scholarly journals The position of the French aristocracy on the reform projects presented at the Assembly of notables in 1787

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-244
Author(s):  
Elena Aleksandrovna Koutseva
Keyword(s):  
Budget Deficit ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
French Society ◽  
Reform Plan ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
Controller General ◽  
The Government ◽  
French Nation ◽  
Government Reforms

The paper is devoted to the position of the French aristocracy regarding the projects of the Controller General of Finance Calonne, presented for discussion at the Assembly of notables in 1787. The budget deficit by the end of the 80s of 18th century reached over 80 million livres a year, the country was on the verge of an economic crisis. The Controller General of Finance Calonne proposed to the king to convene in 1787 an Assembly of notables, prominent representatives of the French nation, to approve a plan of government reforms. Although the Assembly included notables from the three estates of the kingdom, the aristocracy, which was widely represented in it, played an important role. The titled French nobility at the end of the Old Order still retained influence in the state, thanks to their economic position, social status and positions at court, in the army and in the state apparatus. The Assembly of notables had no legislative force, but Calonne convinced the king that the reform plan approved by the assembly would break the resistance of parliaments and gain the approval of the whole society. The presented reforms affected the interests of the privileged estates, but the government expected that the notables would accept the proposals and vote for the reforms, which according to Calonne contributed to the huge budget deficit, educational ideas about equality, physiocrats projects announced earlier and the chosen composition of notables, many of which were occupied by liberal and pro-government position. The Notables put forward their ideas on taxation and the creation of provincial assemblies and expressed the idea of convening the States General as a body competent to adopt such significant reforms for French society.

Chernivtsi National University during the Romanian period in Bukovina’s history (1918-1940)

2017 ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
Liubov Melnychuk
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
The State ◽  
Ongoing Training ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
National University ◽  
The Government ◽  
The University

The author investigates and analyzes the state Chernivtsi National University during the Romanian period in Bukovina’s history. During that period in the field of education was held a radical change in the direction of intensive Romanization. In period of rigid occupation regime in the province, the government of Romania laid its hopes on the University. The Chernivtsi National University had become a hotbed of Romanization ideas, to ongoing training for church and state apparatus, to educate students in the spirit of devotion Romania. Keywords: Chernivtsi National University, Romania, Romanization, higher education, Bukovina

Soviet Specialist Baiting: The Case of N. A. Dobrosmyslov

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-22
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Professional Competence ◽  
The State ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
High Salary ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Government ◽  
Continued Employment ◽  
The Revolution

AbstractFor many communists working in the Soviet state apparatus during the 1920s, the state's continued employment of so-called “bourgeois specialists” (spetsy) was an ideological affront and an obstacle to proletarian advancement. In their eyes, until the spetsy were removed and workers staffed the institutions of the state, the revolution would be neither secure nor its promises fulfilled. Based on archival research, this article traces rank-and-file communists' attempts to remove one such specialist, N. A. Dobrosmyslov, from his position in the Tax Department (Gosnalog) of the People's Commissariat of Finances (Narkomfin). Dobrosmyslov had been a long-time official in the tsarist tax bureaucracy and had also worked for the Provisional Government in 1917. Communist opposition to him took the form of a denunciation campaign that focused on his alleged anti-Sovietism, his professional competence, his arrogant manner, his high salary, and his attempt to obtain a large pension from the government. The documents related to the case reveal the atmosphere of suspicion and often open hostility that surrounded the spetsy. They provide evidence of the contrasting evaluations of the spetsy made by leading communist administrators and by the lower-level communists who worked closely with them. They also show how important the issue of material compensation was for this latter group. Finally, the case provides an example of how biography could be interpreted and manipulated to serve particular ends, especially in the context of political and personal denunciation.

The First Quarantine: How the Plague Became a Political Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-142
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Composite Object ◽  
The Past ◽  
Moral Assessment ◽  
The Government ◽  
Modern Form

The great plague of 1665-1666 is one of the starting points for the birth of biopolitics in its modern form. The quarantine measures introduced by the government have been considered effective from the medical point of view since the middle of the 18th century. However, many of those contemporary with the plague were convinced that the state was only worsening matters for London’s inhabitants. The author examines why the plague elicited such an ambivalent response in England and how the disease stopped being a composite object and turned into a “comfortable, domesticated” concept. The article investigates why the moral assessment of those measures has become so different over the past hundred years and shows how the quarantine in London influenced the “hygienic revolution.” Apart from its historical interest, this case is a suitable topic for the use of STS methodology because it illustrates the impossibility providing a complete description of the quarantine process and subsequent medical treatment in terms of a conflict between different actors. In order to understand why these measures have subsequently been perceived in this fashion, the author applies the concept of Lovecraftian horror, which offers a way to describe the situation of “collisions” with the plague. By describing how biopolitics released the moral tension built up by the co-existence of different interpretations of the causes of the epidemic, the author reconstructs the retrospective creation of the myth about the success of the quarantine. He contrasts the logic of “multiplicity” with the unifying descriptions and shows the kind of problems a “blurred” ontology can bring on during a crisis in everyday life. This leads to a discussion of the difficulty of holding onto unstable objects that have the potential for liberation from the logic of paternalistic care.

scholarly journals Management and communication ideas in the late 17th – early 19th centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-53
Author(s):  
Denis Kislov
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
John Locke ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
World Order ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Government

The article examines the period from the end of the 17th century to the beginning of the 19th century, when on the basis of deep philosophical concepts, a new vision of the development of statehood and human values raised. At this time, a certain re-thinking of the management and communication ideas of Antiquity and the Renaissance took place, which outlined the main promising trends in the statehood evolution, which to one degree or another were embodied in practice in the 19th and 20th centuries. A systematic approach and a comparative analysis of the causes and consequences of those years achievements for the present and the immediate future of the 21st century served as the methodological basis for a comprehensive review of the studies of that period. The scientific novelty of this study is the demonstration of the theoretical heritage complexity of the Enlightenment for the general history of management and communication ideas. The article presents an analysis of the views and concepts of the late 17th – early 18th century thinkers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, who defend the right to freedom of communication and liberalization of relationships in the system: “person – society – state”, associated with their own understanding of the government role. French enlighteners François Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean d'Alembert, Etienne Condillac were much smaller theorists in management and communication issues, but their successful epistolary and encyclopedic communication practice, starting from the third decade of the XVIII century significantly increased the self-awareness of the masses. The influence of their ideas on the possibility of progressive development of social relations, on improving the national states manageability and on how of a new type scientists were able not only to popularize knowledge, but also to practically make it an object of public communication is shown. In this context, the author considers the importance of political and legal communication problems in the vision of Charles Louis Montesquieu and analyzes the republican governance ideas by Jean-Jacques Rousseau as an outstanding figure of the Enlightenment, who attached great importance to the forms and methods of forming of the state governance structures. At the end of the historical period under consideration, a comparative historical analysis of the most significant statements of such thinkers as Immanuel Kant and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel is presented. These founders of the scientific discourse around the problems of power and state, war and peace, the effectiveness of government and communication in relations with the people laid the enduring foundations of the theoretical argumentation of two opposing views on the cardinal problem of our time – the possibility or impossibility of achieving mutually acceptable foundations of a new world order peacefully, excluding all types of hybrid wars. The general picture of the scientific and technological achievements of this period, influencing the level of understanding of the management and communication functions of the state of that time, is given in comparison with the present.

scholarly journals Church and State during the French Revolution in the Works of J.M. Zakher

2020 ◽  
Vol 162 (6) ◽  
pp. 121-133
Author(s):  
A.A. Kutuzova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Church And State ◽  
The State ◽  
French Society ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Revolutionary Period ◽  
The Church ◽  
The French Revolution

The relations between the church and the state during the revolutionary events in France in the late 18th century were discussed based on the works of Jakov Mikhailovich Zakher (1893–1963), an outstanding Soviet historian. J.M. Zakher’s works cast light on a number of questions: the general position of the church; the frame of people’s mind in the pre-revolutionary period; the emergence and development of the antireligious struggle; the roles played by J. Foucher and A. Schomet, two most prominent public figures of the deсhristianization movement who triggered the most dramatic changes in the spiritual framework of the French society; etc. It was concluded that, despite a whole complex of studies have been performed on the French Revolution, the works of J.M. Zakher provide an important systematic coverage of the state-church relations in France during the 18th century. His legacy clearly preserves the “École russe” traditions, such as thoroughness, scrupulousness and attention to details, as well as the desire to create a vivid and comprehensive picture of the past.

Citizenship on the move: refugee communities and the state in France, 1914–18

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Dowdall
Keyword(s):  
Moral Obligation ◽  
The State ◽  
French Society ◽  
Return Home ◽  
Post War ◽  
French Nation

This chapter provides complementary perspectives on the experiences of French refugees. The first is the perspective of the state and host communities in the French interior. The chapter examines the organisation of official and charitable aid and also examines the role of refugees in supporting the cultural mobilisation of the French nation for war. Originally they were welcomed as the tangible manifestations of ‘German barbarism’, but later on many faced hostility and were seen as a burden. The chapter also argues that in spite of the difficulties and disruptions posed by displacement, refugees successfully maintained communal bonds of solidarity based on the home communities they had left. French refugees were more than the passive recipients of state and charitable aid but actively engaged in managing their circumstances. Finally the chapter considers the return and resettlement of refugees after the war, the moral obligation many felt to return home and rebuild, and role played by memories and commemorations of displacement in post-war French society.

The Financial System Stability: The Essence, Vulnerability, Ways to Provide

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Yurii Lupenko ◽  
◽  
Yurii Radionov ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
The State ◽  
System Stability ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Stability

The state financial system must function smoothly and respond promptly to destabilizing exogenous and endogenous factors that can arise at any time. Therefore, ensuring the financial system's stability and improving its mechanisms is an important component of public policy. The purpose of the article is to reveal the essence of the financial system's stability, identify internal factors of the financial vulnerability of Ukraine that may affect the effectiveness of the country's financial system, and find ways to overcome them. The content of the concept of "stability of the financial system" is revealed. It is established that the use of different terminology indicates the complexity and, at the same time, the versatility of this term. According to international experience, the country's central bank has a decisive role in assessing the stability of the financial system; in Ukraine, this function is performed by the National Bank of Ukraine. It was found that inefficient use of budget funds is one of the key factors in the financial system's vulnerability. The state of execution of the State Budget of Ukraine in 2020 is analyzed. It has been established that over the last decade, the budget has been executed with a deficit, and the existence of a significant budget deficit leads to a movement in the “debt spiral”. The Government borrows a significant amount of money to implement the budget, and therefore it is becoming increasingly difficult to attract them on reasonable terms. Failure to receive the funds leads to late spending. Thus, the budget deficit, public debt, and inefficient use of budget funds are the internal factors that increase the financial system's vulnerability and undermine its stability.

scholarly journals Auxiliary Force Structure: Paramilitary Forces and Progovernment Militias

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Böhmelt ◽  
Govinda Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
The State ◽  
Principal Agent ◽  
Force Structure ◽  
Crucial Difference ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Selection Of

Governments often supplement the regular military with paramilitaries and progovernment militias (PGMs). However, it is unclear what determines states’ selection of these auxiliary forces, and our understanding of how auxiliary force structures develop remains limited. The crucial difference between the two auxiliary types is their embeddedness in official structures. Paramilitaries are organized under the government to support/replace the regular military, whereas PGMs exist outside the state apparatus. Within a principal–agent framework, we argue that a state’s investment in a particular auxiliary force structure is shaped by available resources and capacity, accountability/deniability, and domestic threats. Our results based on quantitative analysis from 1981 to 2007 find that (a) state capacity is crucial for sustaining paramilitaries, but not PGMs; (b) PGMs, unlike paramilitaries, are more common in states involved in civil conflict; and (c) although both paramilitaries and PGMs are associated with regime instability, there is no significant difference between them in that context.

scholarly journals Ingermanland Experiment: On the Background of the Government Reform of Peter the Great

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4 (202)) ◽  
pp. 139-160
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Redin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
The State ◽  
Radical Reform ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
Swedish Experience ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
Territorial Division

This article is devoted to the study of the formation of a management system in Ingermanland Province (the predecessor of St Petersburg Province) during the first years of its existence (1702–1708). The creation of the province was the first step towards a radical reform of the administrative and territorial division and local government of Russia. The author studies the process of creating key positions of the provincial apparatus of the upper and lower levels, primarily the provincial ober-commandant and landrichter and ober-commandant and commandant as heads of intra-regional territorial units, officials with highly specialised functions (commissars and food-masters (proviantmeistery). Considering the historical perspective, the author examines the principles of their interaction, the hierarchy, and terms of reference, concluding that the decisive influence on the formation of the state apparatus of Ingermanland Province was not provided by borrowing foreign (Baltic-German and Swedish) experience, but the specifics of solving current problems. The author considers the emerging principle of specialisation at the local state government level, primarily in the military and fiscal spheres, to be the main characteristic that distinguished the Ingermanland model from the previous voivodship administration. In the management methods as such, a significant role was played by traditional administrative principles and the regime of “manual control”, the adoption of situational decisions. All the advantages and disadvantages of the Ingermanland experiment were projected onto the state as a whole and consolidated during the provincial reform. Thus, the immediate source of the latter should be considered not the evolution of the system of enlarged districts (razryad) of the late seventeenth century, and not a generalisation of the experience of administering the Swedish Ostsee, but the achievements accumulated over several years of the functioning of Ingermanland Province.

scholarly journals The Implementasi Standar Operasional Prosedur Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan di Lembaga Pembinaan Khusus Anak (LPKA) Tangerang

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-201
Author(s):  
Lollong Manting ◽  
Pantja Bambang Sudarwanto
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Education Administration ◽  
Legal Compliance ◽  
Child Treatment ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Special Child ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
State Administrators ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
The Government

The purpose of this research is to find out how the implementation of standard operating procedures (SOP) for the application of education carried out at the Tangerang Special Child Treatment Institute (LPKA) as one of the government agencies that are obliged to provide guidance to children who are in conflict with the law. The implementation of SOP in the field of education refers to the regulations of the Ministry of Empowerment of the State Apparatus and Bureaucratic Reform (Kemenpan RB) No. 35 of 2012 which mandates the objectives of the SOP in the context of carrying out the duties and functions of the state administrators or state civilian apparatus, must fulfill the principles of the SOP itself, such as, a) the principle of ease and clarity, b) the principle of efficiency and effectiveness, c) the principle of harmony, d) the principle of measurement, e) the dynamic principle, f) the principle of user-oriented, g) the principle of legal compliance, and h) the principle legal certainty. The research method used in this study is qualitative research, with the aim of understanding as well as interpreting the is that the application of existing SOPs can be said to meet the principles of SOP implementation. While the conclusion of this study is that LPKA Tangerang has implemented the existing SOPs in the field of education administration, although there are still some shortcomings in terms of fulfilling some supporting elements such as facilities and infrastructure, human resources, and limited budgets, implementation of operational standard procedures for providing education in LPKA Tangerang is an embodiment of the fulfillment of children's rights to education guaranteed by law. Abstrak Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana penerapan atau implementasi standar operasional prosedur (SOP) penyelenggaraan pendidikan yang dilakukan di Lembaga Pembinaan Khusus Anak (LPKA) Tangerang sebagai salah satu instansi pemerintah yang berkewajiban untuk melakukan pembinaan terhadap anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum. Implementasi SOP penyelenggaraan pendidikan mengacu kepada peraturan Kementerian Pemberdayaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi (Kemenpan RB) Nomor 35 Tahun 2012 yang mengamanatkan tujuan dari SOP dalam konteks penyelenggaraan tugas dan fungsi aparat penyelenggara negara atau aparaur sipil negara harus memenuhi prinsip-prinsip dari SOP itu sendiri, antara lain, a) prinsip kemudahan dan kejelasan, b) prinsip efisien dan efektifitas, c) prinsip keselarasan, d) prinsip keterukuran, e) prinsip dinamis, f) prinsip yang berorientasi pada pengguna, g) prinsip kepatuhan hukum, dan h) prinsip kepastian hukum. Adapun metode riset yang yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini penelitian kualitatif, dengan tujuan untuk memahami sekaligus juga menginterpretasi gejala-gejala atau fenomenafenomena yang ada pada objek penelitian secara lebih detail. Adapun hasil penelitian berdasarkan riset yang dilakukan adalah bahwa penerapan SOP yang ada dapat dikatakan memenuhi prinsip-prinsip implementasi SOP. Sedangkan kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa LPKA Tangerang telah mengimplementasikan SOP yang ada dalam bidang penyelenggaraan pendidikan walaupun masih ada beberapa kekurangan dari segi pemenuhan beberap unsur pendukung seperti sarana dan prasarana, sumber daya manusia, dan anggaran yang terbatas, implementasi standar operasional prosedur penyelenggaraan pendidikan di LPKA Tangerang adalah perwujudan dari pemenuhan hak anak atas pendidikan yang dijamin oleh undang-undang. Kata Kunci : Hak Anak, Pendidikan, Standar Operasional Prosedur, Lembaga Pembinaan Khusus Anak

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