Maria Santos ◽  
Anete Marília Pereira ◽  
Andréa Maria Narciso Rocha de Paula

Pretende-se discutir neste artigo o processo de territorialidade para formação das comunidades remanescentes de quilombos no Brasil. E, para tanto, fez-se necessário compreender as diversas concepções sobre a categoria Comunidade Tradicional no que tange a perspectivas classificatórias, políticas, jurídicas e territoriais, bem como aos aspectos envolvidos na constituição das Comunidades Remanescentes de Quilombos.  A comunidade tradicional se reconhece pela tradicionalização como estratégia e movimento de luta e resistência em defesa do seu território. O processo de identificação e reconhecimento da comunidade remanescente de quilombo perpassa pela ressemantização do termo “Quilombo” e politização do grupo social na consolidação pelo direito coletivo do território e manutenção do modo de vida. A memória de luta e resistência, as práticas envolvendo a terra, em seu valor de uso para o trabalho e manutenção da cultura, a reciprocidade e as fronteiras simbólicas engendram a territorialidade das comunidades remanescentes de quilombo. São a trajetória da vida cotidiana, as relações estabelecidas pelos sujeitos no lugar - que fazem a sua história - que constroem o processo de territorialidade. O território se constitui, portanto, em uma produção histórica, relacional material e imaterial, e a territorialidade trata da dimensão vivencial e subjetiva, ou seja, do campo experiencial daqueles que vivenciam o processo de territorialização. Palavras-chave: Comunidades Tradicionais. Território. Territorialidade. Remanescentes Quilombolas.   REMAINING QUILOMBO COMMUNITIES: a reflection on territorialities ABSTRACT This paper aims to discuss the process of territoriality for the formation of the remaining communities of Quilombo in Brazil. It was necessary to understand the different concepts of the traditional community category in terms of qualifying, political, legal and territorial perspectives and the aspects involved in the constitution of the remaining Quilombo communities. The traditional community is recognized by the traditionalization as a strategy, and the struggle and resistance movement in defense of territory. The process of identification and recognition of the remaining Quilombo community traverses by resemantization of Quilombo term and politicization of the social group to consolidate the collective right of the territory and maintaining the way of life. The memory of struggle and resistance, practices involving the land in its use value to the work and for the maintenance of culture, reciprocity and symbolic boundaries engender the territoriality of remnants of Quilombo communities. The trajectory of everyday life, the relationships established by individuals in place-which make their story that builds the process of territoriality. The territory constitutes a historical production, material and immaterial relational and territoriality deals with the existential and subjective dimension, that is, the experiential field of those who experience the process of territorialization. Keywords: Traditional Communities. Territory. Territoriality.Remaining Quilombo.   VESTIGIOS DE COMUNIDADES DE QUILOMBO: reflexión sobre territorialidades RESUMEN Este artículo pretende discutir el proceso de territorialidad para la formación de los vestigios de comunidades de Quilombo en Brasil. Es necesario comprender las diferentes concepciones sobre la categoria “comunidad tradicional” en lo que tiene que ver con las perspectivas clasificatorias, políticas, jurídicas y territoriales, asi como com los aspectos involucrados en la constitución de los vestígios de comunidades quilombolas.La comunidad tradicional es reconocida por la tradicionalización como estrategia y movimiento de lucha y resistencia en defensa del territorio. El proceso de identificación y de reconocimiento de los vestigios de comunidades de Quilombo pasa por la resemantización del termino Quilombo y la politización del grupo social en la consolidación por el derecho colectivo al territorio y a la manutención del modo de vida. La memoria de lucha y resistencia, las prácticas que involucran la tierra y su valor de uso para el trabajo y el manutención de la cultura, la reciprocidad y las fronteras simbólicas engendrar la territorialidad de los vestigios de las comunidades de Quilombo. Son la trayectoria de la vida cotidiana, las relaciones establecidas por los sujetos en el lugar-que hacen su historia - que construyen el proceso de territorialidad. El territorio se constituye como una producción histórica, relacional material e inmaterial y la territorialidad trata de la dimensión existencial y subjetiva, es decir, el campo experiencial de aquellos que vivencian el proceso de territorialización. Palabras clave: Comunidades tradicionales. El território. La territorialidade. Vestígios de Quilombo.


2002 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliane C. Miotto

OBJECTIVE: This case study describes the neuropsychological assessment and cognitive rehabilitation of a patient who developed word retrieval deficits for objects and people's names, following an episode of viral meningo-encephalitits. It shows the implementation and outcome of two techniques adapted to the patient's individual characteristics and context providing a more ecologically valid approach. METHODS: In the first technique, "verbal semantic association", the patient was required to describe what she knew about an object as a strategy to help her retrieve its name. In the second one, "face-name association" she was taught to apply a visual-imagery technique in order to retrieve relevant people's names. RESULTS: Following the implementation of these procedures there was a decrease in the number of episodes of failure to retrieve objects and people's names in her everyday life context. CONCLUSION: The improvement found in the patient's ability to retrieve words is discussed in terms of the utility of cognitive rehabilitation programmes and cognitive models of language processing


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